8. How do organisms Reproduce .pdf withot any add

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1. How
Do
Organisms
Reproduce?
By Anant malakanawar
Copyright By Malakanawar Academy, Miraj

2. Inrtoduction
•The reproduction is a necessary part of life as it is used to produce new
individual of same type.
•We know that chromosome is the part of nucleus which contain
information of inheritance from parent to next generation.
•DNA(Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is made from such chromosome and also
stores the information of protein.
•Different DNA different protein and hence different character.
•Hence basic process in reproduction is creation of DNA copy which will
the produce the new cell.
•All these cells are not same as the DNA produce are not same and hence
all the reproduced organisms are not the exact copies of there parent.
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3. Importance Of Variation
•The population of the organisms is fill well-defined , or niches, in
ecosystem using the ability to reproduce.
•The nature always keeps on changing.
•The whether, climate atmosphere sometimes changes slowly and
sometime drastically.
•This changes can affect the niches of organisms.
•To avoid the changes in niches and to make the organisms adaptive
to the environment the variation is necessary.
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4. Types of reproduction
•There are basically two types of reproduction:
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•Single individual give rise to new individual.
•Gametes are not formed.
•New individual is identical to parent.
•Extremely useful as a means of rapid multiplication.
•Adopted by lower organisms.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
•Two individual (one male and one female) needed
to give rise to new individual
•Gametes are formed.
•New individual is genetically similar but not
identical to parent
•Useful to produce more variations
•Adopted by higher organisms

5. Modes of Asexual reproduction➢Fission
•Parent Cell divides into two daughter cells.
•Unicellular organisms undergo fission for easy division and creation of new individual.
❖Binary Fission :
oTwo cells are formed by a simple splitting of cell.
oThis takes place in amoeba.
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6. oThe Leishmania has a specific body organization/structure ( whip like structure at one end)
undergoes binary fission in a definite orientation
❖Multiple Fission :
oMany cells are formed from a single cell.
oThe malarial parasite called as Plasmodium undergo multiple fission.
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7. fragmentation
•This mode of reproduction takes place in multicellular organisms
with simple body organisation.
•The multicellular organisms with complex body organization do not
under go such type of division.
•This type of reproduction can be seen in Spirogyra.
•When Spirogyra gets matured it simply breaks into two or more
fragments (pieces). These pieces grow as new individual organism.
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New Individuals

8. Regeneration
•This mode of reproduction takes place in many fully differentiated
organisms such as Planaria.
•In this type of reproduction an individual is somehow cut or broken
up into many pieces, many of these pieces grow into separate
individual.
•Regeneration is carried out by specialised cells, these cells rapidly
divide and make large number of cells.
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9. budding
•Some organisms like Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction.
•The matured Hydra produces a outgrowth from its body surface
called as ‘Bud’.
•These buds then develop into tiny individual and once they are
fully matured they get detached from the parent body and become
a new independent individual.
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10. Vegetative propagation
•Some plants in which parts like roots , stem and leaves develop into new
plant in under appropriate condition. This mode of reproduction is
called as ‘vegetative propagation’.
•This property is used in methods such layering or grafting to grow many
plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes for agriculture purpose.
•Plants raised by this method can produce flowers and fruits earlier than
those produced from seeds.
•Some plants which have lost the ability to produce can also be produced
by this method.
•The plants produced by this method are genetically similar to the parent
plant.
•Bryophyllumis plant which produces new individual from its leaves.
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12. Spore formation
•In many simple multi-cellular organisms the
specific reproductive parts can be identified.
•The Rhizopus fungus which grows on bread has a
thread like structure called hypae on these
threads the tiny blob-on-a-stick structure is
present which is involved in reproduction.
•These blobs are sporangia, which contain
cells/spores that develop into new individual.
•Spores are covered with thick walls to protect
them until they mature and come in contact with
moist surface.
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13. Sexual reproduction
•When reproduction takes place as a result of the fusion of male and
female gametes then it is called sexual reproduction.
•Two individuals are involved in this type of reproduction. (male and female)
•Each individual(male and female) provide there DNA to produce a new DNA of new born.
•The number of chromosomes in a organism is always fixed. If we combine the chromosomes from male
and female then the number of chromosomes will double. This leads to unstable cell.
•To avoid this, before combining the cells the number of chromosomes from male and female is reduced
to half. The cells produced which contain half number of chromosomes are called as Gametes and can
be used for reproduction.
•These gametes are produced from special cells ‘Germ cell’ by the process called ‘Meiosis cell division’
•The gamete produced by male body are motile and small and are known as ‘male gamete’.
•The gamete produced by female body are large with stored food are known as ‘female gamete’.
•Fusion of gametes is called as fertilization. This results in variation.
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14. Copyright By Malakanawar Academy, Miraj
Male
46
Female
46
Male
23+23
Female
23+23
Male
23
Male
23
Female
23
Female
23
Male +
Female
23 + 23
Gametes
Gametes
Zygote

