6. Brief introduction to genetic engineering.pptx

To give Knowledge about topic.

1. Basic principles genetic engineering Prepared by: Ms. Harshada R. Bafna. M. Pharm (Quality Assurances)

2. Introduction Genetic engineering involves deliberated DNA manipulation in organisms to alter their genes. Although the organisms whose genes are being altered may not be microbes, but the substances and techniques involved are obtained from microbes and adapted for use in more complex organisms. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas.

3. Term " genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905 .  The double helix structure of DNA was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The most important application of molecular genetics in biotechnology is genetic engineering or recombinant (rDNA) technology. Genetic engineering is the process of producing an organism that contains a gene or genes not naturally present in organism . This is useful tool for production of vaccines and antigens.

4. Basic principle of genetic engineering It is the basic technique of recombinant DNA technology and it is simple. Plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and chromosomal DNA from another organism are cleaved (fig.) with a restriction enzymes, mixed and ligated with DNA ligase. DNA ligase :- It is a specific type of enzymes, a ligase that facilitates the joining of DNA strand together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond . It play role in repairing single strand duplex DNA in living organism. Endonuclease : are the enzyme that cleave the phosphodiester bond within polynucleotide chain.

5. Synthesizing Enzymes: These enzymes helps in synthesis DNA strands on appropriate templates There are two types of synthesizing enzymes are as follows: DNA polymerase: These help in synthesis of complimentary DNA 5’ 3’ direction on DNA template Reverse transcriptase: these enzymes synthesize single complementary to m-RNA template Joining enzyme: these enzymes help in sealing gap in DNA fragments which are otherwise joined by complimentary base pairing Alkaline phosphate: they cut off phosphate group from 5’ end of DNA (circular)

6. Applications Production of Pharmaceutical Products: Human protein replacement. Therapeutic agent for human disease and vaccines. 2. Recombinant vaccines: Hepatitis B vaccines is produced by cloning hepatitis B surface antigen in yeast cell.

7. 3. Diagnosis & cure of diseases: Solve the problems of diagnosis by using DNA probe, monoclonal antibody. Diagnosis infection caused by bacteria, protozoa and viruses. 4. Gene therapy 5. Transgenic plants & animals