7dthrt6t6dgfhuy78567888888888888888888.pdf

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1. Nutritional Requirements
in chronically ill patients

2. 7114000000

3. 5000000000000000000000000000
000

4. We Are Really More Bug than
Man.......

5. LCA (Lowest Common Ancestor) of
Human Microbiome

6. GUT MICROBIOTA
10
13
-10
14
microbes
1000-35000 of species (most of them are still to be identified)
Weight –3 to 5 lbs
Genome –150 foldof our Genome
Bacteroides,Prevotella, Fusobacterium,
Eubacterium,Ruminococcus,Peptococcus,
Peptostreptococcus,Bifidobacterium.
EscherichiaandLactobacillus.
Bacteroidesaloneconstituteabout30%ofallbacteriainthe
gut.....

7. Carbohydrate fermentation and absorption
•Digest starch, plant fiber, pectin into SCFAs (short
chain fatty acids) viz. acetic acid, propionic acid,
butyric acid. Digest proteins like collagen, elastin.
Repression of pathogenic microbial growth
•Competition for nutrition, attachment. Produce
bacteriocins , Lactic acid.
Metabolic function
•HCA (heterocyclic amines)
Preventing inflammatory bowel disease
•SCFAs prevent IBD
Preventing allergy
•Allegies= C. difficileandS.
aureus>BacteroidesandBifidobacteria

8. Ecology.....
BabiesdeliveredNormallyare
dominatedbyLactobacillus,
Prevotella,andAtopobium....
BabiesdeliveredbyCesariansection
havemicrobiotathatofthematernal
skin community like
Staphylococcus.
Prevotellaisrelatedwithcarbohydratesandsimplesugars.
Bacteroidesenterotypesisassociatedwithanimalproteins,aminoacidsand
saturatedfats.

9. J.K. Nickolson, sci-mag,
2012

10. A.OBESITY
B.MIND ALTERATION

11. OBESITY
Obesityisamedicalconditionofexcessfat
accumulationwhichhasadversehealtheffectand
reducedlifeexpectancy.
Obesityincreasesthelikelihoodofvariousdiseases,
particularlyheartdisease,type2diabetes,obstructive
sleepapnea,certaintypesofcancer,and
osteoarthritis.
oneofthemostseriouspublichealthproblemsofthe
21stcentury.
In2013,theAmericanMedicalAssociationclassified
obesityasadisease

12. BIOLOGY OF OBESITY
Regulationoffattyaciduptakebysuppressionoffasting-inducedadipose
factor(Fiaf)…..isaproteinsecretedbyadiposetissues,liverandintestinethat
inhibitsthe
activityofLipoproteinLipase(LPL),akeyenzymeinthehydrolysisofthe
releaseoffattyacidsfortransportintocells.
Pgc1a
J.L, Nature, 2013,;JCL, 2012.

13. AMPKisanenzymeexpressedinliver,brainandskeletalmusclethatfunctionsasacellularenergysensorand
metabolicregulator.ItisactivatedbyphosphorylationatThr-172ofthecatalyticasubunit,whenintracellular
AMP:ATPorNAD:NADHratiosincreaseinresponsetometabolicstresssuchasexerciseorglucosedeprivation.
AMPKactivationincreasescellularenergylevelsbystimulatingcatabolicpathways(e.g.,glucosetransport,fat
oxidation)andbyinhibitinganabolicpathways(e.g.,fattyacid,proteinandglycogensynthesis),inpartthrough
inhibitionofmammalianTargetofRapamycin(mTOR).
Metabolic regulation by suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

14. Endocannabinoid(eCB) signaling
Restore Gut
Microbiota
LP
S
CB1
receptor
Lipogenesis
Upregulate
Ghrelin
Down-regulate
Fiaf, Ampkand
PYY
FAAH
Dysbiosis…IncreasedGramNegativeBacteria(Enterobacteriaceaespp.)lessGramPositivebacteria
(Bifidobacteria)
endocannabinoid(eCB) systemconsists of the neuromodulatorylipids anandamide(AEA) and 2-
arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

