7cc8f068-5d63-4b7c-8e9c-1b2e7909ff02.pdf

this contains a botanical description of some crops.

1. PBG 101 - Introduction to Agricultural Botany
S.No.Common name Scientific name
Chromosome
number
Family Origin
Progenitor/
Ancestor
Pollination
No. of
Stamens
Inflorescence Fruit
Economic
part Remarks
1.Rice Oryza sativa 2n = 24 Poaceae
South East
Asia Oryza perennisSelf 6 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
i) Dwarf mutant is Dee-Gee-Woo-
Gen, ii) Wonder rice is IR 8, iii) Two
cultivated speciesare Oryza sativa
and Oryza glaberrima
2.Wheat Triticum aestivum 2n = 42 Poaceae Central Asia
Triticum
boeoticum
Self 3 Spike Caryopsis Grain
i) King of cereals, ii) First man made
cereal –Triticale, iii)Isolation of
dwarf mutant from Norin 10, iv)
Hexaploidwheat
3.Maize Zea mays 2n = 20 Poaceae Mexico Teosinte Cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
i) Queen of cereals, ii) Monoecious
andProtoandry, iii) Male
inflorescence is Tasseland Female
inflorescence is Cob, iv) Protein
present in maize is Zein
4.Sorghum Sorghum bicolor 2n = 20 Poaceae Africa
Sorghum
arundinaceum
Often cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
Poisonous content is HCN (Hydrogen
cyanide)
5.Cumbu Pennisetum glaucum 2n = 14 Poaceae Africa
Pennisetum
perottetti
Cross 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
Protogyny
6.Ragi Eleusine coracana 2n = 36 Poaceae India Eleusine indicaSelf 3 Spike Utricle Grain
Rich in calcium, phosphorusand
ironcontent
7.Tenai Setaria italica 2n = 18 Poaceae China Setaria viridisSelf 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
8.Samai Panicum sumatrense 2n = 36 Poaceae India
Panicum
psilopodium
Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
9.Varagu Paspalum scorbiculatum2n = 40 Poaceae India - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
10.Panivaragu Panicum miliaceum 2n = 36 Poaceae
Mediterranean
region
- Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
11.Kuduraivali Echinochloa frumentacea2n = 36 Poaceae East Asia - Self 3 Panicle Caryopsis Grain
12.Guinea grass Panicum maximum 2n = 18,36,48Poaceae
Tropical
Africa
- Often cross 3 Panicle CaryopsisEntire plant
13.Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum2n = 28 Poaceae South Africa - Self 3 Panicle CaryopsisEntire plant
Cumbu Napier Hybrid (2n=21)
It is the hybrid between pearl millet
and napier grass. Sterile plants
produced.
Pennisetum glaucum(2n=14) x P.
purpureum(2n=28) -Hybrid 2n=21
(triploid, sterile)
14.
Kolukattai
grass Cenchrus sp.
2n = 32, 36,
40, 54
Poaceae Tropical - Self 3 Panicle CaryopsisEntire plant
White Kolukattai -Cenchrus ciliaris,
Neela Kolukattai -Cenchrus glaucus,
Black Kolukattai -Cenchrus setigerus
15.Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum2n = 80 Poaceae New guinea
Saccharum
spontaneum
Cross 3 Arrow Caryopsis Stem
Saccharum officinarum–Noble cane
Saccharum barberi–Indian cane
Saccharum spontaneum–Wild cane16.Redgram Cajanus cajan 2n = 22PapilionaceaeIndia Atylosia sp.Often cross10 (9+1) Pod Seed
Cajanus cajanvar bicolor(Arhar)
Cajanus cajanvar flavus(Tur)
17.Blackgram Vigna mungo 2n = 22PapilionaceaeIndia
Vigna radiata
var. sublobata
Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
Cotyledons contains batter(amino
acid related substance), it is
suitable for making idly etc.,
18.Greengram Vigna radiata 2n = 22PapilionaceaeIndia
Vigna radiata
var. sublobata
Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
19.Cowpea Vigna unguiculata 2n = 22PapilionaceaeAfrica
Vigna unguiculata
var. dekindtiana
Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed

