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1. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY
1

2. Definition of terms
•Occupationalhealth:
Itisthescienceandartdevotedtothe
anticipation,recognition,evaluationandcontrol
ofthoseenvironmentalfactorsfromtheplaceof
work,whichmaycauseillness,significant
discomfortandinefficiencyamongworkers.
Personalprotectiveequipment
-Devicewornbytheworkerstoprotect
againsthazardsintheworkenvironment
(place).
2

3. Definition of terms cont…
Thresholdlimitvalue(TLV)
-Theconcentrationofsubstanceunderwhichit
isbelievedthatnearlyallworkersmaybe
regularlyexposeddayafterdaywithout
adverseeffect.
Permissibleexposurelimit(PEL)
-Theconcentrationpermittedforaspecific
periodwithinaworkingday(within8hour
exposure)
3

4. Scope and goal of occupational health
Thescopeofoccupationalhealthcanbedivided
intothree.
1. Anticipationand recognitionof workers’
health problems in the work environment.
Recognition can be done through
–available data review (records, reports,…)
–walk through inspections (buildings, sanitary
facilities, instruments,…)
–interviewing the workers
–preliminary instrumentation
4

5. Scope and goal of occupational health cont…
2.Evaluationoftherecognizedproblems,
whichconsistsofdatacollection,
analysis, interpretationand
recommendations.
3.Thedevelopmentofcorrectiveactions
toeliminateorlimittheproblems.
5

6. Scope and goal of occupational health cont…..
•Generally,thescopeofoccupationalhealth
includes
–Preventionandcontrolofoccupationalhazards
–Curativeandrehabilitativeprograms
Theseare
1.Establishmentofsoundsanitaryconditionsin
theworkplace
-Watersupplyfacility
-Wastedisposal
-Handwashingfacility
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7. Scope and goal of occupational health cont…..
2.Inspectionofhealthsafetyofprotective
devices.
3.Pre-employment,periodicalandspecial
healthexamination.
4.Organizationofhealthservicesincluding
firstaid.
5.Healtheducationandsafetytrainingtothe
workers.
6.Rehabilitationofthosethathavebeen
injured.
7

8. Scope and goal of occupational health cont…..
7.Reportingofoccupationaldeaths,
diseases,injuries,disabilities,hazardsand
theirrelatedpreventivemeasuresat
working.
Generally,occupationalhealthencompasses
thestudyofbothacuteandchronic
conditionsemanatingfromhazardsinthe
workenvironmentaswellasintheout
doorenvironment.
8

9. Classifications of occupational health
hazards
•Thevarioushazardswhichgiveriseto
occupationalinjuries,diseases,disabilitiesor
deaththroughworkmaybeclassifiedinto
1.Physical hazards
2.Mechanical hazards
3.Chemical hazards
4.Biological hazards
5.Ergonomic hazards
6.Psychosocial hazards
9

10. 1. Physical hazards
•Includeexcessivelevelsof:
–electromagneticandionizingradiation
–Noise
–Vibration
–light,andextremesoftemperatureand
pressure.
•Primarytargetsaremainlytheskin,eye
andgonads,nervousandblood
systems.
10

11. 2. Mechanical hazards
-Mechanicalhazardsmaybecontributed
from
-unshieldedmachinery
-protrudingandmovingparts
-dangerousunprotectedtools
11

12. 3. Chemical hazards
•Almosteverykindofindustries’activityorjob
involvestheuseofchemicalsandabout100,000
differentchemicalproductsareinuseindifferent
industries.
•Chemicalhazardsdependon
-Amountandconcentrationofthechemical
-Timeofexposure
-Modeofentrytothebody
-Age,healthstatusandresistanceofexposed
employee
12

13. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
•Chemicalagentsinclude:
–particulates(dustandaerosols),
–Fumes
–gasesandvapors.
•Theorganicdustthatcommonlyaffectthe
industrialworkersinEthiopiaarethose
dustsreleasedfromthefactoriesthat
processgrain,coffeeandcotton.
13

14. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
Effectofchemicalhazards
Asphyxiation
-substanceswhichproducelackof
oxygeninthebloodandtissue.
e.g.CO
14

15. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
Pneumoconiosis:-adiseaseofthelungsdueto
inhalationofdust;characterizedby
inflammation,coughingandfibrosis.
•Hasdifferenttypes;
–Siderosis:–Accumulationofirondustinthe
lung
–Byssinosis:–alungdiseasecausedby
prolongedinhalationoftextilefibersuchas
cottondust.
–Asbestosis:–resultsfrominhalationof
asbestosdustparticlesmarkedbysevere
fibrosisandahighriskofcancerofthe
pleura.
15

16. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
Thefactoriesthatreleasemineraldusts
suchas:
Silica,asbestosinEthiopiaincludemining,
cementindustries,asbestosplants,etc.
Ifthesedustsareinhaledinhighdoses
foralongperiodoftime,theyare
knowntocausepneumoconiosis.
16

17. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
Carcinogen:-chemicalsthatcancause
cancer.
e.g.Asbestos(lungcancer)
–Chronicexposuretocarbontetrachloride(usedas
solvent)candamageandcauselivercancer.
Irritation:-chemicalsmayhaveanirritant
effectonskin,eyesandrespiratoryorgans.
17

