AdvAkankshaDubey1
196 views
29 slides
May 26, 2024
Slide 1 of 29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
About This Presentation
study
Size: 600.24 KB
Language: none
Added: May 26, 2024
Slides: 29 pages
Slide Content
Class by- Adv. Akanksha Dubey MA.LLB
Behavioral Therapy рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat┬аmental health disorders. This form of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors. It functions on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that unhealthy behaviors can be changed. The focus of treatment is often on current problems and how to change them. рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрдХ рд╢рдмреНрдж рд╣реИред рдереЗрд░реЗрдкреА рдХрд╛ рдпрд╣ рд░реВрдк рд╕рдВрднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдЖрддреНрдо-рд╡рд┐рдирд╛рд╢рдХрд╛рд░реА рдпрд╛ рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдХрд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рдкрд╣рдЪрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдЗрд╕ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╕рднреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рд╕реАрдЦреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдХрд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рдмрджрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рди рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛рдУрдВ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдмрджрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛рдП рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░ рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдд рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
A Brief Background- рдПрдХ рд╕рдВрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдкреНрдд рдкреГрд╖реНрдарднреВрдорд┐ Edward Thorndike ┬аwas one of the first to refer to the idea of modifying behavior. Other early pioneers of behavior therapy included psychologists Joseph Wolpe and┬а Hans Eysenck . Behaviorist B.F. Skinner' s work had a major influence on the development of behavior therapy and his work introduced many of the concepts and techniques that are still in use today. Later on, psychologists such as┬а Aaron Beck ┬аand┬а Albert Ellis ┬аbegan adding a cognitive element to behavioral strategies to form a treatment approach known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). рдПрдбрд╡рд░реНрдб рдерд╛рд░реНрдирдбрд╛рдЗрдХ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрднрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдереЗред рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдереЗрд░реЗрдкреА рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрддреА рдЕрдЧреНрд░рджреВрддреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдордиреЛрд╡реИрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд┐рдХ рдЬреЛрд╕реЗрдл рд╡реЛрд▓реНрдкреЗ рдФрд░ рд╣рдВрд╕ рдИрд╕реЗрдирдХ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдереЗредрд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░рд╡рд╛рджреА рдмреА.рдПрдл . рд╕реНрдХрд┐рдирд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдереЗрд░реЗрдкреА рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рдкрд░ рдмрдбрд╝рд╛ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдХрд╛рдо рдиреЗ рдХрдИ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛рдУрдВ рдФрд░ рддрдХрдиреАрдХреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреЗрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬреЛ рдЖрдЬ рднреА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИрдВредрдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ, рдПрд░реЛрди рдмреЗрдХ рдФрд░ рдЕрд▓реНрдмрд░реНрдЯ рдПрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдордиреЛрд╡реИрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд┐рдХреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рд╕рдВрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рддреНрдордХ -рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдереЗрд░реЗрдкреА ( рд╕реАрдмреАрдЯреА ) рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдг рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рд░рдгрдиреАрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рд╕рдВрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рддреНрдордХ рддрддреНрд╡ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред
The Foundation of Behavioral Therapy Classical conditioning ┬аinvolves forming associations between stimuli. Previously neutral stimuli are paired with a stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response. After repeated pairings, an association is formed and the previously neutral stimulus will come to evoke the response on its own. Operant conditioning ┬аfocuses on how reinforcement and punishment can be utilized to either increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior. Behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to occur again in the future, while those followed by negative consequences become less likely to occur.
The difference between Classical and operant conditioning For example, an individual with a fear of the dark might start by looking at an image of a dark room before moving on to thinking about being in a dark room and then actually confronting his fear by sitting in a dark room. By pairing the old fear-producing stimulus with the newly learned relaxation behavior, the phobic response can be reduced or even eliminated.
Behavior Therapy Based on Classical Conditioning . Flooding Systematic Desensitization рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╡рд┐рд╕реБрдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣реАрдХрд░рдг Aversion Therapy
Behavior Therapy Based on Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one way to alter behavior, and a number of techniques exist that can produce such change. Originally known as behavior modification, this type of therapy is often referred to today as applied behavior analysis. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to therapy include: 1. Flooding This process involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly. It is often used to treat┬аphobias, anxiety and other stress-related disorders. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation. For example, flooding might be used to help a client who is suffering from an intense fear of dogs. At first, the client might be exposed to a small friendly dog for an extended period of time during which he or she cannot leave. After repeated exposures to the dog during which nothing bad happens, the fear response begins to fade.
