7. 2025 central hormones: hypothalamus, hypophysis, thymus, epyphisis.pptx

central gland hormones. Steroid diabetes

1. Dr. Mahira Amirova Associate P rofessor Biochemistry Department. Azerbaijan Medica l University Year 2025 In The Name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Compassionate

2. Classification and biochemical properties of hormones. S ome hormones synthesis m echanism . S ecretion of h ormones H ormon e signal t ransmission . Central gland hormones along with adrenal gland .

3. Classification of hormones by structure

4. Detailed classification Eucosanoids , cytokines , TSH Hormone-like substances: , TSH

5. OPTIONS OF HORMONAL ACTION:Endocrine , paracrine, autocrine action

6. 4

7. No fatty acids released Small amount of fatty acids released Large amount of fatty acids released

8. Neurocrine action THROUGH ENDOR PHINES, ENCEPHALINES Endorphins and enkephalins

9. Positive and negative feed-back mechanism of hormonal reg u lation Positive freed-back Negative feed-back TR- β – Thyroid receptor- β TSHR-TSH receptor TR- α – Thyroid receptor- α

10. CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GLANDS: SYNERGISM of hormones Adrenalin and glucagon are also synergists

11. ANTAGONISM OF HORMONES 3.3-5.5 Mmol /L

12. ANTAGONISM of insulin and other hormones Insulin is the only hormone lowering glucose in the blood Leptin & adiponectin are i nsulin synergist s GH (STH), Adrenalin (epinephrine) & cortisol are insulin antagonists

13. Membrane, membrane-intracellular, cytosolic (intracellular) mechanism of action Membrane cytosolic Membrane membrane-intracellular

14. CALCITRIOL, Glucocorticoids, ANDROGENS, ESTROGENS, HESTAGENS act through cellular receptor Distinction between water- and fat-soluble hormones mechanism of action

15. STEROID HORMONES ACTION with cellular receptor : Steroid hormones affect transcription and translation

16. Membrane-intracellular mechanism of action

17. Phosphodiesterase ADENYLATE CYCLASE SYSTEM comprises 3 enzymes: Adenylate cyclase , Proteinkinase A, Phosphodiestarase 1 2 3

18. Formation and breakdown of cAMP

19. 3’5’-cAMP formation from ATP cAMP Adenylate cyclase

20. PROTEINKINASE ACTIVATION – 4 cAMPs required A (adrenalin, glucagon)

21. GUANYLATE-CYCLASE 2 kind of enzymes GUANYLATE-CYCLASE

22. NO is formed from arginin e , and stimulates cGMP formation Arginine

23. Phosphatidyl -inositol activates Ca-calmodulin related specific protein kinase

24. Melanostatin

25. Statins and liberins Releasing-hormones ( liberins ) Statins

26. Hormones of hypothalamus Thalamic hormones Melanoliberin Melanostatin Prolactoliberin Prolactostatin Thyroliberin Gonadoliberin Somatoliberin Corticoliberin Somatostatin

27. Oxytocin & ADH

28. ADH- VASOPRESSIN from neurohypophysis affects collecting duct

29. VASOPRESSIN HYPER SECRETION ( PARHON syndrome ) PARHON syndrome leads to edema , which decreases electrolytes concentration in the blood. * Loose of feeling of thirst develops * Urine becomes thick (due to less excreted water) Urine density rises

30. VASOPRESSIN HYPO SECRETION ( DIABETES INSIPIDUS ) At DIABETES INSIPIDUS urine density falls below 1.008-1.001 (due to rise water excretion) *Diuresis icreases : hypostenuric polyuria occurs. * Blood osmotic pressure rises . It leads to thirst and polydipsia (an abnormal urge to drink as reaction to water loss). Dry mouth ( xerostomia )

31. ( Ca-calmodulin medi ated effect )

32. HORMONES SECRETED FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY

33. POMC: ACTH, LIPOTROPIN, , α -, β -, γ -ENDORPHINs, α -, β -, γ -MSH

34. MSH: Lipotropin activates TAG-LIPASE:

35. PANHYPOPITUITARISM (Sheehan’s syndrome) : (total) pituitary-cerebral cachexia: STH and GH

36. Pituitary cachexia Completely loss of subcutaneous fat due to the atrophy of pituitary gland & loss of STH (GH), GTH and TTH.

37. Raise & drop of GH from the early childhood ( Gigantism ) . GH stimulates the growth and development of bone & soft tissue cells, enlarges organs. D rop of GH from the early childhood (D warfism )

38. Raise of GH after puberty . Acromegaly : an enlargement of body parts The brow ridges, cheekbones, lower jaw, feet and hand increase in size. Since the skeleton formation and bones calcification is over, bones are strong and do not grow, therefore GH enlarges soft tissues, cartilages. Lips lips & gums tongue

39. Raise of Growth Hormone after puberty resulting in Acromegaly enlargement of brush Diastema of teeth: teeth detach from each other

40. Stress stimulates ACTH , and hence cortisol secretion protein degradation

41. Hormones responsible for stress

42. In the adrenal gland, mainly MR and GC are produced

43. Cushing disease ( ACTH rises)

44. Hyperpigmentation (abnormal dis с oloration ) in Cushing disease

45. (cortisol rises)

46. cortisol gluconeogenesis GLUCOCORTICOIDS OVERPRODUCTION LEADS TO STEROID DIABETES

47. HYPER ALDOSTERONISM High serum sodium

48. Aldosterone hypersecretion damaged organs and tissues under aldosterone hypersecretion

49. Addison disease ( Hypo aldesteronism ) : hyperpigmentation on gums Hyposecretion of MC stimulates ACTH secretiion norm atrophic

50. ( Adrenalin ) ( Noradrenalin ) ACTH action on adrenal glands

51. Hormones of adrenal medulla: catecholamines. ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE )

52. SCHEME OF HORMONE ACTION via cAMP (adrenaline rush)

53. SEQUENCE OF ACTION through cAMP

54. Fight or flight Vanillyl-mandelic acid is a last product of catecholamines methabolism discharged with the urine

55. ( person turns pale or red ) )

56. NORADRENALINE Vitamin B 6 Vitamin C SAM

57. NORADRENALINE

58. ( )

59. EPIPHYSIS regulates circadian, daily rhythms and adapts the body to the intensity of light Melatonin shows an inhibitory effect on pituitary hormones secretion, particularly gonadotropins Under the light, melatonin drops , gonadotropins synthesis raise

60. Melatonin is made from serotonin (tryptophan) Light inhibits melatonin synthesis rays of light hit the retina

61. Melatonin formation pathway

62. Melatonin activates both cAMP and cGMP paths https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-019-1556-7/figures/1

63. Melatonin action https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10571-023-01324-w

64. Additionally, from tryptophan are produced in the epiphysis: *SEROTONIN- synthesized from tryptophan, it is 5-hydroxytryptamine . Constricts arterioles and rises BP. Promotes sensitivity to kinine -dependent pain . Stimulates secretion of vasopressin into the blood and causes ant diuretic effect. *MELATONIN- darkness increases its synthesis, while light reduces. * ADRENOGLOMERULOTROPIN - stimulates aldosterone secretion *ANTY-HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDE

65. HYPER PINEALISM causes a temporary inhibitory effect on the pituitary and hypothalamus HYPO PINEALISM in children: *mental development is lagging behind *the limbs are short, the body is relatively long *the muscles are overdeveloped