788564883-6-物 质与 能 量 代 谢.pptx

ssusera6f894 0 views 65 slides Oct 05, 2025
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About This Presentation

物 质与能量代谢营养学


Slide Content

Material and Energy Metabolism 物质 与能量代谢 Department of Exercise Physiology Beijing Sport University 北京体育大学 运动生理学教研室 北京体育大学专业核心课

目 录 Quarter1 Material Metabolism 物质代谢 Quarter 2 Energy Metabolism 能量代谢 Quarter 3 Energy supply analysis of different sports items 不同运动项目的供能分析

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 1. Concept --- 概念 The constant exchange of material between human body and its surroundings is called material metabolism . ( 人体与其周围环境之间不断进行的物质交换过程称为 物质代谢 )

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 2. The physiological function s of the major nutrients ( 主要营养物质的生理功用) The main nutrients required by the body include Carbohydrates、 Lipid 、 Protein 、 Water 、 Inorganic salt and Vitamin 。 人体所需要的主要营养物质包括糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、水、无机盐、维生素

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 2.The physiological functions of major nutrients ( 主要营养物质的生理功用 ) ( 1 ) Three basic energy substrates --- 三大能源物质 In the process of catabolism, the chemical energy stored in the three kinds of nutrients, including c arbohydrates, lipid and protein, is released and becomes the energy of various life activities and movements . ( 糖类、脂肪、蛋白质三种营养物质在分解代谢过程中,所蕴藏的化学能被释放出来,成为机体各种生命活动及运动的能源 )

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 3. Effects of muscle movement on digestive and absorption function ( 肌肉运动对消化和吸收功能的影响) Muscular exercise can have the effect of vasodilation and increased blood flow in skeletal muscles and vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow in internal organs leading to a significant decrease in blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract (about 2/3 less than during quiet time) and a decrease in the amount of digestive juices secreted by the digestive glands 肌肉运动可以产生骨骼肌血管扩张、血流量增加,内脏血管收缩、血流量减少的效应导致胃肠道血流量明显减少(约较安静时减少2/3左右),消化腺分泌消化液量下降

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 3. Effects of muscle movement on digestive and absorption function ( 肌肉运动对消化和吸收功能的影响) Exercise stress can also lead to reduced mechanical movement of the gastrointestinal tract, which can inhibit digestion. 运动应激亦可致胃肠道机械运动减弱,使消化能力受到抑制。 Do not exercise immediately after a full meal . 饱餐后,不可立即运动 After strenuous exercise, it is important to rest properly before eating. 剧烈运动结束后,亦应经过适当休息再进餐。

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 4 . Metabolism of the major nutrients in the body (主要营养物质在体内的代谢) ( 1 )Carbohydrates M etabolism 糖代谢 ① Carbohydrates storage and its form of energy supply in the body 人体的糖贮备及其供能形式 Liver glycogen 肝糖原 Muscle glycogen 肌糖原 Directly oxidised by the tissue 被组织直接氧化利用 Maintain the glucose concentration in the blood 维持血液中葡萄糖的浓度

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism 4 . Metabolism of the major nutrients in the body (主要营养物质在体内的代谢) Human sugar exists in the form of blood sugar, liver glycogen, and muscle glycogen, and is centered on blood sugar, placing it in a dynamic balance. 人体的糖以血糖、肝糖原和肌糖原的形式存在,并以血糖为中心,使之处于一种动态平衡。 Glucose is the form of sugar transport in humans, and glycogen is the storage form of sugar. 葡萄糖是人体内糖类的运输形式,而糖原是糖类的贮存形式。

G lycogen 糖原 Most of the various human tissues contain glycogen, but their content varies widely.For example, glycogen is very low in brain tissue, with about 350 – 400 g stored in liver and muscle and athlete glycogen reserves up to 400 – 550 g. 人体各种组织中大多含有糖原,但其含量的差异很大。例如,脑组织中糖原含量甚少,而肝脏和肌肉中以糖原方式贮存的糖类约有 350-400 克,运动员糖原储量可达 400-550 克。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism G lycogen 糖原 M uscle glycogen is not only an important energy source of the body in high intensity anaerobic exercise, but also the main energy source in high intensity aerobic exercise. 肌糖原既是高强度无氧运动时机体的重要能源,又是大强度有氧运动时的主要能源。

Blood Glucose 血糖 Glucose in the blood is also known as blood sugar, normal people fasting concentration is 4.2-6.6mmol/L. 血液中的葡萄糖又称血糖,正常人空腹浓度为4.2-6.6mmol/L。 Blood glucose is a major energy source for the central nervous system, including the brain . 血糖是包括大脑在内的中枢神经系统的主要能源。 The blood glucose concentration of the athlet is no different from ordinary people in the rest . 运动员安静状态下的血糖浓度与常人无异。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

Blood Glucose 血糖 Blood glucose concentration is a symbol of the dynamic balance of human sugar decomposition and anabolism . 血糖浓度是人体糖的分解及合成代谢保持动态平衡的标志。 Hunger and long exercise, blood glucose levels decline, athletes will have signs of decreased working ability and fatigue.Liver glycogen can be quickly decomposed into blood to supplement blood glucose and maintain the dynamic balance of blood glucose . 饥饿及长时间运动时,血糖水平下降,运动员会出现工作能力下降及疲劳的征象。肝糖原可以迅速分解入血以补充血糖,维持血糖的动态平衡。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

有氧氧化 Aerobic oxidation 葡萄糖 G lucose 丙酮酸 Pyruvate 乙酰 CoA Acetyl-CoA TCA 循环 Tricarboxylic acid cycle O 2 乳酸 Lactic acid 糖酵解 Glycolysis ②Decabolism of glucose in the body 糖在体内的分解代谢 两条途径 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

G lycolysis 无氧酵解 / 糖酵解 Aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

③ Sport and glucose supplementation 运动与补糖 Time and amount of glucose supplementation 补糖时间与补糖量 目前一般认为 , 运动前 3-4 小时补糖可以增加运动开始时肌糖原的贮量。 运动前5分钟内或运动开始时补糖效果较理想。 Reason 原因 : ①糖吸收入血刺激胰岛素释放,需要一定的时间; ②运动引起肾上腺素的迅速释放,抑制胰岛素分泌,使血糖水平升高。因此 可以减少运动时肌糖原的消耗。 运动前或赛前补糖可采用稍高浓度的溶液(35%-40%),服用量40-50克糖。 运动中或赛中补糖应采用浓度较低的糖溶液(5%-10%),有规律地间歇补充,每20分钟给15-20克糖。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

() glucose supplementation before exercise can increase myoglycogen storage at the start of exercise. 运动前 ( ) 补糖可以增加运动开始时肌糖原的贮量。 () before or at the start of exercise will be more ideal . 运动前 ( ) 或运动开始时补糖效果较理想。 1~2 小时, 20 分钟内 A 3~4 小时, 5 分钟内 B 1~2 小时, 5 分钟内 C 3~4 小时, 20 分钟内 D 提交 单选题 1 分

The type of glucose supplementation 补糖种类 Oligosaccharide 低聚糖是一种人工合成糖(目前多使用由2-10个葡萄糖单位聚合成的低聚糖),渗透压低,分子量大于葡萄糖。研究表明,浓度为25%的低聚糖的渗透压相当于5%葡萄糖的渗透压,故可提供低渗透压高热量的液体,效果较理想。 对糖原恢复的研究发现,淀粉、蔗糖合成肌糖原的速率大于果糖,但果糖合成肝糖原的效果则比蔗糖或葡萄糖为佳。因此,补糖时应注意合理选择搭配糖的种类,同时,运动员膳食中应注意保持足够量的淀粉。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 ① The lipid reserve of body 人体的脂肪贮备 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism The storage of body fat is approximately 10-20% of body weight. The optimal body fat content is 6%-14% of body weight for men and 10%-14% for women. 人体脂肪的贮量大约占体重的10%-20%。最适宜的体脂含量为:男性为体重的6%-14%,女性为10%-14%。 Men greater than 20% and women greater than 30% are considered obese. 男性大于20%,女性大于30%为肥胖。

( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 ① The lipid reserve of body 人体的脂肪贮备 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 ②Decabolism of lipid in the body 脂肪在体内的分解代谢 Lipid , by lipase, decomposes into glycerol and fatty acids, then oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, respectively, releasing a lot of energy to synthesize ATP. 脂肪在脂肪酶的作用下,分解为甘油及脂肪酸,然后再分别氧化成二氧化碳和水,同时,释放出大量能量,用以合成 ATP 。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

The judgment criteria for obesity are the 肥胖的判断标准是 ( ) 体脂 >20% A 体脂 >30% B 男性体脂 >20% ,女性体脂 >30% C 男性体脂首先 >14% ,女性体脂 >20% D 提交 单选题 1 分

③ Lipid metabolism and exercise to lose weight 脂肪代谢与运动减肥 ( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 Exercise to lose weight by increasing the energy consumption of human muscles, promote fat decomposition and oxidation, inhibit the synthesis of fat and to achieve the purpose of weight loss . 运动减肥通过增加人体肌肉的能量消耗,促进脂肪的分解氧化,抑制脂肪的合成而达到减肥的目的。 The way to lose weight 减肥的方式 : Exercise 运动+ Fasting 控制食物摄入量 Quarter 1 Material Metabolism

③ Lipid metabolism and exercise to lose weight 脂肪代谢与运动减肥 ( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 Choose the most appropriate form of exercise, and promote aerobic exercise that involves large muscle groups, such as walking, running, swimming, cycling and "disco" dancing. 选择较适宜的运动方式,提倡采用动力型、大肌肉群参与的 有氧运动,如步行、跑步、游泳、骑自行车、“迪斯科”舞蹈等。 Aquatic exercise for weight loss is the most popular form of weight loss in recent years. 水中运动减肥为近年来提倡的减肥方式。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 ④Setting of weight loss exercise 减肥运动量的设定 Moderation :Weight loss of 0.45 kg (1 lb) per week 适宜 :每周减轻体重 0.45 公斤 (1 磅 ) Upper limit : Weight loss of 0. 9 kg ( 2 lb) per week 上限:每周减轻体重 0.9 公斤 (2 磅 ) Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 2 ) Lipid metabolism 脂肪代谢 ④Setting of weight loss exercise 减肥运动量的设定 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism Specific measures 具体措施为: Frequency of exercise :Exercise 3-5 times a week 运动频度:每周运动3-5次 Exercise duration : each session lasts 30-60 minutes 运动时间:每次持续30-60分钟 Exercise intensity : "threshold" to stimulate body fat burning (i.e. 50%-85% VO2max or 60%-70% maximum heart rate) 运动强度:刺激体脂消耗的“阈值” ( 即50%-85%VO 2 max或60%-70%最大心率

( 3 ) Protein metabolism 蛋白质代谢 ①Protein metabolism in the body 蛋白质在体内的代谢 ②Supplement questions about the proteins 关于蛋白质的补充问题 The minimum physiological requirement for adults is approximately 30-45 g/day or 0.8 g/kg body weight. 成人最低生理需要量约为 30-45 克 / 天或 0.8 克 / 公斤体重。 The protein requirement for growing adolescents is 2.5-3 g/kg body weight due to the need for tissue growth and rebuilding. 生长发育期的青少年由于组织增长及再建的需要,蛋白质的需要量为 2.5-3 克 / 公斤体重。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