15. Sexual reproduction in plants
•In plants the flower is the reproductive part which involves in the
sexual reproduction.
➢Parts Of Flower :
oFlower contain to major parts : a) Accessory whorls b) Essential whorls
a)Accessory whorls :
▪These are the parts of flowers which are directly not involved in reproduction.
▪It contains two subparts Sepal and Petal.
▪Sepals are the green colour small leaf like structure which are present at the bottom of flower
and used to provide support to the Petals and Essential whorl.
▪Petals are multi coloured which are necessary to attract the insects (honey bee) which help in
pollination of pollen grains.
▪Accessory whorls are the supportive whorls for reproduction.
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16. b) Essential whorls :
▪These are the parts which are involved in sexual reproduction.
▪It contains two subparts Stamenand Pistil.
▪Stamen is the male reproductive part, while Pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower.
▪Flowers can be classified as Unisexual if they contain either Stamen or Pistil (papaya, watermelon)
in single flower, and as Bisexual if they contain both Stamen and Pistil (Hibiscus, mustard) in single
flower.
▪Stamenis made up of anther and filament.
▪Anther produces pollen grains which contain male germ cells (male gamete).
▪Filament is necessary to hold the anther at higher position and gives support.
▪Pistilis present at the centre of flower and made up of three parts stigma , style and ovary.
▪Stigma is a sticky end of pistil used to hold the pollen grains.
▪Style is a tube like structure used to transfer the pollen grains from stigma to ovary.
▪Ovary contains ovules and each ovule contains egg cell (female gamete).
▪Ovary is the site for fertilization (fusion of male germ cell and female germ cell).
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17. Parts of flower
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Anther
Filament
Stigma
Style
Ovary Petals
Sepal
Pistil
Stamen

18. Stamen and pistil
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Anther
Filament
Stigma
Style
OvaryOvules
Stamen Pistil

19. Pollination
•The pollen grains contain male gamete while ovary contain female gamete.
•To produce a seed both the gametes has to be fused together.
•As the pollen grains are present on anther of stamen it has to be transferred to stigma
of pistil.
•The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma is called as
pollination.
•Pollination can be classified into two types
oIf the pollination occurs between the anther and stigma of same flower then it is called
as self-pollination.
oIf the pollination occurs between the anther and stigma of different flower then it is
called as cross-pollination.
•The transfer of pollen grains is carried out by biotic (insects, birds) and abiotic (wind,
water) factors .
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POLLINATION

