4S.Skin. Musculoskeletal system..pdf iuk

Child Hood

1. Skin. Musculoskeletal system.
TOKMOK 2024
Lecturer:Malika Kukeshova

2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN

Skin is the largest organ in the body, the skin covers all of the body’s external
surfaces and is approximately 10% of the body mass.
By adulthood the skin will be almost 2 m2.
At birth the surface area is nearly three times greater than that of an older child,
whereas at 37 weeks’ gestation or less it is proportionally five times greater than
that of a term baby

5. ASSESSMENT OF THE SKIN

7. SKIN CHARACTERISTICS

13. COMMON PEDIATRIC RASHES
‘Erythema’ means redness, ‘macules’ are flat lesions, and ‘papules’ are raised
lesions.
Erythematous maculopapular rashes are therefore erythematous, the redness
being due to inflammation, and they may be raised (papular), flat (macular) or a
mixture of the two (maculopapular).

14. There are three major types of erythematous
maculopapular rashes:

21. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

22. POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETON

A newborn has 6 primary fontanelles: two along the midline of the top of the vault
(the anterior or bregmatic and the posterior or lambdoid fontanelles) and two on
each side of the lateral vault (right and left sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelles
and right and left mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles).

23. - Posterior fontanelle generally closes 2-3 months after birth posterior fontanelle
generally closes 2-3 months after birth.
- Anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close between 1-3 years of age (in
one recent human sample, the anterior fontanelle was closed in most individuals
by 31 months postnatally, in another sample most individuals older than 17
months exhibited closure of this fontanelle)

24. TEETH AND JAWS
The first tooth eruption is usually between 4 and 15 months of age.
●At 7 months of age, children should have their first teeth;
●at 11 months (4 months later), they should have 4 teeth.
●At 15 months of age (4 months later), they should have 8 teeth;
●at 19 months, they should have 12 teeth;
●at 23 months, they should have 16 teeth;
●and at 27 months, they should have 20 teeth.
●

25. SPINAL COLUMN
At birth the spinal column has only anterior curvature (total kyphosis). Cervical and
lumbar curvatures begin with holding head up and walking. All curvatures are
completely developed by age 10.

26. CHEST

27. EXTREMITIES
The toddler demonstrates a varus alignment (physiologic genu varum) at the
knee and a waddle in the gait; the foot arches are yet not developed. By about 2
years of age, knee alignment of the knee becomes neutral. Over the next few
years, knee alignment progresses to a physiologic genu valgum, which
spontaneously corrects itself to a normal tibiofemoral alignment by about 7 years
of age.
There are some normal variants of lower limb development (such as in-toeing, out-toeing, flat feet, bow-legs and knock knees)
that are a common cause for parental concern.

28. REGIONAL MUSCULOSKELETAL ASSESSMENT

29. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION.