5- COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE (6th meeting).pptx

PPT tentang Cooperation Principle

1. COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE BY FAMALA EKA SANHADI RAHAYU

2. We have assumed that speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally cooperating with each other . For example, listeners normally have to assume that a speaker who says ‘my car’ really does have the car that is mentioned and isn’t trying to mislead the listener.

3. Tautology A hamburger is a hamburger From a purely logical perspective, the (1) seems to have no communicative value since it expresses something absolutely obvious . The expression is called tautology . If it is used in a conversation, the speaker clearly intends to communicate more than is said .

4. Implicature In having a conversation, sometimes the speakers tried to communicate something more than what is said by employing an additional conveyed meaning called implicature.

5. The Cooperative Principle (2) Man : Does your dog bite? Woman : No. Man : (The man reachers down to pet the dog. The dog bites the man’s hand.) Woman : He doesn’t. But that’s not my dog. The scene above happens since the woman did not give enough informations regarding the man’s question.

6. The Cooperative Principle Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. This principle involves four maxims to make a successful communication (Grice, 1975)

7. Maxim of Quantity Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange) Do not make your contribution more informative than is require d.

8. Maxim of Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true . Do not sa y what you believe to be fals e. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence .

9. Maxim of Relevance Be Relevant

10. Maxim of Manner Be perspicuous. Avoid obscu rity of expression. Avoid ambiguit y. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly .

11. Violating Maxims The cooperative principles are assumed to happen in normal conversation in which both speaker and listener are willingly to cooperate each other. However, This kind of cooperation does not always exist, there must be a time when someone wants to mislead (intentionally or not) his adressee then he violates the maxims . See the example (2)

12. Floating Maxims In violating maxims, the speaker intends to mislead or failed to communicate to the listener. In floating maxi ms, the speaker breaks the maxims but with assumptions that the listener will understand even if he breaks the maxims. (3) Man : How about my new suit? Woman : I like your watch. Man : Okay, I’ll change with the blue one.

13. Hedges In communication, we may be aware of the maxim of quality but not really sure if the information is actually true or no t, therefore the speaker usually employs a cautious notes , so called hedges . A variety of hedges can also be used to inform the listener that the speaker is aware of maxim of quantity .

14. Hedges Hedges for maxim of quality : (4) As far as I know , they’re married. (5) I’m not sure if this is right , but I heard it was a secret ceremony in Hawaii. Hedges for maxim of quantity : (6) So, to cut a long story short , we grabbed our stuff and ran. (7) I won’t bore you with all the details , but it was an exciting trip.

15. Hedges Hedges for maxim of relevance (8) Not to change the subject , but is this related to the budget? (9) I don’t know if this is important , but some of the files are missing. Hedges for maxim of manner (10) This may be a bit confused , but I remember beign in a car. (11) I don’t know if this is clear at all , but I think the other car was reversing.

16. Implicature Conversational Implicature Conventional Implicature Particularized Implicature Generalized C. Implicature Scalar Implicature

17. Conversational Implicature An additional unstated meaning that has to be assume d in order to maintai n the cooperative principle. (12) Charlene : I hope you brought the bread and the cheese. Dexter : Ah, I brought the bread.

18. Generalized Conversational Implicatures An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge . (13) Doobie : Did you invite Bella and Cathy ? Mary : I invited Bella.

19. Scalar Implicature An additional mea ning of the negative of any value higher on a scale than the one uttered. e.g. In saying ‘some children’, I create an implicature that what I say does not apply to all children. (14) Some children are naughty.

20. Particularized Conversational Implicature An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge . (15) Ann : Where are you going with the dog. Ted : To the V-E-T. (16) Leila : Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy? Mary : Let’s go get some coffee.

21. Conventional Implicature An additional unstated meaning associated with the use of specific word .