21. fertilization
•The fusion of male gamete in pollen grain and female gamete in ovule is called as fertilization.
•Once the pollination occurs the pollen grains sticks to the stigma as the stigma is sticky.
•The male gamete in the pollen grain stuck to the stigma has to reach the ovule in the ovary.
•To carry the male gamete from pollen grain to ovary a tube is produced by pollen grain called
as pollen tube.
•This tube carries the male gamete from stigma to ovule.
•The male gamete fertilizes with the egg cell to produce ‘zygote’.
•The zygote then divides several times to form an embryo within ovule.
•The ovule develops a tough coat and converts into a seed.
•During this development the ovary converts into a fruit and ripens.
•During the formation of seed and fruit all the accessory whorls shed out.
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22. Germination of seed
•The seed is produced after fertilization and development of zygote
into embryo.
•The seed has a hard covering called as seed coat.
•The seed contains food and the seedling.
•This food is used to develop the seedling into a plant when it is
sowed in soil and water is provided.
•The process of formation of a plant from a seed is called as
‘germination’.
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Plumule
(future shoot)
Radicle
(future root)
Cotyledon
(food store)

23. Sexual reproduction in human beings
•Humans use sexual mode of reproduction to produce new ones.
•During the growth of human being the body undergoes lots of changes, most
changes are only related to general growth.( increase in height, formation of
teeth, etc)
•In teenage whole new set of changes occur these are not similar to general
growth.
•Some changes are common in boys and girls like growth of thick hair in
armpits, genital area ( between thighs). Thin hair growth on legs and arms,
facial skin becomes oily and might begin to develop pimples.
•Once the rate of general body growth begins to slow down, reproductive
tissue begins to mature. This period is called as ‘puberty’.
•In puberty sexual maturation takes place and several changes occur which are
different for boys and girls.
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•In girls the breast size begin to increase.
•Darkening of skin at the tip of breast.
•Menstruation process starts
Changes in Puberty :
•Thick hair growth on face.
•Voice begin to crack.
•Penis enlarges.
Female Male
•These changes are necessary in both boys and girls.
•These changes may not occur at the same time in all organisms, some undergo early while some late.
•The growth of reproductive cells which will take part in reproduction start developing during these changes.
•The female body produces female gamete called as ‘ova’ while male produces male gamete called as ‘sperm’.
•In humans, once the reproductive organs are well developed the male and female undergo mating process
which help in the fertilization of cells.

25. male reproductive system
•The male reproductive system consists of two portions, one to produce sperm cells and
another to deliver them to the site of fertilization.
•The system consists of different parts :
a) Testes
b) Scortum
c) Vas deferens
d) Seminal Vesicle and Prostate gland
f) Urethra
g) Penis
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Testes
Scortum
Penis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicle
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Prostate gland
Urethra

26. a)Testes :
▪Testes are present in pair.
▪Testes releases male sex hormone (testosterone) which brings the
changes during puberty and helps in sperm production.
▪Testes is the site for sperm cell production.
▪The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the scortum.
b)Scortum:
▪Scortumis the skinny covering around the testes.
▪It is used to protect the testes.
▪It is used for temperature regulation inside testes, as sperm
formation requires lower temperature than normal body
temperature.
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Testes
Scortum

27. c)Vas deferens :
▪Vas deferens are tube like structure emerging from both the
testes.
▪These tubes carry the sperms produced in testes and units with
the tube coming from urinary bladder called as urethra.
▪It forms the connection between both testes with the urethra.
d)Seminal Vesicle and Prostate gland:
▪These are the small gland which produce fluid.
▪This fluid provides nourishment to the sperms.
▪Fluid is necessary for sperm to maintain their fluidity.
▪This fluid is basic in nature, which is used to neutralize the acidic
condition of the vagina (entrance of female reproductive system).
▪The mixture of fluids produced by glands and the sperm is called
as ‘semen’.
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Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
Vas Deferens

28. f) Urethra :
▪Urethra is s tube emerges from the urinary bladder.
▪It is common path way for sperm and urine hence it is also
known as ‘urinogenital duct.
▪It transports the semen outside the body.
g)Penis :
▪It is a muscular structure covering the urethra.
▪It contains number of blood vessels which help in erection of
penis.
▪It is the organ used for mating process.
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Penis
UrethraNote :
•Length of sperm is 60 micrometer.
•The sperm has to travels 6.5 meter to exit out of the male body.
•To travel such a long distance it requires large amount of energy
which is provided by Fructose present in the fluid secreted by glands.

