8 HTP.pptxharmfulltraditional cultures full details

harmfulltradtional culture 8s the which is affect the health of comminity and society

1. Harmful Traditional Practices (HTPs ) 2/12/2024 1 Ethiopia.E

2. Objectives By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: Define Harmful traditional practices List the common types of HTPs Explain the health effect of FGM, Early Marriage, Abduction, Uvulectomy , Milk teeth extraction, Food prohibitions 2 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

3. Harmful Traditional Practices Definition All practices done deliberately on men's/women's body for therapeutic/none therapeutic purpose (for cultural or socio-conventional motives) which have harmful consequences on the health and the rights of the victims. Harmful traditional practices are known to affect adversely the health of people. Qn. What are the common types of HTPs in our country? 3 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

4. Over a hundred harmful traditional practices have been reported In adolescences and adults Early Marriage Marriage by Abduction Food Prohibition Drastic measures to hasten placenta Shaking after delivery Uterine washing after delivery 4 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

5. Children Female Genital Mutilation(can also in adolescence) Uvulectomy Milk Teeth Extraction Tonsillectomy Eye brow excision Keeping children out of the sun Preventing food and fluid from children Feeding infants with fresh butter Avoid feeding of colostrum 5 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

6. Female genital mutilation FGM is the removal of the whole of or some parts of the external female genital organs . The practice is not unique to Ethiopia and it is believed that various societies instituted it at different times throughout the ages. 6 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

7. Epidemiology According to a survey carried out in 1997 more than 80% of women in the country . It also says 60% of Ethiopian woman support the practice. FGM can be done during neonate, infancy, childhood or adolescence. 7 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

8. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 1997-2007 8 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

9. 9 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

10. Female Genital Cutting, Ethiopia 80% of all women (15,367) have been circumcised (EDHS 2000) Region FGM Tigray 48.1 Affar 94.5 Amhara 81.1 Oromiya 79.8 Somali 69.7 BG 52.9 SNNPR 46.3 Gambella 0.0 Harari 81.2 Total 60.6 10 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

11. Qn : What are the reasons of FGM ? 11 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

12. Reasons for FGM Though the reasons for practicing FGM vary from society to society, the following are commonly mentioned as a reason for undergoing FGM; Prevention of virginity – To be virgin is very important in most African cultures Enhancement of fertility – Certain societies believe that circumcised girls become pregnant very easily 12 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

13. Prevention of promiscuity – In some African societies, it is believed that uncircumcised women have too much sexual desire Maintenance of cleanliness – Some communities believe that the female external genitalia produce secretions that make the woman wet and produce bad odour 13 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

14. Prevention of stillbirths in Primigravida –Some communities such as those found in Burkina Faso and Nigeria believe that the clitoris has the power to kill the first born, if during delivery, the baby’s head touches it 14 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

15. Societal privileges and positions – People who fail to accept traditions of a group may not get the privileges and benefits available to the rest of the community and thus are out of favor. Improvement of male sexual performance – It is believed that when the penis comes in contact with the clitoris, the man gets excited very fast leading to an early ejaculation which may lead to matrimonial disharmony. 15 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

16. Maintenance of good health – Circumcision is said to keep the women healthy and cure her from diseases such as epilepsy, hysteria, insanity and depression. 16 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

17. Types of FGM FGM is a collective term for the different practices that involve cutting of the female external genitalia. According to WHO (1995) FGM is classified in the following four categories: Sunna – In this type of mutilation the prepuce of the clitoris is incised Clitoridoectomy – is the removal of the prepuce and the clitoris 17 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

18. 3. Excision – is the removal of the prepuce , clitoris and the labia minora . The wound is left to heal naturally, by keeping the legs close together. The healing takes place by scaring which is tough, making sexual intercourse painful 18 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

