7 SISTERS OF INDIA - PRESENTATION .pptx

PRE STUDY

1. INTRODUCTION It comprises of the seven Indian states namely Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram. Sikkim is the newest addition and became the eighth state in the year 2002. All these states are connected to India via Siliguri Corridor. Hence, that is the only way to reach the Seven Sister States.

2. NAGALAND NAGALAND

3. NAGALAND Area 6,401 square miles (16,579 square km). Pop (2011) 1,978,502. Nagaland is a hilly Indian state, situated in the north eastern part of the country and known for its ethnographic elements and priceless intangible heritage. The State of Nagaland, one of the "Seven Sister" States of the North-Eastern region is a land of lush green forests, rolling mountains, enchanting valleys, swift flowing streams and beautiful landscapes endowed with rich biodiversity. The inhabitants of Nagaland are almost entirely tribal with distinctive dialects and cultural features. The 16 major featured tribes. Most of the economic activity in the villages is based upon utilization of natural resources. Agriculture is the main livelihood of the Naga people along with animal husbandry and weaving.

4. Origins and influences Like all traditional architecture, the Naga way of building has evolved over centuries through trial and error. Local forest and earth provide a large part of building materials. And houses are shaped to offer resistance to the cold and rain. The dominance of three materials used in the houses, which are wood, thatch, and bamboo. Apart from the artistic streets, are the two main architectural patterns seen at almost every corner. The relationship they share with nature and the architectural style of the place. They have strictly followed vernacular architecture that suited the hilly region, and that could also maintain the warmth inside against the cold outside. Vernacular architecture is thus closely tied to culturally specific values. The different tribes occupy different parts of Nagaland, also spreading into Assam and the northern part of Myanmar. Though the broad climatic conditions may be similar across tribal territories, each tribe has a distinctly different tradition of forms. The lightweight architecture that results fits well in the earthquake-prone north-eastern region. The bamboo and thatch can be framed and braced well to resist earthquakes and reduce damage.

5. Architectural Characteristics The sloping roofs in thick layers of thatch, elegantly secured at the ridge with a decorative weave of bamboo and grass, unique to each tribe, wash away the rain quickly. The roofs are very low at the eaves, so the rain never hits the low brick or mud walls, or the bamboo-mat panels above them that form the walls. House entrances are usually pushed deeper in from the roof to prevent the rain from coming in. Sometimes, a separate low roof peeps out of the shadow of the main roof to protect the entrance. The gable (or sloping edge) is often angled out so that a veranda comes about without any additional roof at the gable end. Houses are known to have been so close that their projecting roofs almost covered the street running between them. This kind of covering for a more comfortable environment and is a common feature in vernacular architecture. TYPICAL ZAWLBUK HOUSE BAMBOO USED AS DECORATION AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

6. Land area : 22,720 km² Capital : Shillong Chief minister : Conrad Sangma Founded : 21 January 1972 HISTORY Meghalaya was formed by carving out from two districts from the state of Assam the united Khasi hill and Garo hills on 21st Jan 1972 Has archaelogical background since people have lived from Neolithic era, neolithic sites are located in Khasi hills and Garo hills DEMOGRAPHY Most of the population is tribal people The Khasis are the largest group followed by Garos then Jaintias Estimated population in 2022 was 37.50 lakhs More than 70% population practices Christianity LANGUAGE English is official and widely spoken language of the state Principal languages in meghalaya are Khasi and Garo

7. EDUCATION Literacy 75.84% Institutes like IIM Shillong ECONOMY Predominantly agrarian economy Despite the large number of population engaged in agriculture, the state imports food from other Indian states AGRICULTURE Horticulture is major source of income in meghalaya Cash crops are cultivated INDUSTRY Meghalaya has rich base of natural resources These include mineral such as coal,limestone,silimanite,Kaolin and granite Meghalaya has large forest cover, rich biodiversity and numerous water bodies Meghalaya has abundant but un developed hydroelectric resources. Handlooms Cement Mining Tourism floriculture V ERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN MEGHALAYA The buildings are made up of cane,bamboo,reed wood and mud Mostly houses are built on stilt and lower space is used of poultry and storage Roof are sloped due to extreme rainfall Root bridges