2. S.No.Common name Scientific name
Chromosome
number
Family Origin
Progenitor/
Ancestor
Pollination
No. of
Stamens
Inflorescence Fruit
Economic
part Remarks
20.Bengalgram Cicer arietinum 2n = 16Papilionaceae
South West
Asia Cicer
reticulatum
Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
i) Rich in malic (94%) and oxalic
acid (6%) ii) Two cultivated types:
Desi and Kabuli
21.Lablab Lablab purpureus 2n = 22, 24PapilionaceaeIndia - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
Garden bean–Lablab purpureus
var. typicus– Avarai (2n = 22),
Field Bean–Lablab purpureus
var. lignosus– Mochai (2n = 24)
22.Horsegram Macrotyloma uniflorum2n = 24PapilionaceaeIndia - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Seed
Poorman’s pulse crop
23.Soybean Glycine max 2n = 40PapilionaceaeChina Glycine soja Self 10 Pod Seed
i) High protein content(43%)
ii) Both
pulses andoilseed crop
24.Groundnut Arachis hypogaea 2n = 40PapilionaceaeBrazil
Arachis
monticola
Self 10 Pod Seed
i) King of oilseeds
ii) New textile fibre Ardil
manufactured from groundnut
protein iii)
Aflatoxin
25.
Lucerne /
Alfalfa Medicago sativa
2n = 16, 32,
64
Papilionaceae
South West
Asia
- Tripping10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant Queen of fodder
26.Muyal Masal
Stylosanthes scabra &
Stylosanthes hamata
2n = 40Papilionaceae
West Asia - Self 10 Pod Entire plant
Whole plant used as green
fodder
27.Clitoria Clitorira ternatea 2n = 22PapilionaceaeAsia - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant
Whole plant used as green
fodder
28.Agathi Sesbania grandiflora 2n = 14Papilionaceae- - Self 10 (9+1) Pod Entire plant
Entire plants are used for shade,
green leaf manure, fodder and
as greens
29.Sunnhemp Crotalaria juncea 2n = 26PapilionaceaeIndia - Cross 10 Pod Entire plant
Plants are used as green
manure; stem used for
extraction of fibre
30.Gingelly Sesamum indicum 2n = 26 Pedaliaceae Africa - Often cross 4 Capsule Seed
i)Queen of Oilseed
ii) Antioxidant- Sesamol
31.Sunflower Helianthus annuus 2n = 34 Asteraceae
North
America
Helianthus
petiolaris
Cross 5
Heterogamous
Head or
Capitulum
Achene Seed
i)
Ray floret and Disc floret
ii)Protoandry iii) 90 % PUFA
and semidrying oil (35-40%)
32.Safflower Carthamus tinctorius 2n = 24 Asteraceae Asia - Often cross 5
Homogamous
Head or
Capitulum
Achene Seed
33.
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum indicum2n = 36 Asteraceae - - Often cross 5
Homogamous
Head or
Capitulum
Achene Flower
34.Jasmine Jasminum officinale2n = 26 Oleaceae - - Cross 2
Berry,
capsule or
drupe
Flower
i) J. grandiflorum(Royal Jasmine
- Pavalamalli)
ii)
J. angustifolium(Wild Jasmine
– Kattumalligai
)
iii)
J. multiflorum(Star Jasmine-
Kasthuri malligai
)
iv)
J. sambac(Arabian Jasmine –
Kundumalli
)

3. S.No.Common name Scientific name
Chromosome
number
Family Origin
Progenitor/
Ancestor
Pollination
No. of
Stamens
Inflorescence Fruit
Economic
part Remarks
35.
Rapeseed and
Mustard Brassica sp.
2n = 16, 18,
20, 22, 36
Brassicaceae
- -
Cross &
Self
6 Siliqua Seed
i) Erucic acid crop ii) Indian rape
seed (2n=20) -Brassica campestris
var. brown, yellow and toria
iii) Indian mustard-B. juncea
(brown mustard, Rai)
iv) Black mustard-B. nigra
(Banarasi rai) (2n: 16)
v) White Mustard-B. alba(Ujili
sarson) (2n: 24)
36.Cabbage Brassisca oleracea var.
capitata
2n = 18Brassicaceae - - Cross 6 Siliqua
Modified
leaves
37.Cauliflower
Brassisca oleracea var.
botrytis
2n = 18Brassicaceae - - Cross 6 SiliquaInflorescence
Head of a cauliflower also
called a
“curd”
38.Castor Ricinus communis 2n = 20EuphorbiaceaeEthiopia - Cross
Many-
Polyadelphous
Terminal
Panicle
Schizocarp
(Regma)
Seed
i) Monoecious(Female flowers -
upper partand male flowers –
base)ii)Toxic alkaloids like
ricin(blood coagulant), ricinin
and allergenare present
39.Jatropha Jatropha curcas 2n = 22Euphorbiaceae - - Cross
10in 2
whorls
Schizocarp
(Regma)
Seed
i)
Monoeciousii) Biodiesel fuel
extracted (
Biofuelcrop)
40.Tapioca Manihot esculenta 2n = 36Euphorbiaceae
South
America
- Cross
10in 2
whorls
Ovoid or
globose
Tuber
i)
Monoecious (Male flowers -
upper partand Female flowers
–
base) ii)Protogyny
41.Coconut Cocos nucifera 2n = 32 Arecaceae Malaysia - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe Endosperm
i) Monoecious(Female flowers -
upper partand male flowers –
base)
42.Arecanut Areca catechu 2n = 32 Arecaceae Africa - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe Nut
i) Monoecious
ii) Alkaloid -Acrecoline,
arecotine, arecaidine,
guvacoline, guvacine
43.Oilpalm Elaeis guinensis 2n = 32 Arecaceae Africa - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe
Mesocarp and
Kernel
i) Monoecious
44.Sugarpalm Borassus flabellifer2n = 36 Arecaceae Africa - Cross 6 Spadix Drupe
Inflorescence
i) Dioeciousii) Juice from male
peduncle used as toddy
45.Cotton Gossypium sp 2n = 26, 52Malvaceae -
Gossypium
raimondii
Often crossMany Boll Lint
i)
Gossypol content (Pest
resistance) ii) Old world
cotton and New worldcotton
46.Mesta Hibiscus cannabinus 2n = 36 Malvaceae Africa - Self Many Capsule Stem
i) Bast fibre extracted from
stem
47.Bhendi Abelmoschus esculentus2n = 56 Malvaceae - - Often crossMany Capsule Fruit
48.Jute
Corchorus olitorius and
Corchorus capsularis
2n = 14 Tiliaceae
Africa and
Indo-Burma - Self 5 to many Cyme Capsule Stem
i)
Bast fibre extracted from
stem49.Betelvine Piper betle 2n = 32 Piperaceae - Cross 1-10 Spike
Ovoid or
globose
Leaf
i)
Dioecious
50.Sugar beet Beta vulgaris 2n =18 Chenopodiaceae
Northern
Europe
- Cross 5
Terminal
open panicle
Tuber
i)
Boltingin sugarbeet