19. 4. Infibulation Defn : The prepuce, clitoris, labia minora , labia majora and the lower part of the vagina are removed The edges are stitched together with thread leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood After excision the legs are tied together The wound is left to heal taking about two to three weeks 19 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

20. In societies where infibulation is practiced: Value of a girl depends on her virginity The concept of preserving family honour further strengthens this practice Qn. What will be the complication of FGM? 20 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

21. Complications of FGM Immediate Complications Haemorrhage Fall in blood pressure, Shock HIV/AIDS Urinary Tract Infection Renal failure Septicaemia Tetanus 21 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

22. Delayed and Long-Term Complications Dysmenorrhoea – Painful menstruation Pelvic abscess , Dyspareunia/ apareunia, Infertility Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Bleeding due to forceful intercourse or use of instruments to cut the scar tissue open 22 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

23. Recto – vaginal or vesico – vaginal fistula Prolonged labour leading to haemorrhage, ruptured uterus, shock and death Still births, fetal distress due to prolonged/obstructed labor Complication on the child due to foetal distress & cerebral anoxia. 23 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

24. Scars Neuromas from cut ends of the nerves Psychological impacts /such as fear of sex, low self steam, lack of sexual desire and satisfaction Social impact 24 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

25. What should be done? Education of women Creating awareness among youth, community leaders, religious leaders and men about the health, social and economic problems of FGM. Social and medical assistance should be made available to women on whom FGM has been conducted Training of educators and health workers on the hazards of FGM Support to programs that aim at abolishing FGM The revised penal code 25 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

26. Early Marriage It has been a common practice, particularly in much of rural Ethiopia Girls get married at an early age as 10 – 18yrs. The young adolescent or preadolescent girl is not ready physically and psychologically for intercourse, pregnancy, child bearing and managing house . 26 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

27. Global and regional trends in child marriage SOURCE: UNICEF. 2005. Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice. New York: UN. 27 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

28. Qn : What are the reasons and Harmful effects of early marriage??? 28 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

29. Some of the reasons for early marriage are: Parents desire to see the marriage of their daughters and their grandchild before they die Strengthen the family or business ties between the two parties to be married The need to ensure daughter's virginity at first marriage Conformity to tradition and fear of stigma Competition to find in laws who increase and enhance the status of the family 29 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

30. Harmful effects of early marriage include: Psychological effect on the girl bride leading to different somatic problems/ Vaginismus . The small genitalia are traumatized during sex ending up in tears, bruising, cystitis, and damage to the urethra. Preeclampsia, prolonged and obstructed labour leading to fistula formation Haemorrhage and shock at delivery 30 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

31. Still born babies Loveless marriage often ending in divorce Difficulty in managing a household by the young girl Deprivation of her education leading to poor opportunity for employment and poor income 31 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

32. 32 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

33. Marriage by Abduction(kidnap) Definition : is illegal carrying away a women for marriage. Marriage by abduction is a violation of women’s rights In almost all case rape follows it: Common in some parts of Ethiopia (Afar, Oromiya and SNNPR) Reasons? 2/12/2024 33 Ethiopia.E

34. Reasons for marriage by abduction Refusal or anticipated refusal of consent by parents or girl Avoid excessive wedding ceremony expenses Ease the economic burdens of the conventional bride price Outsmart rivals when the girl has many suitors Difference of ethnic origins or economic status of partners may also be reasons for possible abduction 34 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

35. Harmful effects of marriage by abduction Beating, inflicting bodily harm, suffocation, and severe disabilities and death may ensue. Conflict created between families may lead to disagreeing lasting for generations. There are incidents of ethnic conflicts due to marriage by abduction The outcome may be an unhappy, unstable and loveless marriage 35 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

36. Psychological stress on the girl might end up in suicide. There are large expenses related to conflict resettlements as compensation to the family or for court cases Discontinuation of schooling and other opportunities for the girl. 36 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