8. LAND Summits vary in elevation from 4000-6000 feet Surrounded by Khasi hills, jaintia hills Steep sided valleys are present Many rivers and streams flow out from plateau CLIMATE Mild climate One of the wettest region of the world Cherrapunji has annual precipitation of 11,430mm during monsoon season( May to Sept) In Mawsynram village west of cherrapunji 17,800mm of annual precipitation is recorded Annual precipitation in Shillong is 2,290 mm During winters climate is dry FLORA AND FAUNA Meghalaya has 3 wildlife sanctuaries - Nongkhyllem, siju sanctuary and Bhagmara sanctuary Sacred grooves The Meghalayan sub tropical forests are among richest botanical habitats of Asia MAJOR ISSUES OF STATE Illegal immigration Violence Political instability Acute soil erosion problem

9. TRIPURA ESTABLISHED IN 1972-01-21 GOVERNOR OF AGARTALA IS SATYADEV NARAYAN ARYA THE SEVENTH-LEAST POPULOUS STATE WITH A POPULATION OF 36.71 LAKH ( 3.67 MILLION). IT IS BORDERED BY ASSAM AND MIZORAM TO THE EAST AND BY BANGLADESH TO THE NORTH, SOUTH AND WEST. TRIPURA IS DIVIDED INTO 8 DISTRICTS AND 23 SUB-DIVISIONS. TRIPURA HAS 19 DIFFERENT TRIBAL COMMUNITIES[10] WITH A MAJORITY OF THE BENGALI POPULATION. BENGALI, ENGLISH AND KOKBOROK ARE THE STATE'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES. TRIPURA LIES IN A GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED LOCATION IN INDIA, AS ONLY ONE MAJOR HIGHWAY, NATIONAL HIGHWAY 8, CONNECTS IT WITH THE REST OF THE COUNTRY. FIVE MOUNTAIN RANGES - HATHAI KOTOR, ATHARAMURA, LONGTHARAI, SHAKHAN AND JAMPUI HILLS — RUN NORTH TO SOUTH, WITH INTERVENING VALLEYS. AGARTALA, THE CAPITAL, IS LOCATED ON A PLAIN TO THE WEST. THE STATE HAS A TROPICAL SAVANNA CLIMATE, AND RECEIVES SEASONAL HEAVY RAINS FROM THE SOUTH WEST MONSOON.

10. Landscape Tripura is a landlocked hilly state in northeastern India with altitudes varying from 15 to 940 m above sea level, though the majority of the population lives in the plains. Tripura has a tropical climate and receives rainfall during the monsoons. It is surrounded on the north, west, and south by Bangladesh and is accessible to the rest of India through the Karimganj district of Assam and Aizawl district of Mizoram in the east. Natural Resources Agriculture and allied activities is the mainstay of the people of Tripura and provides employment to about 64% of the population. Paddy is the principal crop, followed by oilseed, pulses, potato, and sugarcane. Tea and rubber are the important cash crops of the State. Tripura has been declared the Second Rubber Capital of India after Kerala by the Indian Rubber Board. Exports & Imports Tripura mostly exports its agriculture. This is because Tripura is a land of agriculture and not machines. They export most manmade materials such as pots, furniture, electronics, and etc. The agriculture is mostly because of Tripura and surrounding areas having such fertile land. Twipra people are people of the land.

11. Art And Culture of Tripura The art and architecture of Tripura are very unique and ancient. Its craftwork attracts people from all over the world. Starting from furniture, lamps, handbags, baskets, shopping bags, purses, hand fans, hats, door and window screens, etc., are all made from bamboo in a very unique and attractive way. Tripura is also famous for its ancient royal documents, artifacts, copperplates, stone terracotta, bronze carvings, coins, statues of Gods and Goddesses, and inscriptions. There are various sites in the state, which represent its richness of art and architecture, some of the significant sites are – Pilak in south Tripura, Udaipur, Amarpur, and Unakoti in north Tripura.

12. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS : Tripura is famous for its arts and crafts, architecture, sculpture, textiles, wood-carvings, bamboo works, and basketry. The most important craft is the bamboo and cane work of Tripura. There are very few flood plains in the state, and a large number of bamboo structures are built on the plains. Tripura is also known for its bamboo screens prepared from the split bamboo, which is so finely woven that it almost looks like ivory, and is appliqued delicately with colored bamboo chips. The architecture of Tripura has a lot of climate responsive design which features temperature control, improving natural ventilation, protection from natural calamities like earthquakes, floods, etc. But certain features are lacking in the traditional architecture of Tripura including, termite infestation (due to the use of non-treated bamboo and woods), lack of damp proofing, lack of fireproofing, and use of non-stabilized soil for construction which can create issues like the dampness of walls and washouts during heavy rains.

13. Types Of Houses The Riang Houses The riang houses are made by the riang tribes of Tripura , primarily with bamboo. In many cases, thatch roofs are prepared using bamboo leaves. The riang houses are generally hill dwellings, built on bamboo slits to create a huge horizontal platform, the floor of the houses.

14. The Bamboo House The construction of houses generally takes place in winters or dry seasons, with the materials like timber, thatch, and bamboo, being collected during winter only. Bamboos are erected and then beams are connected and rafters are placed and tied up. The Mud House Earlier these mud houses were built with the help of bamboo for beams, thatch, and grass for roofs. Today, mud houses are constructed with the help of iron sheets for roofing.

15. The Tin House These are quite famous types of houses in Tripura , which are built entirely out of tin from bottom to roof, and bamboos are used as supporting beams and for window purposes only. Even the walls are made from tin. Tin houses are also an example of the lost-cost housing methodology prevailing in Tripura. The Tong House It is the finest example of pure houses in the state. It is made only out of one material, bamboo . The walls are made of plain bamboo and the floors are made from the ordered bamboo with a plain bamboo roof and grass to cover. These are true ecological houses .

16. House Construction Walls Roofs Openings Entrance

17. Spaces Streets and Pathways Bamboo Bridges Common Facility Center Durga Puja Pandals

18. Manipur is a state in north east India with Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by Nagaland to the north, Assam to the west, and Mizoram to the southwest. The state also touches an international border with Myanmar (Burma), Sagaing Region to the east, and Chin State to the south. The name Manipur literally means "Land of Jewels" and the state has a rich culture which can be seen in martial arts, dance, theatre and sculpture. Renowned for its greenery and pleasant climate. Manipur has been a popular tourist destination. The population of Manipur is 2,721,756 (2011 census) and the state covers an area of 22,347 sq km.

19. Climate: Moderate Summers prevail from the month of March till May, when temperature reaches to the max of 32°C. Monsoons arrive in the month of June and drench the state with heavy rain showers up to September. Manipur receives an annual rainfall of 1500mm. The months of October and November, more or less, remain dry. The winter season extends from December to February, when the temperature usually drops down to 0°C. The state has two major physiographic regions : the Manipur River valley and a large surrounding tract of mountainous country. The state is full of lush greenery everywhere and is famous for its splendid plateaus, hill ranges and beautiful valleys that are full of flowers. The state has four major river basins: the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. GEOGRAPHY OF MANIPUR :

20. Kamakhya Temple Bihu Festival Indian Rhino Kopou Orchid • •Assam is a state in north-western India. •Situated along the Brahmaputra river •Three physiographic divisions- The Northern Himalayas (Eastern Hills), The Northern Plains (Brahmaputra plain) and Deccan Plateau (Karbi Anglong) •Home to Two UNESCO sites- the Kaziranga National Park and the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary •Guwahati's Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport is well-connected to the major cities in India.