4th Qrt_L2_Biomolecules.pptxdsfeffrfrfrfrf

biomolecules

1. BIOMOLECULES Prepared by: Mr. Christian D. Catacutan, LPT

2. Objectives: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids; Differentiate the biomolecules from each other in terms of their structure and function.

3. What are BIOMOLECULES? Organic compounds made by living things Compounds essential to life Also called biochemicals Some are very large - polymers There are thousands of different biomolecules, but are separated into 4 categories

4. FOUR CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

5. CARBOHYDRATES The simplest biomolecules The word carbohydrate literally means “HYDRATES OF CARBON” (CH 2 O)n Contain 3 elements: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

6. FUNCTIONS Carbohydrates  provide energy and regulation of blood glucose. It prevents the breakdown of proteins for energy. Part of the structural material of plants Carbohydrates also help with fat metabolism . If the body has enough energy for its immediate needs, it stores extra energy as fat.

7. Representation of Carbohydrates

8. Breaking down into microscopic molecules Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide

9. Subtypes of Carbohydrates MONOSACCHARIDES ( mono -“one” sacchar - “sugar”) simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrates have a formula of  (CH2​O) n ​, and they typically contain three to seven carbon atoms. Monosaccharide

10. EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE

11. Subtypes of Carbohydrates DISACCHARIDES form when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction

12. EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES MALTOSE LACTOSE SUCROSE

13. Subtypes of Carbohydrates POLYSACCHARIDES A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. The typical polysaccharide is between 200 and 2500 monosaccharides long.

14. EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE

15. LIPIDS A class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water The word lipid is derived from a greek word “ lipos ” which means FAT Contain 3 elements: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

16. LIPIDS But unlike carbohydrates, fats are more complex & take much longer to break down. Lipids include: Fats Oils are high-energy molecules that plants and animals use to store energy in reserves for longer periods.

17. FUNCTIONS Energy source and storage structural components of cell Shock absorption and insulation(maintains homeostasis) Hormones

18. Building blocks of LIPIDS

19. CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS Fats and Oils Waxes Phospholipids Steroids Prostaglandins

20. Fats and Oils These are the most abundant of the lipid compounds. Triglycerides or triacylglycerols made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids FATS – solid at room temperature OILS – liquid at room temperature FATS OILS

21. WAXES Lipids that are harder and less greasy compared to fats. Have high melting point at solid at room temperature. Excellent coating material due to their repellency, impermeability, and low toxicity. – Cuticle of plants

22. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Form part of the structure of the cell membrane Important in the transport of lipids in the body Made up of a glycerol , phosphate group and two fatty acids

23. STEROIDS Also called sterols Lipids characterized by the presence of four linked carbon rings – 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane rings. Examples: Cholesterol Estrogen Testosterone

24. PROSTAGLANDINS Biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid Produce fevers and inflammatory reactions Functions: Stimulate constriction of damaged blood vessels Induce labor and reproductive processes Increase blood flow in kidneys FATS OILS

25. PROTEINS Also known as POLYPEPTIDES Important component of all living systems and perform diverse functions inside the cell formed by a linear combination of amino acids monomers (among 20) by peptide linkage Contain the following elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

26. FUNCTIONS Function Description Example Antibody Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles to help protect the body. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Enzyme Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. Phenylalaninehydroxylase

27. FUNCTIONS Function Description Example Messenger Messenger proteins transmit signals to coordinate biological processes. I nsulin Structural component These proteins provide structure and support for cells. Actin Transport/storage These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules. Hgb

28. AMINO ACIDS Think of proteins as being like a word. Amino acids are the letters in that word. Rearranging the letters makes words with different meanings. There are 20 amino acids required for human life to exist. 12 amino acids are made in our bodies, but the other 8 must be obtained by eating foods that contain them.

29. NUCLEIC ACIDS Also called as POLYNUCLEOTIDES Large molecules used by living organisms for the storage and transmission of genetic information . Contain information that cells use to make proteins Made of: Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus

30. NUCLEOTIDES Monomers of nuclei acids Made up of three components: A nitrogen-containing base A five-carbon sugar Phosphate group

31. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS