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1. Left Wing Extremism -NAXALISM

2. Naxalismisasocial,economicand
developmentalissuemanifestingasaviolent
internalsecuritythreat.Inthiscontext,discuss
theemergingissuesandsuggestamulti-
layeredstrategytotacklethemenaceof
Naxalism.
(15Marks–UPSC2022)
UPSC (CCE-Mains)

3. UPSC (CCE-Mains)
1)What are the determinants of LWE in Eastern Part of India? What strategy should
the government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter
the threat in the affected areas? (15 Marks – UPSC 2020)
2)Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many
parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter
the challenges posed by LWE. (10 Marks – UPSC 2018)
3)The persisting drives of the Government for development of large industries in
backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who
face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the
corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine
affected citizens back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. (12.5
Marks – UPSC 2015)

5. •The Maoist movement in India first appeared in the city of
Naxalbari in the state of West Bengal, and for this reason the
Maoists are often referred to as Naxalites.
•In 1967, oppressed peasants inspired by the communist
movement raised their bows and arrows against the feudal
landowners in Naxalbari.

6. Ideology of LWE
●LWE organizations try tobringchangethroughviolent
revolution.
●They areagainstdemocraticinstitutions(electionsand
Police).
●They promise to protect the people from the “feudal”,
“imperialist”and“capitalist” Indian Government and other
oppressors.
●Seizinglandfromoppressors and redistributing it among the
farmers has been the aim of the Naxalites.
●They glorify thedoctrineofviolence

7. Strategy of LWE (Political and Military)

9. Causes for LWE or Naxal Movement

12. •The primary reason for the “success” of the Maoist movement is to be found in the
severe poverty and consequent dissatisfaction of the rural populations.
•Oppression by the land lords.
•The issue of Jal-Jangal-Zameen (water, forest, land) is at the centre of these revolts
initially.
•Tribal people are routinely exploited for their mineral-rich land. There is illegal
encroachment and the forest-dwellers are denied of rights in their own land.
Causes for LWE or Naxal Movement

13. •There is a lack political representation of the exploited and
deprived people.
•They were largely tribal belts that were neglected by the
government and also by the mainstream media.
•There was gross ineffectiveness and mismanagement in the
administrative machinery.
•The alienation and social exclusion of large groups of
people led to sections of them feeling a disconnect with the
government of the day and also society at large.
•Low literacy levels along with poverty & unemployment
Causes for LWE or Naxal Movement

14. Challenges in the
Counter-LWE Efforts
1.Individuals are often branded as police informers by Maoists, and are executed in
public.
2.They create an an environment of terror in the Red Corridor territory and prevent
people from any attempts to collaborate with the police.
3.Maoists have been known to entail villagers in opium production by providing them
with seeds, start-up money and a reward of money. By involving these isolated
citizens in this illicit production system, Maoists further marginalize them from the
State.
4.In the mid-2000s, the Maoists were believed to have received logistical support and
training from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

15. 5. As the use of improvised explosive devices (IED), landmines
and bombs by Maoists reveals the LTTE-Maoist alliance.
6. The Indian government accuses the United Liberated Front
of Assam (ULFA) of working with the Naxalites to smuggle
drugs and fake currency along the Indian-Bangladeshi border, in
exchange for weapons and explosives from the ISI.
7. They operate in small and decentralized groups which is
another major challenge.
Challenges in the
Counter-insurgency Efforts

16. Initiatives by the Government
(Source MHA)
•Government’s Approach and Action Plan to deal with LWE
‘Police’ and ‘Public order’ being State subjects, action with respect to maintenance of law and order lies
primarily in the domain of the concerned State Governments. Therefore, the policy of the Government
of India is to effectively deal with the LWE insurgency primarily by capacity building of the State
Governments, both in areas of security and development.
The Government of India has adopted an integrated and holistic approach to deal with the Left Wing
Extremist (LWE) insurgency by addressing the:
1)areasofsecurity,
2)developmentand
3)promotinggoodgovernance
To achieve this, a National Policy and Action Plan has been put in place that adopts a multipronged
strategy in the areas of security, development, ensuring rights & entitlements of local communities.

17. Security
Development
Good
Governance
Approach of the Government

18. 1) Thesecurityrelatedmeasures include:
•providing Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs),
•modernization and up gradation of the State Police under the Umbrella Scheme
‘Modernization of Police Forces’ (MPF scheme),
•re-imbursement of security related expenditure under the Security Related
Expenditure (SRE) Scheme,
•strengthening of Special Intelligence Branches and fortification of Police Stations
under the Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS),
•providing helicopters for anti-LWE operations, assistance in training of State Police
through the Ministry of Defence,
•sharing of intelligence (information),
•facilitating inter-State coordination,
•Community Policing and Civic Action etc.
Initiatives by the Government
(Source MHA)

19. 2. Development
Simultaneously, focusedattentionisalsogiventodevelopment. The Government of India
has launched special schemes for improving the basic infrastructure like road Water, schools,
electricity & telecom connectivity and skill upgradation.