The protein supply for athletes is higher than for the general population and is currently considered to be 1.2-2 g/kg body weight for our athletes. 运动员的蛋白质供给量比普通人高,目前认为我国运动员为 1.2-2 克 / 公斤体重。 Excellent weightlifters have a protein supplement of 1.3-1.6 g/kg body weight per day. 优秀举重运动员蛋白质补充量每日 1.3-1.6 克 / 公斤体重。 In endurance sports, even if sugar is sufficient to supply the body with the energy required for exercise, the dietary protein supplement should be 1.5-1.8 g/kg body weight. 耐力性运动中,即使糖类足以供应机体运动中所需能量,膳食中蛋白质的补充量也应达到 1.5-1.8 克 / 公斤体重。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 4 ) The relationship between the metabolism of the three major substances 三大物质代谢的关系 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 5 ) Water metabolism 水代谢 ① 人体的水贮备及分布 Water is an important component of the human body and is an essential nutrient for maintaining life activities. The adult body contains about 60% of body weight in water, of which intracellular fluid accounts for about 40% and extracellular fluid for about 20% (blood plasma accounts for 5% and intertissue fluid for 15%) . 水是人体重要的组成成分,是维持生命活动必需的营养物质。成人体内含水约占体重的 60% ,其中,细胞内液约占 40% ,细胞外液约占 20%( 血浆占 5% ,组织间液占 15%) 。 It exists in the form of Free water and Bound water. 存在形式:游离水和结合水 Most of the water in the body is in the form of bound water. 人体绝大部分水均以结合水的形式存在。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 5 ) Water metabolism 水代谢 ②Water balance in the human body 人体的水平衡 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 5 ) Water metabolism 水代谢 ③Dehydration and rehydration of athletes 运动员脱水及其复水 Dehydration is defined as the loss of body fluids up to 1% of body weight or more . 脱水 是指体液丢失达体重 1% 以上。 Passive dehydration : athletes may lose water to varying degrees during sports training due to factors such as temperature, intensity of exercise and duration of exercise. 被动脱水 :运动员在运动训练过程中,由于气温、运动强度及运动持续时间等因素的影响,可能产生程度不同的水分丢失。 Active dehydration : artificial means, such as the use of diuretics, are used to artificially cause dehydration in the body prior to competition in order to achieve a reduction in body weight. 主动脱水 :为了达到降低体重的目的,赛前采用人工手段,如使用利尿剂等,人为地造成机体脱水。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 5 ) Water metabolism 水代谢 ③Dehydration and rehydration of athletes 运动员脱水及其复水 Rehydration: A method of rehydration used to improve and relieve dehydration. 复水:为改善和缓解脱水状况所采用的补水方法。 Rehydration of athletes should be based on the principle of replenishing lost water and maintaining the body's water balance. Rehydration before and during competition has been shown to have significant benefits. 运动员的复水,应以补足丢失的水分、保持机体水平衡为原则。已经证明,赛前和赛中复水有明显的益处。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 7 ) Vitamin 维生素 ①Sources and classification of vitamins 维生素的来源及分类 Vitamins can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble . 维生素可以分为脂溶性和水溶性两类。 Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K . 脂溶性维生素包括 A 、 D 、 E 、 K 。 Water-soluble vitamins include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin and niacinamide (together known as PP), pyridoxine (B6), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin, folic acid, cobalamin (B12) and ascorbic acid (C). 水溶性维生素包括硫胺素( B1 )、核黄素( B2 )、烟酸及烟酰胺(合称 PP )、吡哆素( B6 )、泛酸( B5 )、生物素、叶酸、钴胺素( B12 )、抗坏血酸( C )。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 7 ) Vitamin 维生素 ②Vitamins and exercise capacity 维生素与运动能力 Most vitamins, especially the B vitamins, activate the energy production process. The increased energy requirements of the organism during exercise make the role of the B vitamins even more important. 大多数维生素,特别是B族维生素,能够激活能量生成过程。运动中机体对能量的需求量增大,B族维生素的作用也就更加重要。 Vitamins A, C and E are powerful antioxidants that prevent lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, prevent damage to red blood cell membranes and maintain normal cell function during exercise. 维生素A、C和E是作用很强的抗氧化剂,能防止细胞膜的脂质过氧化,防止红细胞膜受损,维持运动中细胞的正常功能。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