2. Systematic Desensitization This technique involves having a client make a list of fears and then teaching the individual to relax while concentrating on these fears. The use of this process began with psychologist┬аJohn B. Watson┬аand his famous┬аLittle Albert experiment┬аin which he conditioned a young child to fear a white rat. Later, Mary Cover Jones replicated Watson's results and utilized counterconditioning techniques to desensitize and eliminate the fear response. Systematic desensitization is often used to treat phobias. The process follows three basic steps. First, the client is taught relaxation techniques. Next, the individual creates a ranked list of fear-invoking situations. Starting with the least fear-inducing item and working their way up to the most fear-inducing item, the client confronts these fears under the guidance of the therapist while maintaining a relaxed state.
For example, an individual with a fear of the dark might start by looking at an image of a dark room before moving on to thinking about being in a dark room and then actually confronting his fear by sitting in a dark room. By pairing the old fear-producing stimulus with the newly learned relaxation behavior, the phobic response can be reduced or even eliminated. 3. Aversion Therapy This process involves pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced. For example, someone suffering from alcoholism might utilize a drug known as disulfiram , which causes severe symptoms such as headaches, nausea, anxiety, and vomiting when combined with alcohol. Because the person becomes extremely ill when they drink, the drinking behavior may be eliminated.
Behavior Therapy Based on Operant Conditioning Token Economies- рд╕рд╛рдВрдХреЗрддрд┐рдХ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдПрдБ Contingency Management рдЖрдХрд╕реНрдорд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдзрди Modeling рдореЙрдбрд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ
Behavior Therapy Based on Operant Conditioning Many behavior techniques rely on the principles of operant conditioning, which means that they utilize reinforcement, punishment, shaping, modeling and related techniques to alter behavior. These methods have the benefit of being highly focused, which means that they can produce fast and effective results. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to behavioral therapy include: 1. Token Economies This type of behavioral strategy relies on┬аreinforcement┬аto modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items. Parents and teachers often use token economies to reinforce good behavior. Kids earn tokens for engaging in preferred behaviors and may even lose tokens for displaying undesirable behaviors. These tokens can then be traded for things such as candy, toys, or extra time playing with a favorite toy.
2. Contingency Management This approach utilizes a formal written contract between the client and the therapist that outlines the behavior change goals, reinforcements, and rewards that will be given and the penalties for failing to meet the demands of the agreement. These types of agreements aren't just used by therapistsтАФteachers and parents also often use them with students and children in the form of behavior contracts. Contingency contracts can be very effective in producing behavior changes since the rules are spelled out clearly in black-and-white, preventing both parties from backing down on their promises. 3 . Modeling This technique involves learning through observation and modeling the behavior of others. The process is based on Albert Bandura's ┬а social learning theory , which emphasizes the social components of the learning process. Rather than relying simply on reinforcement or punishment, modeling allows individuals to learn new skills or acceptable behaviors by watching someone else perform those desired skills. In some cases, the therapist might model the desired behavior. In other instances, watching peers engage in sought-after behaviors can also be helpful.
4- Extinction Another way to produce behavior change is to stop reinforcing a behavior in order to eliminate the response. Time-outs are a perfect example of the extinction process. During a time-out, a person is removed from a situation that provides reinforcement. For example, a child who starts yelling or striking other children would be removed from the play activity and required to sit quietly in a corner or another room where there are no opportunities for attention and reinforcement. By taking away the attention that the child found rewarding, the unwanted behavior is eventually extinguished.
Who can benefit from behavioral therapy? This type of therapy can benefit adults and children. Behavioral therapy can benefit people with a wide range of disorders. People most commonly seek behavioral therapy to treat: depression anxiety panic disorders anger issues It can also help treat conditions and disorders such as: eating disorders post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) bipolar disorder ADHD phobias, including social phobias obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) self-harm substance abuse
Is behavioral therapy effective?
Behavioral therapy has successfully been used to treat a large number of conditions. ItтАЩs considered to be extremely effective. About┬а 75 percent ┬аof people who enter cognitive behavioral therapy experience some benefits from treatment. One┬аstudy Trusted Source┬аfound that cognitive behavioral therapy is most effective when treating: anxiety disorders general stress bulimia anger control problems somatoform disorders depression substance abuse Studies┬аhave shown that play therapy is very effective in children ages 3 to 12. However, this therapy is increasingly being used in people of all ages.
Behavioral therapy for children Applied behavior therapy and play therapy are both used for children. Treatment involves teaching children different methods of responding to situations more positively. A central part of this therapy is rewarding positive behavior and punishing negative behavior. Parents must help to reinforce this in the childтАЩs day-to-day life. It may take children some time to trust their counselor. This is normal. TheyтАЩll eventually warm up to them if they feel they can express themselves without consequences. Children with┬а autism ┬аand ADHD often benefit from behavioral therapy.