8 - Non Proliferation Regime.pptx

Detailed analysis of non proliferation treaty regime

1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation & Disarmament Regime “International initiatives to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons leading to their total elimination.” A regime of United Nations Security Council & Disarmament Machinery.

2. What is Proliferation? Horizontal Nuclear proliferation Vertical Nuclear proliferation

3. Horizontal nuclear proliferation Spread of weapons to states not currently possessing nuclear weapons Vertical nuclear proliferation Increase in number and destructiveness of nuclear weapons within a state already possessing them What is Prolifer a t i o n? Mostly applicable to nuclear weapons as biological and chemical weapons are banned.

4. W HAT IS DISA RMAMENT ? “It is the total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, through the prohibition on development, production and use and destruction of all such weapons.”

5. Why is Nuclear Disarmament & Non-proliferation a Priority?

6. 24,000 NUCLEAR WEAPONS Any single bomb can destroy any major city Estimated 24,000 nuclear warheads worldwide 5 NPT nuclear weapons states (China, France, Russia, UK, USA) 4 states outside the NPT (India, Israel, Pakistan, North Korea)

7. Estima ted Nuclear Weapons Locatio n 2009

8. Components of The Nuclear Non -Proliferation regime United Nations Security Council & Disarmament Machinery

9. Non-Proliferation Treaty The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT) : Is a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of Nuclear Weapons.

10. How it started?  Until the early 1960s, four nations (the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France) had acquired nuclear weapons.  In 1964, after China detonated a nuclear weapon.  In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373 (XXII), and in July 1968, the NPT opened for signature in Washington, DC, London and Moscow.  The NPT entered into force in March 1970.  The IAEA now safeguards Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

11. Non-Proliferation Treaty  Embodies the international community's efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons.  Fulfill the aspirations for global disarmament.  To also facilitate the cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy under safeguards.  Entails commitments by both nuclear-weapon and non- nuclear-weapon states.  Verification of compliance with nonproliferation undertakings through the application of safeguards that was conferred on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

12.  Encourages & assists research, development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world  Establishes & administers safeguards designed to ensure that the use of nuclear energy is not used for military purposes  Applies safeguards to relevant activities at the request of Member States  Applies mandatory comprehensive safeguards in NNWS to the NPT & other international treaties INTERNATIONA L ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)

13. Why are safeguards important? Prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Foster the beneficial uses of atomic energy. Provide confidence and build trust.

14. Bilateral treaties and agreements between Soviet Union and US       Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) – 1969 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) - 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 2) – 1979 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1) – 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 2) – 1993 Intermediate-Rang Nuclear Force Treaty (INF Treaty) – 1987

15. SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I  SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, started in November 1969.  Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABMS) and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.  Creation of more favourable conditions and relaxation of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States.  SALT I was brought to conclusion on May 26, 1972 and ABM treaty was signed by President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev

16. A nti - B allistic Missile Treaty (ABM T re a ty) Background An anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles. Soviet union introduced ABM systems which was followed by US. Due to economic, political and technological reasons Uncle got afraid and went for the treaty.

17. A nti - B allistic Missile Treaty (ABM T re a ty) Clauses – Deployed ABM systems were limited to two sites: -One around the national capital with no more than 100 ABM launchers and no more than 100 ABM interceptor missiles - The other, around ICBM launchers with no more than 100 ABM launchers, no more than 100 ABM interceptor missiles, two sites must be separated by no less than thirteen hundred kilometers

18. SALT II  Capped the number of strategic offensive nuclear missiles, limited the number of multiple-warhead missiles, froze the number of permitted delivery systems.  Signed in 1979 , it was adhered to by both parties throughout the 1980s.  Six months after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, the treaty was never formally ratified by the United States.  In 1986 US withdrew from SALT II after accusing the Soviets of violating the pact. Subsequent discussions took place START and CTBT.

19. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START I The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994 due to dissolution of Russia. Bans and limits the testing and development of ballistic missiles.

20. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START I The START I treaty expired 5 December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. President Obama and Russian President Medvedev. Following ratification it went into force on 26 January 2011.

21. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START II Signed January 3, 1993 by U.S. and Russia. Banned the use of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). On 14 June 2002, Russia withdrew from the treaty in response to U.S. withdrawal from ABM Treaty.

22. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF Treaty) Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987. Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range (between 500 and 5,500 km) and Shorter-Range Missiles. A total of 2,692 missiles (846 by U.S. and 1,846 by Soviet Union) were eliminated by mid-1991. In 2007, Russia withdrew from the treaty.

23. COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT)  Bans any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion in all environments for military and civilian purposes.  Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 September 1996 but not yet entered into force.  As of May 2010, 153 states have ratified the CTBT and another 29 states have signed but not yet ratified it.  China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel and the United States have signed but not yet ratified; India, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed. Indonesia has initiated the ratification process.

24. Nuclear Weapons Free Zone 116 states covered          Antarctic Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco) South Pacific (Rarotonga) South Asia (Bangkok) Africa (Pelindaba) Mongolia Central Asia Middle East South East Asia

25. Nuclear Weapons Free Zone States 10 6 km² l a nd Pop NWFZ 116 84 33% NWS 9 41.4 48% NPT only 6 8 2 4 19% Blue – Nuclear Weapon- Free Zones Red - NW states Yellow - NPT only   189 states are members of NPT except India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea. NWFZ bans whereas NPT limits the use, development and deployment of nuclear weapons in a given area.

26. Are Nuclear weapo ns still in production & being tested ?

27.  The 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty bans all explosive nuclear tests, but has not yet entered into force.  In May 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted a series of underground nuclear tests, but all of the NPT nuclear weapon states have refrained from conducting explosive nuclear tests pending entry into force of the CTBT. Are Nuclear weapons still in production & being tested ?

28. Thank You

29. Thank You