( 7 ) Vitamin 维生素 ②Vitamins and exercise capacity 维生素与运动能力 Vitamin D is a regulator of calcium metabolism, and calcium has an important mediating role in the excitation-contraction coupling of muscles, and is therefore closely associated with the work done by muscle contraction during exercise. 维生素D是钙代谢的调节剂,钙在肌肉的兴奋-收缩耦联中具有重要的中介作用,因而与运动中肌肉收缩做功密切相关。 In addition, the vitamin assists in regulating the function of the nervous system and maintains an appropriate state of the energy supply system. 此外,维生素还能协助调节神经系统的功能,保持能量供给系统的适宜状态。 Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism

Quarter 1 - Material Metabolism ( 6 ) Inorganic salt metabolism 无机盐代谢 Types of inorganic salts in the human body 人体无机盐的种类 The anti-ageing effects of trace elements 微量元素的抗衰老作用 Characteristics of inorganic salt metabolism during exercise 运动中无机盐代谢的特点 On salt supplementation in athletes 关于运动员补盐问题

Carbohydrates 糖类 A lipid 脂肪 B protein 蛋白质 C vitamin 维生素 D 提交 ( ) is the most economical source of energy for the human body. 人体最经济的能源是 单选题 1 分

目 录 Quarter1 Material Metabolism 物质代谢 Quarter 2 Energy Metabolism 能量代谢 Quarter 3 Energy supply analysis of different sports items 不同运动项目的供能分析

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 能量 代谢) 1.Concept Energy metabolism : the release ,transfer and utilization of energy in the process of catabolism of various energy materials. 能量代谢:人体各种能源物质分解代谢过程中所伴随的能量释放、转移和利用。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 1 ) Basal Metabolism --- 基础代谢 Basal metabolism : refers to energy metabolism in the basic state. 基础代谢:指基础状态下的能量代谢。 The so-called basic state refers to the human body in the clear ,awake,quiet,fasting,room temperature 20-25℃ condition. 基础状态是指人体处在清醒、安静、空腹、室温在20-25ºC条件下。 Basal metabolic rate : basal metabolism per unit time. 基础代谢率:指单位时间内的基础代谢。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 2 ) Energy metabolism Measurement principle ( 能量代谢的测定原理) 机体的能量代谢也遵循“能量守恒定律” (Law of conservation of energy) :即在安静不作外功时,机体物质代谢过程中所释放的能量全部转化为热能。 因此,测定机体在单位时间内发散的总热量或所消耗的食物量,可测算出整个机体在单位时间内能量代谢的量,即能量代谢率。 ( 3 ) Measurement s of energy metabolism ( 能量代谢的测定方法 ) 直接测热法 :直接测量从机体体表、呼出气、尿液和粪便排出的总热量。如果不做外功,该热量就是机体代谢的全部热量。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 能量 代谢)

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 3 ) Measurement of energy metabolism 能量代谢的测定方法 间接测热法 :间接测热法原理:测算出一定时间内氧化的糖、脂肪和蛋白质各有多少,再计算出它们所释放出的热量。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 4 ) Several concepts related to energy metabolism 与能量代谢有关的几个概念 ① thermal equivalent and thermal equivalent of oxygen Thermal equivalent : 1 gram of heat released by the complete oxidative breakdown of food. 食物热价: 1 克食物完全氧化分解所释放出的热量。 Thermal equivalent includes physical equivalent and biological equivalent. 食物的热价分为物理热价和生物热价。 Carbohydrate:17.17KJ Lipid:38.94KJ Protein: biological equivalent 17.99KJ;physical equivalent 23.43KJ

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 4 ) Several concepts related to energy metabolism 与能量代谢有关的几个概念 Thermal equivalent of oxygen: the amount of heat generated by each liter of oxygen consumed during the oxidation and decomposition of various energy materials in the body. 氧热价:各种能源物质在体内氧化分解时,每消耗1升氧所产生的热量称为该物质的氧热价。 Carbohydrate :2lKJ Lipid :19.7KJ Protein :18.8KJ

