5. Making Inferences and Summarising.pptx

making inferences and summarising

1. Making Inferences and Summarising

2. INTRODUCTION In your daily practice, you will frequently encounter vast amounts of information, whether it's from medical literature, patient interactions, or drug information leaflets.

3. THE INFERENCE AND SUMMARIZING FUNCTION "Making inferences is crucial in pharmacy for several reasons: Patient Care : When interacting with patients, pharmacists often need to infer additional information based on what the patient says, their body language, and medical history. For example, a patient might not directly say they are experiencing side effects, but they might describe symptoms that indicate this. Reading and Understanding Research : Scientific articles often imply information rather than stating it outright. Being able to infer these details helps in comprehending the full scope of the study.

4. THE INFERENCE FUNCTION Clinical Decision-Making : Inferences help pharmacists decide the best course of action when faced with incomplete information, such as predicting drug interactions or potential adherence issues based on patient behavior and statements."

5. WHAT IS INFERENCE? "An inference is the process leads to a certain conclusion using reasoning or evidence, making it more than just an assumption."

6. Example 1: Text from a Drug Information Leaflet "Patients with a history of liver disease should avoid this medication. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. In rare cases, it may cause severe allergic reactions."

7. Answer for Example 1 Inference Questions: Why should patients with liver disease avoid this medication? Possible Inference: The medication might be metabolized by the liver, and patients with liver disease may be at risk of adverse effects or impaired drug clearance. What can be inferred about the significance of dizziness and fatigue as side effects for elderly patients? Possible Inference: Dizziness and fatigue could increase the risk of falls and injuries in elderly patients, making these side effects particularly concerning.

8. Example 2: Case Study A patient, Mr. Smith, reports experiencing increased fatigue and occasional dizziness since starting a new medication. He has a history of mild hypertension and is currently taking medication for it.

9. Answer for Example 2 Inference Questions: What might be causing Mr. Smith's symptoms? Possible Inference: The new medication might be causing side effects such as fatigue and dizziness. There might also be an interaction between the new medication and his hypertension treatment. What should the pharmacist consider when advising Mr. Smith? Possible Inference: The pharmacist should consider checking for drug interactions, reviewing the side effects profile of the new medication, and possibly contacting Mr. Smith's doctor for alternative treatment options.

10. WHAT NEXT? Let's move on to the next part of our lesson: summarizing . We'll learn how to condense complex information into clear, concise summaries, which is another essential skill for pharmacists.

11. WHAT IS SUMMARIZING? "Summarizing is the process of condensing a larger body of information into its main points and key details. A good summary captures the essence of the original content while omitting unnecessary details and maintaining clarity and conciseness."

12. Techniques for Effective Summarizing Identify Main Ideas: Focus on the core concepts or findings. Extract Key Details: Include important details that support the main ideas. Use Concise Language: Avoid unnecessary words and repetitions. Maintain Clarity: Ensure the summary is easy to understand and free of jargon.

13. EXAMPLE 1: Research Article Abstract "A recent study evaluated the efficacy of Drug X in treating hypertension. The study involved 200 participants over a 6-month period. Results indicated a significant reduction in blood pressure among those who took Drug X compared to a placebo group. Side effects were generally mild, including headaches and slight dizziness. The study concluded that Drug X is an effective treatment option for hypertension."

14. ANSWER For EXAMPLE 1 "Drug X significantly reduces blood pressure in hypertension patients with generally mild side effects, making it an effective treatment option."

15. COMBINING SKILLS "Now that we've practiced making inferences and summarizing separately, it's time to combine these skills. In many real-world pharmacy situations, you'll need to infer key information and then summarize it effectively. This integrated approach helps you make informed decisions and communicate them clearly."

16. Pharmacist-Patient Conversation Transcript Patient : I've been feeling really tired lately, and I sometimes feel dizzy. I’m taking Medication A for my blood pressure. I also started taking a new supplement last month. Pharmacist: Can you tell me more about the supplement? Patient: It's a herbal supplement that my friend recommended. I thought it might help with my energy levels. Pharmacist: Have you noticed any changes in your blood pressure readings since starting the supplement? Patient: Yes, actually. They've been a bit higher than usual.

17. Pharmacist-Patient Conversation Transcript Inference Questions: What might be causing the patient's fatigue and dizziness? Possible Inference : The herbal supplement could be interacting with Medication A, leading to increased blood pressure and side effects such as fatigue and dizziness. Why is it important to consider the patient's supplement intake? Possible Inference : Supplements can interact with prescription medications, potentially causing adverse effects or reducing the effectiveness of the medication.

18. Pharmacist-Patient Conversation Transcript Summary : "The patient reports increased fatigue and dizziness after starting a herbal supplement while on Medication A for blood pressure. Blood pressure readings have been higher since starting the supplement, indicating a possible interaction. The pharmacist should review the supplement and advise the patient accordingly."

19. HOME WORK Case Study : Mrs. Johnson is a 65-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. She is prescribed Metformin and Lisinopril. She complains of experiencing headaches and lightheadedness. She recently started a new diet that includes grapefruit. Make an interface question and summary!!!

20. THANK YOU