18. 3. Chemical hazards cont…
Teratogens:-
–Substanceswhichactonunborn
offspring(fetus)toproducecongenital
malformation.
e.g.Thalidomide(adrugusedas
sedative,butfoundtocausefetal
malformationwhentakeninearly
pregnancy)
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19. 4. Biological hazards
•Manybiologicalagentssuchasviruses,
bacteria,parasites,fungi,moulds,
allergens,andinsectshavebeenfoundto
occurinoccupationalexposures.
•Biologicalagentsmayresultin
communicablediseasesandallergic
reactions.
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20. 4. Biological hazards cont…
•Themostcommon occupational
diseasesincludes:
–HIV/AIDS
–HepatitisBandCviruses
–tuberculosisinfections(particularly
amonghealthcareworkers).
20

21. 4. Biological hazards cont…
•Biologicalhazardscanbetransmittedtoa
personthrough:
-inhalation
-injection
-ingestion
-contactwiththeskin
•Workersengagedinagricultural,medical
andlaboratoryactivityhavepotential
exposuretothesebiologicalhazards.
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22. 5. Ergonomic hazards
•Definition
–Ergonomicsisthescienceofdesigning
machines,products,andsystemsto
maximizethesafety,comfortand
efficiencyofthepeoplewhousethem.
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23. Ergonomic, …
•Ergonomicsfactorsleadingto
hazardsinclude:
–improperdesignedtoolsorworkareas
–poorvisualconditions
–repeatedmotions
–workplacedesignthatmaybe
responsibleforfatigue,stress,and
strain.
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24. 6. Psychosocial hazards
•Withintheworkenvironmentemotional
(psychological)stressmayarisefromavarietyof
psychosocialfactors,whichtheworkersfind
unsatisfactory,frustratinganddemoralizing.
e.g.-Timepressure(hecticworkconditions)
-Heavyresponsibility(workoverload)
-Economicconcern
-Financialincentiveratetoolow
-workingwiththepersonwhoispaidmore
butwhoisincapableofworking
-Monotonouswork
-Jobswiththreatofviolencesuchaspolicework
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25. Occupational health hazard control
Hierarchyofcontrolmeasures
Therearedifferentapproachestocontrol
risks.
1.Elimination
2.Substitution
3.Engineeringcontrol
4.Administrativemeasures
5.Personalprotectiveequipment
25

26. Occupational health hazard control cont…
1.Elimination
•Thisistheprohibition,banningorrestricted
useofextremelydangerousmaterials.
–E.g:Banningofbenzeneasasolvent;banningof
DDTasaninsecticide.
2.Substitution
-Aparticularlydangerouschemicalorwork
processcannotbecompletelyeliminated,but
canbesubstitutedbylessdangerousones.
e.g.water-basedcleanersinplaceofsolvents.
26

27. Occupational health hazard control cont…
3-Engineeringcontrol
–Meanschangingapieceofmachinery(e.g:
usingpropermachineguards)or
–Aworkprocesstoreduceexposuretoahazard
–workingalimitednumberofhoursin
hazardousarea.
•Engineeringcontrolmeasuresinclude:
a.Enclosure
e.g.Machineguardingisaformofenclosure
thatpreventworkerscomingintocontact
withdangerouspartsofmachines. 27

28. Occupational health hazard control cont…
b.Ventilation
-Itisusedfortworeasons:
1.Topreventtheworkenvironmentfrom
beingtoohot,cold,dryorhumid.
2.Topreventcontaminatesintheair
fromgettingintotheareawhere
workersbreathe.
28

29. Occupational health hazard control cont…
4.Administrativecontrol
•Arethosethatrelyonpeopletofollowrules
andregulations.
•e.g.
–Reducingexposuretimebyrotatingemployees
b/ndifferentworkstation
–Provisionofhygienefacilities
•Handwashingfacility
•Laundryfacility
–Postingwarningnotices.
–Prohibitingemploymentofsusceptibleworkers.
31

30. Occupational health hazard control cont…
5-Personalprotectivedevices
•Thisincludestheprotectionofuncovered
partsofthebodywheretheentranceof
contaminantsislikelytooccur.
•Availablepersonalprotectivedevices
include:
Eyeandfaceprotection,includinggoggles
andfaceshields.
Protectiveclothing,includinggloves,
aprons,boots,etc. 32

31. Occupational health hazard control cont…
Ear protection: including ear plugs and muffs.
Protective creams and lotions: to help minimize
skin contact with irritant chemicals.
Respiratoryprotectiveequipment:
–Airpurifyingrespirators(particulate-filter
respiratorsandgasmasks);
–Airsuppliedrespirators(hosemasksand
airlinerespirators);and
–Self-containedrespirators(selfbreathing
apparatus).
33

32. Occupational health hazard control cont…
Training&Education
•Effortsshouldbemadechangethe
behaviorofemployeesbyincreasingtheir:
–Awarenessandchangingtheirattitudeand
practicetowardsabetterworkmanagement.
–Employeesmustknowaboutthetoxic
chemicals,howtousethemsafelyandthe
workingprocedureswiththemachinestheyare
workingwith.
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