44970318-Protected-Cultivationof the.ppt

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1. Protected Cultivation Protected Cultivation
TechnologyTechnology
Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a
cropping technique wherein the micro climate cropping technique wherein the micro climate
surrounding the plant body is controlled partially surrounding the plant body is controlled partially
or fully as per the requirement of the vegetable or fully as per the requirement of the vegetable
species grown during their period of growth. species grown during their period of growth.
With the advancement in agriculture various types With the advancement in agriculture various types
of protected cultivation practices suitable for a of protected cultivation practices suitable for a
specific type of agro-climatic zone have emerged. specific type of agro-climatic zone have emerged.
Among these protective cultivation practices, Among these protective cultivation practices,
Green house, Plastic house, Lath house, Cloth Green house, Plastic house, Lath house, Cloth
house, Net house ,shade house, Hot beds and house, Net house ,shade house, Hot beds and
Cold frames etc is useful for the central India. Cold frames etc is useful for the central India.

2. 1. Green house 1. Green house
A greenhouse is a framed A greenhouse is a framed
or an inflated structure or an inflated structure
covered with a covered with a
transparent or transparent or
translucent material in translucent material in
which crops could be which crops could be
grown under the grown under the
condition of at least condition of at least
partially controlled partially controlled
environment and which is environment and which is
large enough to permit large enough to permit
persons to work within it persons to work within it
to carry out cultural to carry out cultural
operations. operations.

3. Advantage of Green houseAdvantage of Green house

Under greenhouseUnder greenhouse one can grow crops under one can grow crops under
controlled environment and throughout the controlled environment and throughout the
year four to five crops can be grown due to year four to five crops can be grown due to
the availability of required plant the availability of required plant
environmental conditions. environmental conditions.

This helps in increased crop productivity and This helps in increased crop productivity and
superior quality of produce can be obtained. superior quality of produce can be obtained.

Gadgets for efficient use of various inputs like Gadgets for efficient use of various inputs like
water, fertilizer, seeds and plant protection water, fertilizer, seeds and plant protection
chemicals can be well maintained in a green chemicals can be well maintained in a green
house. house.

Pasts and disease can be effectively Pasts and disease can be effectively
controlled in the growing enclosed area. controlled in the growing enclosed area.

4. 
Percentage of germination of seeds is high in Percentage of germination of seeds is high in
greenhouse. greenhouse.

When the crops are not grown, drying and When the crops are not grown, drying and
related operation of the harvested produce related operation of the harvested produce
can be taken up utilizing the entrapped heat. can be taken up utilizing the entrapped heat.

Greenhouses are suitable for automation of Greenhouses are suitable for automation of
irrigation, application of other inputs and irrigation, application of other inputs and
environmental control by using computer and environmental control by using computer and
artificial intelligence techniques. artificial intelligence techniques.

Self-employment for educated youth on farm Self-employment for educated youth on farm
can be increased. can be increased.

5. Points to be considered for planning of green Points to be considered for planning of green
house constructionhouse construction

  1. Site selection - size and future expansion1. Site selection - size and future expansion

2. Water supply - source - well, tank, pipeline, 2. Water supply - source - well, tank, pipeline,
river, etc.river, etc.

3. Fencing - type, gate, cattle trap, etc.3. Fencing - type, gate, cattle trap, etc.

4. Greenhouse - design, plant layout and 4. Greenhouse - design, plant layout and
working drawingworking drawing

5. Plant system - soil, pot, bags, platform or soil 5. Plant system - soil, pot, bags, platform or soil
less medialess media

6. Irrigation - drip, sprinkler and ridge- furrow6. Irrigation - drip, sprinkler and ridge- furrow

7. Ventilation - natural, forced and openings7. Ventilation - natural, forced and openings

8. Environmental factors - temperature, RH, 8. Environmental factors - temperature, RH,
carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

6. REQUIREMENTS FOR GREENHOUSE REQUIREMENTS FOR GREENHOUSE
CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION
Site Selection for the Greenhouse:Site Selection for the Greenhouse:
Selection of geographical location of the land, price, Selection of geographical location of the land, price,
transportation, and present and future effects of transportation, and present and future effects of
adjacent properties should be taken into adjacent properties should be taken into
consideration.consideration.

Topography of the LandTopography of the Land
It determines the amount of work and expense that It determines the amount of work and expense that
will be required to provide good surface drainage will be required to provide good surface drainage
and efficient transportation.and efficient transportation.

7. 
Transportation in and Around the Transportation in and Around the
GreenhouseGreenhouse

This is an important factor. If the proposed site This is an important factor. If the proposed site
is hilly, it should be anticipated that is hilly, it should be anticipated that
considerable land preparation will be required. considerable land preparation will be required.

Access roads to the property will need to be Access roads to the property will need to be
large enough and surfaced to handle large large enough and surfaced to handle large
motor freight equipment .motor freight equipment .

The type of neighboring properties may have The type of neighboring properties may have
varied affects on the greenhouse plants. varied affects on the greenhouse plants.

