5012384228social psychology presentation

Social psychology

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Social Psychology
by David G. Myers 9
th
Edition
The Self in a Social World
CHAPTER 2

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Spotlights and Illusions
•Interplay between sense of self and the
social world
–Spotlight effect
The belief that others are paying more attention
to one’s appearance and behavior than they
really are
–Illusion of transparency
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak
out and can be easily read by others

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–Social surroundings affect our self-awareness
American in Nepal feels more white
American in Asia feels more American

–Self-interest colors social judgment
We blame others
1923 Nobel prize for discovering Insulin
–Self-concern motivates our social behavior
We manage our Image
–Social relationships help define our self
We have different roles

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•“No topic is more interesting to people than
people . For most people, moreover, the
most interesting person is self ”
Roy F.Baumeister, the self in social psychology
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Self-Concept: Who Am I?
•Our sense of self
–Self-concept
A person’s answer to the question, “who am I”
–Self-schemas
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of
self-relevant information.
Perception of one’s self (smart,cunning,fat,ugly,handsome)
–Self-reference effect
The tendency to process efficiently and remember well
information related to oneself

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Possible selves
Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the
future
•Development of the social self (surroundings)
–The roles we play: role playing becomes reality
–Social identity: ethnicity/nationality
–Social comparisons: Evaluating one’s abilities and
opinions by comparing oneself to others.
–Success and failure: achievements contribute to high
self-esteem
–Other people’s judgments: The looking-glass self:
what we perceive them as thinking.

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Who Am I?
The Self

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
•Self and Culture
–Individualism: The concept of giving priority to one
'own goal over group goals and defining one’s identity
in term of personal attribute rather than group
identifications.
–Collectivism: Giving priority to the goals of one’s
groups(often one’s extended family or work group) and
defining one’s identity accordingly.
–Interdependent self

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Self-Concept: Who Am I?

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Self-Concept: Who Am I?
•Self-knowledge
–Explaining our behavior
Electric shocks and pills
–Predicting our behavior
Its difficult to predict our own behavior
Positive behaviors are often predicted wrong and
negative behaviors are often predicted rightly
Consider your past
–Predicting our feelings
Difficulty in predicting the intensity and duration of
their future emotions
Less happy after favorable event and more sad after
unfavorable event

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•The wisdom and illusions of self-analysis
The thought process cannot be explained by artists and
scientists
Dual attitude system
Implicit: what we feel at first sight
Explicit: what we feel consiously
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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When a feeling was there,
they felt as if it would never
go: when it was gone, they
felt as it had never been :
when it returned , they felt as
if it had never gone

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Locus of Control

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Perceived Self-Control
•Self-efficacy: A sense that one is competent and effective
•Locus of control: The extent to which people perceive
outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and
actions or as externally controlled by chance or forces
•Learned helplessness versus self-determination:
The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or
animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Learned Helplessness

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Self-Esteem
•Self-esteem: Overall self-evaluation of self-
worth
–Self-esteem motivation
Friction among siblings
Friction among friends
–The “dark side” of self-esteem
Consequences of low and high self-esteem

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
•Self-Serving Bias : The tendency to perceive oneself
favorably Explaining positive and negative events
Success to inner abilities and failure to external forces
•Can we all be better than average: everyone over
estimates himself
•Unrealistic optimism: future will be better
•False consensus and uniqueness: The sense we seem to
make of world seems like common sense

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Self-Serving Bias
•Reflections on self-
efficacy and self-
serving bias
–The self-serving bias
as adaptive
–The self-serving bias
as maladaptive
–The group-serving bias

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Self-Presentation
•False modesty: rating themselves low but not actually
feeling it.
•Self-handicapping: Protecting one’s self-image with
behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
•Impression management
–Self-presentation
–Self-monitoring

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More on Self-Presentation

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Supplemental Slides

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Elements of the Self

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What Affects Self-Concept?

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cultural Influences

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cultural Influences

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More on Self-Concept