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 4 ) Several concepts related to energy metabolism 与能量代谢有关的几个概念 ② respiratory quotient ( 呼吸商 ) The ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of oxygen consumed during the oxidation of various substances in the body. 各种物质在体内氧化时所产生的二氧化碳与所消耗的氧的容积之比, RQ = CO 2 产生量 / 耗 O 2 量 。 Carbohydrate : 1 糖为1 Lipid :about 0.71 脂肪约为0.71 Protein :about 0.80 蛋白质约为0.80 In general, humans consume a mixture of foods with a respiratory quotient of about 0.85 一般情况下,人类摄取的食物为混合食物,其呼吸商约为0.85左右。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism Respiratory Exchange Ratio ( 呼吸商 )

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ③ MET/ Metabolism ( 代谢当量 ) The ratio of oxygen consumption during exercise to oxygen consumption at rest is called metabolism. 运动时的耗氧量与安静时耗氧量的比值称为代谢当量 (MET)(Metabolism) 。 1MET is approximately equivalent to the energy consumption (oxygen consumption) at quiet time, i.e. approximately equivalent to 250ml/min or 3.5ml/Kg/min . 1MET约相当于安静时的能量消耗(耗氧量),即约相当于250 ml/min 或3.5 ml/Kg/min 。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 5 ) Factors affecting energy metabolism ( 影响能量代谢 的因素 ) Muscle activity 肌肉活动 Mental activity 精神活动 The specific dynamic effect of food - the phenomenon that food causes the body to produce "extra" heat. 食物的特殊动力作用-食物能使机体产生“额外”热量的现象 Environmental temperature 环境温度

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism 2 . Energy supply and consumption during human exercise 人体运动时能量的供应与消耗 ( 1 ) 骨骼肌收缩的直接能源—— ATP 由腺嘌呤核苷酸再加上两个磷酸衍生而来,后面的两个磷酸之间的键称为高能磷酸键,可以贮存或释放能量。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism 图上侧表示:生物大分子(如:葡萄糖)在酶的催化下经过多步骤反应分解成(丙酮酸等)小分子,同时释放出能量。 图中间部分表示:分解反应所释放出的能量,使无机磷酸结合到 ADP 分子上去,形成高能磷酸键,生成了ATP。ATP 所携带的能量,也可释放出来推动图下侧所示的反应,同时产生 ADP 和无机磷酸。 The process of energy release, transfer and utilization 能量的释放、转移、利用过程

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ① ATP的贮备及输出功率 肌肉 ATP 含量: 6mmol/kg 湿肌 最大输出功率: 11.2mmolATP/kg/s 启动极为迅速。 但由于 ATP 贮量有限,运动中 ATP 消耗后的补充速度成为影响运动能力的重要因素。 ②ATP 的分解供能及补充 ATP → ADP+Pi+E 每克分子 ATP 可释放 29.26-50.16KJ(7-12Kcal) ATP 一旦被分解,便迅速补充 CP+ADP→C+ATP 肌肉中 CP 的再合成则要靠三大能源物质的分解供能。

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 2 ) 三个能源系统的特征 ① phosphagen system 磷酸原系统 ATP → ADP+Pi+E CP+ADP → C+ATP 特点 :无氧代谢;供能速度极快; 能源 :CP;ATP生成很少; 肌中贮量少,最大强度运动持续供能时间6-8秒; 用于短跑或任何高功率、短时间活动

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ③ aerobic system 氧化能系统 糖 脂肪 +ADP+Pi+O 2 →CO 2 +H 2 O +ATP 蛋白质 特点 :有氧代谢;供能速度慢; 没有导致疲劳的副产品; 用于耐力或长时间的活动 ② glycolytic system 酵解能系统 肌糖原+ADP+ Pi →乳酸+ ATP 特点 :无氧代谢;供能速度快; 能源 :肌糖原;ATP生成有限; 终产物乳酸可导致肌肉疲劳; 用于30’’-2’的最大强度运动