Greenhouse that were built outside of cities Greenhouse that were built outside of cities
become surrounded by urban development become surrounded by urban development
with increased pressure of urbanization may with increased pressure of urbanization may
develop problems in future.develop problems in future.

8. UtilitiesUtilities
ElectricityElectricity
Greenhouse businesses cannot have interruption of Greenhouse businesses cannot have interruption of
electrical service for more than a few minutes without electrical service for more than a few minutes without
serious consequences.serious consequences. Electrical shutdowns that are a Electrical shutdowns that are a
nuisance for a machine shop could be a disaster for a nuisance for a machine shop could be a disaster for a
greenhouse.greenhouse.
WaterWater
The quality and quantity of water that is available to the The quality and quantity of water that is available to the
site must be determined.site must be determined.
If municipal water is available, usually it is acceptable for If municipal water is available, usually it is acceptable for
irrigation and for use in boilers with some treatment. irrigation and for use in boilers with some treatment.
When water has to be supplied by well or pond on the When water has to be supplied by well or pond on the
site, there are some potential problem. Extensive site, there are some potential problem. Extensive
treatment may be needed for boiler, make-up water.treatment may be needed for boiler, make-up water.

9. 
Economy of ConstructionEconomy of Construction

Ridge and furrow type construction is usually Ridge and furrow type construction is usually
more economical and needs less land area.more economical and needs less land area.   

The house should be arranged in such a The house should be arranged in such a
manner so that labour is conserved and the manner so that labour is conserved and the
crop can be handled more effectively. crop can be handled more effectively.

The greenhouse should be constructed in such The greenhouse should be constructed in such
a way that vegetable can be harvested and a way that vegetable can be harvested and
moved to the marketable areas very easily.moved to the marketable areas very easily.

10. 
Framework for Various Types of Framework for Various Types of
GreenhouseGreenhouse

The choice of materials for the framework of a The choice of materials for the framework of a
greenhouse is based on structural strength, greenhouse is based on structural strength,
durability, initial cost, and maintenance costs. durability, initial cost, and maintenance costs.

Wooden framework is used primarily for Wooden framework is used primarily for
temporary or semi permanent structures. temporary or semi permanent structures.

The most durable wood with the least The most durable wood with the least
maintenance cost is redwood. maintenance cost is redwood.

Steel framework has been used widely. Steel framework has been used widely.

This dose requires painting to prevent rust, This dose requires painting to prevent rust,
but it is very satisfactory in other respects. but it is very satisfactory in other respects.

11. Steel frame house may have redwood or Steel frame house may have redwood or
aluminum roof and wall bars as well as aluminum roof and wall bars as well as
ventilator sash. ventilator sash.

Aluminum has become increasingly popular for Aluminum has become increasingly popular for
the greenhouse framework. the greenhouse framework.

The roof wall bars and ventilating sash all are The roof wall bars and ventilating sash all are
made of aluminum. made of aluminum.

The corrosion problem with aluminum is slight, The corrosion problem with aluminum is slight,
and the structure does not require painting. and the structure does not require painting.

It should be kept in however, that the glazing It should be kept in however, that the glazing
procedure and maintenance are approximately procedure and maintenance are approximately
the same for wood, steel, or aluminum.the same for wood, steel, or aluminum.

12. 
COVERING MATERIALS FOR GREENHOUSECOVERING MATERIALS FOR GREENHOUSE

The greenhouse must be covered with as The greenhouse must be covered with as
clear a material as possible to provide the clear a material as possible to provide the
maximum amount of sunlight for the plants. maximum amount of sunlight for the plants.

The durability of the covering material, the The durability of the covering material, the
initial cost, and the maintenance costs then initial cost, and the maintenance costs then
determine the desirability of the material.determine the desirability of the material.

Fiberglass, Poly Film etc is used as covering Fiberglass, Poly Film etc is used as covering
material for greenhouse. material for greenhouse.

13. 
HEATING AND COOLING OF HEATING AND COOLING OF
GREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE

Accurate temperature control in the Accurate temperature control in the
greenhouse is of great importance because greenhouse is of great importance because
the desired, best growth of vegetables the desired, best growth of vegetables
occurs within a limited temperature range. occurs within a limited temperature range.

Variations in this temperature may result in Variations in this temperature may result in
a complete lack of growth or extremely a complete lack of growth or extremely
excessive development. excessive development.

14. 2. Plastic houses2. Plastic houses

These are common These are common
use. use.

The cheap houses are The cheap houses are
made of polythene made of polythene
and are widely used.and are widely used.

15. 3. Shade houses3. Shade houses

Shade houses are Shade houses are
made with straight made with straight
sides and a flat top. sides and a flat top.

The frame consists of The frame consists of
cloth of light cloth of light
transmission plastic; transmission plastic;
shade slightly lowers shade slightly lowers
maximum daily maximum daily
temperature and temperature and
slightly increases the slightly increases the
relative humidity.relative humidity.

16. 
Lath houses have Lath houses have
straight sides and a flat straight sides and a flat
top. top.

The frame is similar to The frame is similar to
that of shad houses, that of shad houses,
but the cover is but the cover is
movable lath sash. movable lath sash.