4. S.No.Common name Scientific name
Chromosome
number
Family Origin
Progenitor/
Ancestor
Pollination
No. of
Stamens
Inflorescence Fruit
Economic
part Remarks
51.Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum 2n = 48 Solanaceae
South
America - Self 5 Capsule Leaf
i)
Curing, Toppingand
Desuckering
ii) Nicotine content
52.Potato Solanum tuberosum 2n = 48 Solanaceae
South
America - Cross 5 Berry
Stem tuberi) Alkaloid -
Solanine
53.Chilli Capsicum annuum 2n = 26 Solanaceae Mexico - Often cross 5 Berry Fruit
i) Pungency -
Capsaicin
54.Tomato Solanum lycopersicum 2n = 26 Solanaceae
Tropical
America - Self 5 Berry Fruit
i) Rich in
Lycopenecontent
(red color)
55.Brinjal Solanum melongena 2n = 24 Solanaceae India - Often cross 5 Berry Fruit
i) Four types of flowers: long -
styled, medium styled, true
short styled
andpseudo short
styled

ii)
Nicotine content
56.
Velimasal /
Hedge lucerne Desmanthus virgatus 2n = 28 Mimosae - Self Many Pod Leaves
i) Very good fodder
57.Subabul Leucaena leucocephala2n = 104 Mimosae - Cross 10 Pod Leaves
i) 3F tree – feed, fertilizer, fuel
ii) Tree fodder
58.Mulberry
Morus alba -White
mulberry
Morus nigra -Black
mulberry
Morus rubra - Red
Mulberry
2n = 28 Moraceae
- Cross - Catkin Drupe Leaves
i)
Mulberry leavesparticularly
white mulberry are important
food source of the
silkworm
(Bombyx mori)
59.Cucumber Cucumis sativus 2n = 14 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit
i)
Monoecious
60.Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata 2n = 40 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit
i)
Monoecious
61.Ashgourd Benincasa hispida 2n = 24 Cucurbitaceae - Cross 3 Pepo Fruit
i)
Monoecious
62.Onion Allium cepa 2n = 16 Alliaceae
Mediterranean
region - Cross 3 Umbel Capsule Bulb
i)
Protoandry
ii) Pungency of onion due to n
propyl disulphide
63.Garlic Allium sativum 2n = 16 Alliaceae
Mediterranean
region - Cross 3 Umbel Capsule Bulb
i) Pungency of garlic due to
Allicin
64.Banana
Musa sapientum and
Musa paradisiaca
2n = 22 to 88Musaceae
South East
Asia - Fruit
i) Fruit set
of bananais
parthenocarpically
ii) Triploid
65.Manila hemp Musa textilis 2n = 20 Musaceae
South East
Asia - Cross 6 Spike Berry Leaves
i)
Structural fibre (hard/leaf)
extracted from leaf sheath
ii)
Monoecious
66.Coffee Coffea arabica 2n = 44 Rubiaceae - - Cross 5 Cymose Berry
Seeds
(Beans)
i)
Caffiene
67.Tea Camellia sinensis 2n = 30 Theaceae
South East
Asia - Cross Many Capsule Leaf
i)
Caffiene (4%)