8 Models of communication English .pptx

Models of communication

1. Understanding Communication Models An Overview of 8 Key Communication Models

2. Introduction Definition: Communication models are frameworks that describe the process of communication. Purpose: To understand how communication functions and how messages are sent, received, and interpreted. Importance: Helps in improving interpersonal communication, resolving conflicts, and enhancing organizational effectiveness.

3. 3 Groups of Communication Models Linear models of communication  — They only look at one-way communication. The most prominent linear models of communication are: Aristotle’s communication model,  Lasswell’s communication model, The Shannon-Weaver communication model, and Berlo’s S-M-C-R communication model.

4. 2. Interactive models of communication  — They analyze   two-way communication . These are the following: The Osgood-Schramm communication model, and The Westley and Maclean communication model. 3. Transactional models of communication  — They illustrate two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses. These include: Barnlund’s transactional communication model, and Dance’s Helical communication model. 

5. Linear Model of Communication Description: One-way communication process from sender to receiver. Key Points: Sender encodes a message. Message is transmitted through a channel. Receiver decodes the message. Example: A Radio Broadcast

6. Aristotle’s Model of Communication Description: One of the earliest and foundational communication models. Key Components: Speaker (Ethos): The individual delivering the message, whose credibility and character influence the effectiveness of communication. Speech (Logos): The content or message being delivered, emphasizing logic and reasoning. Audience (Pathos): The recipients of the message, whose emotions and perceptions affect how the message is received. Purpose: To persuade or inform through effective rhetoric.

7. Application and Impact Applications: Public Speaking: Enhances persuasive speech by focusing on the speaker's ethos, the message's logical structure, and the audience's emotional response. Rhetoric: Forms the basis for understanding persuasive techniques and argument construction. Education: Utilized in teaching how to construct effective arguments and engage audiences. Impact: Historical Significance: Laid the groundwork for modern communication theories. Relevance Today: Continues to influence public speaking, marketing, and political rhetoric. Example: A political speech where the speaker’s credibility (ethos), logical arguments (logos), and emotional appeals (pathos) are carefully balanced to persuade voters.

8. Shannon-Weaver Model Description: Enhances the Linear Model by introducing noise and feedback. Key Points: Source (Sender) → Encoder → Channel → Decoder → Receiver. Noise can distort the message. Feedback loop added to address misunderstandings. Example: A telephone conversation with static interference

9. Berlo’s SMCR Model Description: Focuses on the components of communication. Key Points: Source → Message → Channel → Receiver. Emphasizes the role of each component in effective communication. Includes factors like source credibility and receiver's background. Example: A marketing campaign where message design and delivery are crucial.

10. Interactive Models of Communication As more dynamic models, interactive communication models refer to two-way communication with feedback. However, feedback within interactive communication models is not simultaneous, but rather slow and indirect. The main elements of these models, illustrated in the interactive communication model diagram, include the following: Sender , Message , Receiver , Feedback , and  Field of experience .

11. Osgood-Schramm’s Model Description: Highlights the importance of shared experiences and fields of experience. The Osgood-Schramm model is a circular model of communication, in which messages go in two directions between encoding and decoding. T here is  no difference between a sender and a receiver .   Key Points: Encoder/Interpreter → Decoder/Interpreter. Overlapping fields of experience for understanding. Emphasis on the feedback loop and the role of context. Example: A conversation between colleagues with similar professional backgrounds .

12. Westley and MacLean’s Model Description: Focuses on the role of gatekeepers (Environmental factors) in communication. Key Points: Sender → Gatekeeper → Receiver. Gatekeepers control the flow and interpretation of messages. Includes feedback from receivers to gatekeepers. Example: News media filtering and delivering information to the public

13. 9 Crucial Components Environment (X), 2. Sensory experience (X¹), 3 Source/Sender (A), The object of the orientation of the source (X²), Receiver (B), The object of the orientation of the receiver (X³), Feedback (F), 8 Gatekeepers (C), and  9 Opinion leaders.

14. Barnlund’s Interactional Model Description: Builds on the transactional model with multiple senders and receivers. Key Points: Multiple communicators interact simultaneously. Message creation and interpretation are continuous processes. Emphasizes the complexity of communication in groups. Example: Social media interactions where many participants engage in real-time.

15. Transactional Models of Communication Transactional models are the most dynamic communication models, which first introduce a new term for senders and receivers — communicators.  Transactional communication models view communication as  a transaction , meaning that it is a cooperative process in which  communicators  co-create the process of communication, thereby influencing its outcome and effectiveness.  In other words, communicators create  shared meaning in a dynamic process . In other words, communication helps us  establish our realities .

16. Roles & Components Roles: Social, Relational, and Cultural contexts. Moreover, these models acknowledge that there are  barriers to effective communication  —  noise . Components: Encoding , Decoding ,   Communicators , The message , The channel , and   Noise .   

17. Barnlund’s Transactional Model Description: Views communication as a simultaneous, two-way process. Key Points: Communicators are simultaneously senders and receivers. Continuous feedback and context influence the process. Communication is dynamic and interactive. Example: A group discussion where participants constantly exchange roles.

18. Elements of Barnlund’s Transactional Model Encoding, Decoding,  Communicators, The message (including the cues, environment, and noise), and The channel.

19. So, Barnlund differentiates between: Public cues  (environmental cues), Private cues  (person’s personal thoughts and background), and Behavioral cues  (person’s behavior , that can be verbal and nonverbal).  All these cues, as well as the environment and noise, are part of the message. Each communicator’s reaction depends on their background, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs.  Barnlund’s transactional communication model example Face-to-face interactions,  Chat sessions ,  Telephone conversations,  Meetings , etc. 

20. Dance’s Helical Model Description: Represents communication as a spiral, continuous, and evolving process. Key Points: Communication evolves and grows over time. Past experiences influence current communication. Emphasizes the ongoing nature of communication. Example: Long-term relationships where communication develops and deepens.

21. Conclusion Thus, the most important models of communication are divided into 3 categories: Linear models  — Mainly used in marketing, sales, and PR, in communication with customers, these models view communication as a one-way process. Interactive models  — Used in internet-based and mediated communication, they refer to two-way communication with indirect feedback. Transactional models  — The most complex models of communication, which best reflect the communication process.

22. Activity Real-life applications of the models.