Initiatives by the Government
(Source MHA)

20. 3)Good Governance
•The implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (theAct
empowerstheforestdwellerstoaccessandusetheforest
resourcesinthemannerthattheyweretraditionallyaccustomed
to,inordertoprotect,conserveandmanageforests,protectforest
dwellersfromunlawfulevictionsandalsoprovidesforbasic
developmentfacilitiesforthecommunityofforestdwellersto
accessfacilitiesofeducation,health,nutrition,infrastructureetc.)
• Especially the provisions pertaining to allotment of title deeds to
individuals and communities is also an area priority.
• Resolute implementation of the National Policy and Action Plan
2015 by the Government.
Initiatives by the Government
(Source MHA)

22. Red Corridor

23. •There is what is known in India as a “Red Corridor” in
which the Maoist are particularly present, which stretches for
2000 km along the entire length of India’s east coast.
•The states most strongly affected by militant Maoist
activity are West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh.
Red Corridor

26. Urban Naxal
A 2004 Communist Party of India (Maoist) document titled “Urban Perspective”
elaborates on the strategy of gaining leadership from urban areas. The Government
believes that the Maoists have been looking at cities and towns for leaders. It feels
that this is keeping in line with the tradition that most of their top leaders are well
educated people from universities.
Thus urban naxal refers to those who support the ‘Maoist Ideologies’ in the
urban areas or a have link with Maoist organizations.
The term ‘Urban Naxals’, which has become popular since 2018, was first used to
describe anti-establishment protesters and other dissenters during the the crackdown
liberal thinkers/ activists in the Elgaar Parishad case in Maharashtra.
It is one of the two ongoing investigations related to the Bhima Koregaon violence
of January 1, 2018. It is based on an FIR filed in Pune alleging that banned Naxalite
groups had organised the Elgaar Parishad on the evening of December 31, 2017 on the
eve of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon.

32. LWE in Assam
•The spread of Maoism to Assam has added a new security dimension in the
already volatile State.
•The arrests of several top CPI (Maoist) leaders from various parts of Assam
have revealed that the Maoists have been active in the State since the
nineties.
•The fact that Maoist activities have been taken seriously by the security
establishment is indicated by the fact that the Assam government sent a
proposal to the Centre in May 2013 todeclareninedistrictsoftheStateas
Left–wingExtremismaffecteddistricts.
•Theseninedistrictsare:Tinsukia,Dibrugarh,Dhemaji,Lakhimpur,
Golaghat,Sivasagar,Goalpara,CacharandKarimganj.
•But the Government of India responded that the Maoists are in a latent
phase in Assam, and have not been engaging in enough violence, and,
therefore, was not keen on declaring the nine districts as Maoist-affected
immediately.

33. •In February 2014, the Chief Minister of Assam said
that Maoists, apart from having a clear nexus with
insurgents groups in the Northeast like the People’s
Liberation Army (PLA) of Manipur, the ULFA
(Independent), and the NSCN (IM), have also
established links with the Pakistani Inter Services
Intelligence (ISI) as well as Jihadi elements.
•On November 22, 2013, Armed Forces (Special
Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958 was extended in Assam
for another year with effect from December 4, 2013
and for the first time the Union Home Ministry cited
Maoist activities in the state as one of the reasons for
extending this Act.
LWE in Assam

35. •Guwahati:CPI (Maoist) leader and a
member of its central committee,Arun
KumarBhattacharjee, known by as
'Kanchan Da', was arrested inCachar
district of Assam, a top police officer said
on Monday.
LWE in Assam

38. Decline of LWE
The overall improvement in LWE scenario can be
attributed togreaterpresenceandincreasedcapacityof
theSecurityForcesacrosstheLWEaffectedStates, better
operational strategy and better monitoring of development
schemes in affected areas.
The geographical spread of LWE violencehasalsobeen
shrinkingconsiderably. In 2020, LWE violence was
reported from 226 PSs in 53 districts spread across 9
States as compared to 328 PSs in 76 districts spread over
10 States in 2013.

39. Expected Topics & Questions
1)What is LWE? Examine its ideology and strategy?
2)Examine the causes/reasons/factors affecting the rise of
LWE
3)What are the Challenges in controlling LWE and What
STRSTEGY has been followed?
4)LWE and its Impact on Development.
5)What is Red Corridor? Examine the rise of LWE in urban
areas.
6)Review the spread of LWE in Assam and suggest effective
measures to control LWE.