5 hepatitis 888888888888888888888885.pptx

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1. Hepatitis Preparation by : Dr. Basaad S. Mahmood Medical Surgical Nursing

2. Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. This condition can result from various causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to certain toxins. However, when people talk about hepatitis, they often refer to viral hepatitis, which is primarily caused by hepatitis viruses . The most common types are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E . .

3. There are five major categories of viral hepatitis : 1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 4. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) 5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

4. Signs and Symptoms Acute hepatitis: 1. Malaise 2 . Nausea and vomiting 3. Diarrhea or constipation 4. Low-grade fever 5. Dark urine due to change in liver function 6. Jaundice 7. Tenderness in right upper quadrant of abdomen 8. Hepatomegaly 9. Arthritis, glomerulonephritis (acute inflammation of the kidney.)

5. Chronic hepatitis : 1. Asymptomatic with elevated liver enzymes 2. Symptoms as acute hepatitis 3. Cirrhosis due to altered liver function 4. Ascites due to decrease in liver function, increased portal hypertension 5. Bleeding from esophageal varicose 6. Encephalopathy (brain disease, damage, or malfunction) due to diminished liver function 7. Bleeding due to clotting disorders 8 . Enlargement of spleen

6. Complications 1. Chronic hepatitis 2. Cirrhosis of the liver 3. Liver cancer 4. Liver failure Treatment 1. Avoid medications metabolized in the liver and avoid alcohol. 2. Remove causative agent if drug-induced or toxic hepatitis. 3. IV fluids if vomiting during acute hepatitis. 4. High-calorie diet; breakfast is usually the best tolerated meal. 5. Liver transplantation.

7. Nursing Care 1. Monitor vital signs. 2. Assess abdomen for bowel sounds, tenderness, ascites. 3. Plan appropriate rest for patient in acute phase. 4. Monitor intake and output. 5. Assess mental status for changes due to encephalopathy. 6. Assist patient to: a) Plan about meals ; remember that breakfast is generally the best tolerated meal. b) Avoid smoking areas—intolerance to smoking

8. Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism, characterized by replacement of normal liver tissue with diffuse fibrosis that disrupts the structure and function of the liver.

9. Causes: 1-Chronic Alcoholism : Excessive alcohol consumption over a long period can lead to cirrhosis. 2-Chronic Viral Hepatitis : Hepatitis B, C, and D can cause inflammation and damage to the liver over time. 3-Fatty Liver Disease: Accumulation of fat in the liver, often associated with obesity . 4-Autoimmune Hepatitis : The body's immune system attacks the liver. 5-Genetic Diseases: Certain genetic conditions can predispose individuals to cirrhosis.

10. Signs and Symptoms Early stages may be asymptomatic. As cirrhosis progresses, symptoms may include: 1. Fatigue. 2. Weight loss, abdominal pain, and distention. 3. Pruritus (severe itching of skin). 4. Confusion or difficulty thinking. 5. Personality changes and sometimes depression. 6. Ascites. 7. Jaundice.

11. Lab . Tests and Diagnosis 1 . Liver function tests (AST, ALT, Bilirubin) elevated. 2. Ultrasound scanning 3. CT scan 4. MRI 5. Liver biopsy may be performed to assess the extent of liver damage .

12. Treatment Addressing the underlying cause (e.g., treating hepatitis or stopping alcohol consumption). Lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet and exercise. Medications to manage symptoms and complications. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be considered.  

13. Nursing Care 1. Weigh patient daily. 2. Assess peripheral edema. 3. Assess heart and lung sounds for excess fluid. 4. Elevate head of bed 30 degrees or greater to ease breathing. 5. Elevate feet to decrease peripheral edema. 6. Monitor for signs of bleeding or bruising. 7. Monitor level of consciousness, orientation, recent and remote memory, behavior , mood, and affect.

14. Thank you for listening