557565966386372824690Microorganisms.pptx

Microorganisms

1. MICROORGANISMS : FRIEND OR FOE

2. CONTENT: INTRODUCTION WHERE DO MICROORGANISMS LIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

3. What are Microorganisms? The organisms which are too small to be seen by our naked eyes are called Microorganisms. The study of microorganisms is called Microbiology. Antonie Van Lewenhoek was the first scientist who observed small moving organisms in a drop of lake water under his microscope. He named them “animalcules”.

4. Where do Microorganisms live? Microorganisms are omni present, i.e. Microorganisms are found everywhere in the air, water, soil and even inside the living organisms. They can survive extreme conditions like hot spring to polar region. They can survive too acidic and too alkaline environment. Under unfavorable condition of temperature and water, they form hard and tough covering called cysts. Spiral bacteria Rod shaped bacteria Chlamydomonas Spirogyra Algae

5. Protozoa Bread mould Penicillium Aspergillus Fungi Viruses

6. Classification of Microorganisms Based on Characteristics : Bacteria : Unicellular, Prokaryotic, occurs in various sizes and shapes. Ex: Lactobacillus Fungi : saprophytic, can be unicellular or multicellular. Ex: Penicillium , Aspergillus Algae : photosynthetic micro-organisms. Ex: Spirogyra Protozoa : unicellular, prokaryotic. Ex: Amoeba Virus : neither living nor nonliving. Form the boundary between the living and the nonliving. Ex: Bactriophage , HIV

7. 2. Based on the number of cells: Unicellular – most of the protozoans Multicellular – most fungi and some algae 3. Based on the significance: Micro-organisms Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Algae Virus Useful Lactobacillus Yeast Tetrahymena pyriformis Red algae Lambda phage Harmful Haemophilus influenza Rhizopus Plasmodium Gymnodinium Picorna

8. Uses of Microorganisms

9. Useful Microorganisms Lactobacillus – curdling of milk Yeast – Making bread, cake, alcohol, wine etc. Tetrahymena pyriformis -  is the most commonly ciliated model used for  laboratory research . Tetrahymena pyriformis was  the first protozoan to be cultivated axenically , in the absence of any other organism. Mainly this factor is responsible for its extensive use as a model cell system. Its biology and biochemistry have been studied extensively and so has its response to altered environmental conditions. Red Algae - Red algae are used as the source of food for thousands of years as they are high in vitamins, minerals, a rich source of calcium, magnesium, and antioxidants. The high fibre content of red algae means it is also  useful in improving digestion . Lambda phage - Lambda phage has been of major importance in  the study of specialized transduction . Specialized transduction is the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium.

10. Uses of Microorganisms Microbe’s role in curdling of milk – Microbes play a vital role in preparing curd from milk. Curd contains a bacterium, Lactobacillus . Lactobacillus is a friendly bacterium. It treats and prevent diarrhea, help in food breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Lactobacillus converts sugars in milk (Lactose) into Lactic acid . Lactic acid imparts sour taste to curd. Increased acidity causes milk protein (Casein) to turn into solid masses. This changes the texture of curd.

11. 2. Microbe’s role in bakery and fermentation – Louis Pasteur discovered the process of fermentation in 1857. Yeast respire under anaerobic condition. Yeast is used in industrial production of alcohol and wine. Yeast are also used in baking industry for making bread, cakes, pastries, buns. Yeast multiply rapidly in dough and produce CO 2 and the dough rises.

12. 3. Microbe’s role in preparation of antibiotics – Antibiotics are chemicals that are produced by certain micro-organisms especially bacteria and fungi and are used to cure a variety of diseases. Streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin are some commonly known antibiotics which are mage from fungi and bacteria. In 1929, Alexander Fleming was working on a culture of disease causing bacteria when he found the spores of little green mould in his culture plate. The mould separated was identified as Penicillium notatum . He observed that the presence of mould prevented the growth of bacteria and also killed many of these bacteria. And this is how mould penicillin was prepared. Dr. Yellapreggada SubbaRao , born in west Godavari district of Andra Pradesh state, India was well known for his discovery of Aureomycin , a tetracycline that cure number of bacterial diseases like Typhoid, Plague, Tuberculosis etc.

13. 4. Microbe’s role in preparation of Vaccines - Vaccines are made from microbes that are dead or inactive so that they are unable to cause disease. The antigen in the vaccine is the same as the antigen on the surface of the disease-causing microbe. The vaccine stimulates the body to produce antibodies against the antigen in the vaccine. Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for small pox in 1798. Dr. Jonas Sack discovered polio vaccine in 1952 and Dr. Albert Sabin discovered oral vaccine in 1957.