Quarter 2—Energy Metabolism ( 3 ) Interaction between the three energy systems 三个能源系统间的交互作用 The three energy systems are not independent of each other, and all of them are involved in the energy supply of the body when exercising. 三个能源系统并非相互独立,从事运动时,所有能源系统会共同参与机体的能量供应。

目 录 Quarter1 Material Metabolism 物质代谢 Quarter 2 Energy Metabolism 能量代谢 Quarter 3 Energy supply analysis of different sports items 不同运动项目的供能分析

Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items 1 . The concept of energy supply and energy continuum for different sports 不同运动项目的能量供应和能量连续统一体的概念 ( 1 ) The proportion of energy supply in the exercise of different sports is different 不同运动项目运动中能量供应的比例不同

1 . The concept of energy supply and energy continuum for different sports 不同运动项目的能量供应和能量连续统一体的概念 Although the energy supply of different sports has its own characteristics, there is no absolute supply of energy from a single energy system in sports. 尽管不同运动项目的能量供应具有各自的特征,但运动中不存在绝对的某一个单一能源系统的供能。 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

( 2 ) Mobilization of energy substances in motion 运动中能源物质的动员 At the beginning of exercise, the body first breaks down muscle glycogen, and after 5-10 minutes of continuous exercise, blood sugar starts to participate in energy supply . 运动开始时机体首先分解肌糖原,持续运动 5-10 分钟后,血糖开始参与供能。 Fat is the main energy supplier when it is quiet, and its power output reaches its maximum when exercising for about 30 minutes. 脂肪在安静时即为主要供能物质,在运动达 30 分钟左右时,其输出功率达最大。 When protein is used as an energy supply during exercise, it usually occurs in endurance events lasting more than 30 minutes 蛋白质在运动中作为能源供能时,通常发生在持续 30 分钟以上的耐力项目。 As an athlete's endurance level increases, muscle glycogen and protein sparing can occur . 随着运动员耐力水平的提高,可以产生肌糖原及蛋白质的节省化现象。 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

( 2 ) Mobilization of energy substances in motion 运动中能源物质的动员 运动时间与最大输出功率及能源系统 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

( 3 ) The important role of the aerobic system in exercise 氧化能系统在运动中的重要作用 The supply of energy in human movement is realized in the form of an “Energy continuum". As far as the three energy systems of the human body are concerned, the aerobic system has a very important role in the energy supply of the human body during exercise. 人体运动中能量的供应以“能量连续统一体” (Energy continuum) 的方式实现。就人体的三个能源系统而言,氧化能系统对运动中人体的能量供应具有十分重要的作用 。 The direct source of energy in human exercise is obtained from the breakdown of ATP, while the replenishment of ATP is mainly done through aerobic oxidation processes. 人体运动中能量的直接来源是分解 ATP 获得,而 ATP 的补充则主要通过有氧氧化过程完成。 Aerobic metabolic processes in the body are the basis for anaerobic metabolism. 人体有氧代谢过程是无氧代谢的基础。 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

( 3 ) The important role of the aerobic system in exercise 氧化能系统在运动中的重要作用 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

( 4 ) Energy supply for fitness exercise 健身运动的能量供应 运动强度<50%VO 2 max时:脂肪氧化分解成为主要能源,血浆中游离脂肪酸的浓度每两分钟就更新50%,说明脂肪代谢非常活跃。 运动强度>50%VO 2 max时:糖的分解供能显著加强。 健身运动的强度:50%-70%VO 2 max。 理想的运动时间:30分钟-1小时。 Quarter3 - Energy supply analysis of different sports items

思考题: 1 、马拉松跑过程能量如何供给?基普乔格将人类马拉松带进了 2 小时,在这项运动中人体是如何供能的?不同距离和强度的运动供能特点有哪些不同? 2 、补糖就可以提高运动成绩吗?
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