29. Female reproductive system
•The female reproductive system is developed
in such a way, that it can produce female
gamete, the fertilization takes place and new
individual grows in this system for 9 months.
•The female reproductive system consist of
following parts:
a)Ovaries
b)Fallopian tube
c)Uterus
d)Cervix
e)Vagina
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Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Fallopian tube
Cervix

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a)Ovaries :
▪Ovaries are in pair located in abdomen.
▪Ovaries are the site for female gamete production.
▪The female gametes are called as ‘Ova/egg cell’.
▪When a girl is born the ovaries contain thousands of immature Ova.
▪On reaching puberty, some Ova start maturing and one Ova is released
every month by one of the ovaries, this process is called as menstruation
cycle.
▪This Ova is released into the fallopian tube.
▪The ovaries also produce some hormones (progesterone,oestrogen) which
cause the changes in puberty and carries out menstruation cycle.
b)Fallopian tube :
▪The fallopian tube are in pair which join the two ovaries with the Uterus.
▪Fallopian tube is also known as Oviduct as it carries the Ova.
▪This tube is a for fertilization i.e. fusion of Ova and sperm.
▪The fallopian tube is approximately 10 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter.
▪Internally the tube is lined with cilia which help in movement of Ova.
▪After fertilization the zygote develops into embryo and this embryo is
transferred to Uterus.
Ovary
Fallopian tube

31. c)Uterus :
▪It is a triangular bag like structure.
▪The embryo carried by fallopian tube is then implanted in the wall of
uterus.
▪The implanted embryo continue to grow and develop organs to form a
foetus.
▪The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with help of special
tissue called placenta.
▪The placenta is disc present in uterine wall having villi on embryo side
which provides large space for glucose and oxygen transfer.
▪The waste produced by growing baby is transferred to mothers blood
through placenta.
▪Uterus is the place where development of baby takes place for 9 months.
▪Every month the uterus is newly prepare during the process of
menstruation.
d)Cervix and Vagina :
▪The uterus opens into vagina through cervix.
▪Cervix is used to allow the flow of menstrual blood from uterus into
vagina, and direct the sperms into the uterus during mating.
▪Vagina is a tube like structure which holds the sperms until they pass into
uterus.
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Uterus
Vagina
Cervix
Placenta

32. What happens when egg is not fertilized
•Every month one egg (ova) is released from one of the ovary.
•During this period of releasing egg the uterus is prepared for
implantation as it provides the nourishment.
•The lining of uterus becomes thick and spongy, required to support the
embryo.
•When the egg is not fertilized, the uterine wall slowly breaks and comes
out of vagina as menstruation blood. Along this blood the unfertilized
egg is also removed out.
•This cycle takes place every month until the egg is fertilized and this
cycle is called as menstruation cycle.
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33. Reproductive health
•Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction. i.e. physical, emotional, social and behavioral.
❑Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
▪Many diseases can be sexually transmitted such as:
1.Bacterial : Gonorrhoea and syphills
2.Viral : Warts and HIV-AIDS
▪Use of condoms prevents these infections to some extent.
❑Contraceptions : It is the avoidance of pregnancy, can be achieved by
preventing the fertilization of ova.
❑Methods of contraception:
1.Physical method : Use of condom, cervical caps and diaphragm.
2.Chemical method : Use of oral pills to avoid fertilization. May have side effects.
3.Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) : Copper-T or loop is placed in uterus to prevent pregnancy.
4.Surgical method :
i.In male the vas deferens is blocked called vasectomy.
ii.In female fallopian tube is blocked called tubectomy.
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