Lath houses are usually Lath houses are usually
used to protect high used to protect high
light sensitive plants.light sensitive plants.
4. Lath houses4. Lath houses

17. 5. Hot beds5. Hot beds

The frame of hot bed made of The frame of hot bed made of
concrete blocks which acts as an concrete blocks which acts as an
effective insulator but obstruct effective insulator but obstruct
light. light.

Reinforced polyester plastic is also Reinforced polyester plastic is also
used for frame. used for frame.

It is light in weight, easy to handle It is light in weight, easy to handle
and admits light, which however, is and admits light, which however, is
likely to decrease with age. likely to decrease with age.

Hot beds are headed with the help Hot beds are headed with the help
of different heating systems like of different heating systems like
hot air, hot water and electricity, hot air, hot water and electricity,
which are adopted depending upon which are adopted depending upon
availability and cost, systems. availability and cost, systems.

18. 6. Cold frames6. Cold frames

The cold frame is made with The cold frame is made with
frame and the cover. frame and the cover.

Cold frames are used to protect Cold frames are used to protect
plants from frosts heavy rains plants from frosts heavy rains
and heavy winds. and heavy winds.

These are used in winter for These are used in winter for
raising herbaceous leafy raising herbaceous leafy
vegetable plants. During vegetable plants. During
summer, cover may be removed. summer, cover may be removed.

Cold frames are of two types (i) Cold frames are of two types (i)
temporary which is usually made temporary which is usually made
of wood, and (ii) permanent of wood, and (ii) permanent
which is made of concrete, which is made of concrete,
concrete block and bricks. concrete block and bricks.

19. Selection of vegetablesSelection of vegetables

The polyhouse cultivation is beneficial only when off- The polyhouse cultivation is beneficial only when off-
season vegetables are grown. season vegetables are grown.

It is also useful in production of vegetable nursery It is also useful in production of vegetable nursery
under adverse weather conditions. under adverse weather conditions.

The choice of crops depends upon the size of the The choice of crops depends upon the size of the
polyhouse structure, market demand as well as the polyhouse structure, market demand as well as the
expected market price. expected market price.

While it is convenient to raise any vegetable crop in While it is convenient to raise any vegetable crop in
environmentally-controlled polyhouse during any environmentally-controlled polyhouse during any
part of the year, the selection of crops is more critical part of the year, the selection of crops is more critical
in case of ordinary low-cost polyhouse. in case of ordinary low-cost polyhouse.

In subtropics, cucumber, bottle gourd, capsicum and In subtropics, cucumber, bottle gourd, capsicum and
tomato give quite remunerative yields during winter tomato give quite remunerative yields during winter
in low-cost polyhouse. With proper ventilation in low-cost polyhouse. With proper ventilation
cabbage, early varieties of tropical cauliflower and cabbage, early varieties of tropical cauliflower and
coriander can be successfully grown during coriander can be successfully grown during
summer/rainy season also.summer/rainy season also.

20. Nursery raisingNursery raising

Under normal weather conditions it is possible to Under normal weather conditions it is possible to
raise vegetable seedlings in open with ordinary care. raise vegetable seedlings in open with ordinary care.

But in some crops in certain seasons, the nursery is But in some crops in certain seasons, the nursery is
exposed to adverse weather which results in heavy exposed to adverse weather which results in heavy
mortality of the seedlings. mortality of the seedlings.

For example in many subtropical areas the nursery For example in many subtropical areas the nursery
period of early and mid season cauliflower coincides period of early and mid season cauliflower coincides
with the period of heavy rainfall.with the period of heavy rainfall.

Now it is well-established that if seeds of cucurbits Now it is well-established that if seeds of cucurbits
are sown in small plastic bags during winter and the are sown in small plastic bags during winter and the
seedlings are reared in polyhouse, they remain safe seedlings are reared in polyhouse, they remain safe
from frost injury and become ready for from frost injury and become ready for
transplanting early in February to give early and transplanting early in February to give early and
remunerative harvest remunerative harvest

21. AftercareAftercare
The nutritional requirements of crops grown in a The nutritional requirements of crops grown in a
polyhouse are similar to those of open field grown polyhouse are similar to those of open field grown
crops. crops.
In polyhouse, the controlled irrigation, higher plant In polyhouse, the controlled irrigation, higher plant
density and intensive cropping do not allow many density and intensive cropping do not allow many
weeds to grow.weeds to grow.
Diseases and insects also pose problem in polyhouse Diseases and insects also pose problem in polyhouse
which should be controlled timely by using which should be controlled timely by using
appropriate pesticides. appropriate pesticides.
It is better to cover the ground surface with plastic It is better to cover the ground surface with plastic
sheet for about a month during summer months to sheet for about a month during summer months to
solarize the soil after 2-3 years gap. solarize the soil after 2-3 years gap.
During winters, mulching of the soil surface with During winters, mulching of the soil surface with
polythene sheet may help in raising the soil polythene sheet may help in raising the soil
temperature to favour the fruit set, checking the temperature to favour the fruit set, checking the
weeds and conserving the soil moisture. weeds and conserving the soil moisture.