37. Other harmful traditional practices Uvulectomy Milk teeth extraction Food prohibitions Eye brow incision Soiling the umbilicus of the new born with cow dung. Each of these traditional practices has mistakenly perceived advantages. 37 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

38. Uvulectomy It is a procedure involving the cutting of the uvula and sometimes the near-by structures such as the tonsils. It helps to prevent choking during swallowing and is used in producing certain sounds necessary for language communication. 38 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

39. Epidemiology Uvulectomy is commonly practiced in Somalia and in the northern part of Ethiopia but rarely seen in Gambella region. According to the national survey of 1997G.C. about 84.3% of the general population practice Uvulectomy despite some 48.6% of them being aware of the harmful effects of the act 39 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

40. Reasons given for the practice among communities in the country includes Prevention of headache Ensuring a clear voice/ improve speech Prevention of blindness and change of eye color prevent problems of feeding (swallowing), To avoid noisiness 40 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

41. Impact of Uvulectomy The local complications are the most prevalent ones and include: Speech problems Local infection Excessive bleeding Some of the systemic complications include : Sepsis Tetanus HIV/AIDS 41 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

42. Milk teeth extraction Milk teeth extraction is the procedure of pulling out the early teeth of children. With the introduction of diarrhea and other infections the mother will take her child to a traditional healer to remove the child’s teeth 42 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

43. Reasons To avoid/as a treatment for diarrhea and vomiting As a tribal marker For a remedy to poor body growth of children 43 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

44. Consequences of milk teeth extraction Like Uvulectomy milk tooth extraction provides easy access for micro-organisms to cause local infections or sepsis. Other complications include: Possibility of no teeth growth Injury to the tongue Excessive bleeding Tetanus HIV/AIDS and other blood borne infections 44 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

45. Food taboos/food prohibitions A practice of prohibiting certain food items for pregnant and/or lactating women or girls in general. Children, especially girls, are most vulnerable to this practice. Foods that are good sources of energy and protein are not allowed to be consumed by pregnant women for different reasons 45 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

46. Epidemiology Only a few studies have been done on the different food taboos in Ethiopia. Studies conducted among 25 ethnic groups in central, eastern and southern parts of Ethiopia (ENI 1995) have reported that food items that are white in color (e.g. milk, fatty, meat, porridge, potato, banana, etc.), clean vegetables, colostrum and fruits are prohibited to be consumed by pregnant/lactating women and children. 46 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

47. Reasons white in color food will be plastered on the body of the baby and cause labor difficulties and will also produce offensive uterine fluid (amniotic fluid) during delivery. green vegetables, like green peppers, are believed to causes a bad odor in both the mother and the baby and make the newborn baby bald. 47 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

48. Most mothers discard the colostrum produced in the first few days postpartum Sources of vitamins such as mango, orange and banana are also restricted since they are believed to cause worms, malaria and diarrhea to the growing child. 2/12/2024 48 Ethiopia.E

49. Impact Under-nutrition of the pregnant mother leading to increased risks in pregnancy and labor, such as Anemia and other micro-nutrient deficiency illnesses Low resistance to infection PPH 49 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

50. Restricting children from important dietary items leads to:- Increased risk of infection Protein-energy malnutrition like kwashiorkor and Marasmus Poor physical and mental growth 50 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

51. Interventions Strategies to minimize and eliminate HTPs include : Creating awareness with in the community / Training and information – to TBA’s and community leaders; and to the society as a whole Provide legal support Support to programs that aim at abolishing HTPs Communication methodologies - mass media has central role 51 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

52. Interventions…. Alternative employment opportunities e.g. for the circumciser Educate practitioners of HTPs about the dangers of such practices Imposing punishment on such practitioners if they persist with the practice 52 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

53. Should a victim be willing to testify or discuss , present the case to the public as example to others. Curriculum – HTP education in schools Establish clubs especially in schools 53 2/12/2024 Ethiopia.E

54. Thank You 2/12/2024 54 Ethiopia.E