16. Alan W Walker, Sci-Mag, Sept,2013
Obese twin
Microbiota
transplant
Recipient mice Increased adiposity
Low-fat,
high-fiber diet
Lean twin
Lean
High Fat, Low Fiber
Low fat, High Fiber
Ineffective
transplant
Ineffective
transplant
Low-fat,
high-fiber diet

17. Gut Microbiota: Stress, Anxiety and
Depression
Biology of Stress
Stressisaperson'sresponseto
astressorsuchasanenvironmental
conditionorastimulus.Stressisa
body'swaytoreacttoachallengeina
flightorfightsituation.
1.Blood pressure rises
2.Breathing becomes more rapid
3.Digestive system slows down
4.Heart rate (pulse) rises
5.Immune system goes down
6.Muscles become tense
7.We do not sleep (heightened state of
alertness)

18. GABA’snaturalfunctionistoreducetheactivityoftheneuronstowhichitbinds.GABAneutralizesthe
overexcitedneurons.(anti-stressdrug:Benzodiazepine)
Lactobacillusspp.andBifidobacteriumspp.produce
GABA

19. J F Cryan, Nature reviews, Neuroscience,
october,2012
Serotonin
•Contributortofeelingsofwell-being
andhappiness.
•80%ofthehumanbody'stotal
serotoninislocatedinthe
enterochromaffincellsinthegut
•Aggression,anxiety,appetite,cognition,
learning,memory,mood,nausea,sleep,
andthermoregulation.
Anti-Depressive Drugs (Venlafaxine
Levomilnacipran) (SSRI : Selective
Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor)
Weak bone mass in elderly and increased
risk for osteoporosis.
ANXIETY &DEPRESSION

20. Bifidobacteriaspp.canincrease
theconcentrationoftryptophanin
bloodplasma(theprecursorof
sreotonin)soactasa
antidepressent.Whichwastested
byDesbonnetLin2008by
infectingGermFreemicewith
specific pathogen viz.
Bifidobacteriuminfantisandlet
themtaketheswimtest
forcefully.
DesbonnetL, Journal of psychiatric research, 2008

22. Parkinson'sdisease,adegenerativeconditioncausing
tremorandmotorimpairment,iscausedbylossof
dopamine-secretingneurons
Bacillus spp. produce
dopamine
JF Cryan-2012, Nature review Neuroscience

23. Miceconventionalisedwith
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
showed lessanxietyand
depressionlikebehaviourwhen
testedelevatedplusmazeand
lightanddarkconditionswith
swimtest.
J. Bravo, Nature, 2013
Conventionally
grown
GF + GABA
induced
Germ Free
L.R

24. Autism
Dae-WookKang, PLOS One, July ,2013
Dr.Dae-WookKang,ArizonaStateUniversity
AutisticChildrensignificantlyhavefewertypesofgutbacteriaandsignificantlylower
amountsofthreecriticalbacteriaprevotella,coprococcusandveillonellaceae.These
threebacterialgroupsrepresentimportantstrainsofcarbohydratedegradingand
fermentingmicrobes.So,InmaycasestheautisticchildrenhaveIBDsymptomsand
theyhavefoundthatwhentheytriedtomanagetheIBDwithapplicationofprobiotics
thechildseemstorecoverafewerpercent.

25. Second Genome
ResearchersintheHMParesamplingand
analyzingthegenomeofmicrobesfromfivesites
onthehumanbody:nasalpassages,oralcavities,
skin,gastrointestinaltract,andurogenital
tract.(NIH)
1.Microbescontributemoregenesresponsiblefor
humansurvivalthanhumans'owngenes.Itis
estimatedthatbacterialprotein-codinggenesare
360timesmoreabundantthanhumangenes.
2.Microbialmetabolicactivities;forexample,
digestionoffats;arenotalwaysprovidedbythe
samebacterialspecies.Thepresenceofthe
activitiesseemstomattermore.
3.Componentsofthehumanmicrobiomechange
overtime,affectedbyapatientdiseasestateand
medication.However,themicrobiomeeventually
returnstoastateofequilibrium,eventhe
compositionofbacterialtypeshaschanged.
2008

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9RruLkAUm8

27. Thank you for your Kind Attention………..
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