8. terminalia bellerica (barro)

Medicinal properties of plant terminalia bellerica(barro) which have
contain different chemical constituent and having differnt biological activity like Analgesic activity,Anti diarrhoeal activity, Antioxidant activity, Antihypertensive effect, Anti salmonella activity, Anti- Spasmodic and, Bronchodilatory properties, Anti-micobial activity, Antimicrobial and Toxicity studies, Wound healing activity

1. Shailendra shah
Department of pharmaceutical science,
Nobel college
Pokhara University
Terminalia bellerica (Barro)

2. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Overview
2 July 20182
1.Nomenclature
2.Biologicalsource
3.Habitat
4.Cultivationandcollection
5.Macroscopicandmicroscopiccharacter
6.References

3. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Introduction
2 July 20183
TerminaliabellericaisaspeciesofTerminaliathatgrows
onscatteredforests,sunnymountainslopes,oneofthe
upperlayertreesofstreamvalleysandlowerseasonal
rainforests,500-1400minthecountryBangladesh,
Bhutan,Cambodia,India,Indonesia,Laos,Malasiya,
Myanmar,Nepal,Srilanka,Thailand,Vietnam.Itisa
desiduoustreegrowing20-30mtall,withthickbrownish
greybarkhavingshallowlongitudinalfissure.

4. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Nomenclature
2 July 20184
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Angiosperm
Class:Dicotyledonae
Sub-class:Rosids
Order:Myrtales
Family:Combretaceae
Genus:Terminalia
Species:T.bellerica
Binomialname:Terminaliabellerica
Nepaliname:Barro

5. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Biological sources
2 July 20185
The biological sources of Terminalia bellerica are bark,
leaves and fruit.

6. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Habit and distribution
2 July 20186
Barroisperrenialdecidiouslargetreeupto30cminheight
commanlyfoundintropicalandsubtropicalzonesuptoan
altitudeof1500mwhichismainlydistributedinNepalIndia
andChina.ItisnativetotropicalAsia.Itiscommoninmixed
deciduousforests.Ithasaspreadinganddomeshapedcrown.
DistributioninNepal:
Itgrowsindecidousforestuptotheheightof1100m.
Foundinvarietyofsoilsclayaswellasshady.

7. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 20187
Cultivation
Light:The tree is strong light demander. It requires direct
light and cannot tolerate shade of cramped situation. The
young plants however appreciate a certain amount of
shade.
Soil type: It grows best on fertile, loam soils with good
drainage, however, it has performed reasonably well on
poor soils where the choice of tree species is limited.
Temperature: Average temperature ranging from 10-40⁰c
is suitable for its growth.
Moisture: The plant grows well on moist regions.
Altitude:upto 1500m.
Propagation:By fermentation of the seeds.

8. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Collection
2 July 20188
Fruits are collected from the time they begins to turn
yellow.
They are sun dried , avoiding wetting by rain and they
shrivel considerably during drying.
For the extraction of tannin and the preparation of
extracts the crushed are infused for 8-10 hours with
hot water in a series of vats.
The timber should be sawn when the wood is still
green.

9. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Macroscopic character
2 July 20189
Leaves:Leaves are large, glabrous, alternate, broadly
elliptic to obovate-elliptical 4-24cm * 2-11cm, base
rounded to cuneate, rufous-sericeous but soon
glabrescent, with 6-9 pairs of secondary veins. The leaf
have long petiole. Young leaves are copper red , soon
becoming parrot green, then dark green. The venation of
leaves is reticulate with prominent midrib.
Flower: They are solitary, small 3-15 cm long, greenish
white, simple, axillary spikes, calyx tube sericeous or
tomentulose; flowers appear along with new leaves and
have strong honey like smell.

10. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201810
Seed: The seed of Terminalia bellerica is ovoid. 5ridged
and very hard. There is one stone per fruit.
Fruit: The fruit of Terminalia bellerica is globose or
ovoid drupe. The fruit is subsessile, grey coloured
and velvety. It is 2.5 cm long and 2cm wide and it
contains one stone. The fruit is slightly 5 ridged when
dried.

11. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201811
Organoleptic properties:
Color: Green
Odor: offensive
Taste: Bitter, sour, astringent and sweet.

12. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Microscopic character
2 July 201812
T.Soffruit:Transversesectionofthefruitshowsepicarp
composedofalayerofepidermalcellstangentialwall
andupperportionofthethickradialwalls.Mesocarp,2or
3layerofcollenchymatouscellsfollowedbyazoneof
parenchymawithfibresandsclerieidsingreatvascular
bundles,scatteredfibres,simple-pittedwalls,porous
parenchymasclereidsshapesandsizes,mostly
elongated:tanninsandaggregatedcrystalsofcalcium
paenchyma;starchgrainssimpleroundedovalinshape
measuring2-7micrometerinsize.Endocarpconsistsof
thickwalledscleroidsofvariousshapesandsizes.
Fibres,sclerieidsandvessels,lignified.Testa,onelayer
oflargecubicalcells,followedbynetworkofreticulates
parenchymaandvessels;tegmenconsistsofcollapsed
parenchymafoldedandcontainingaleuronegrains,oil
globulesandsomerosetteaggregatecrystals.

13. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
2 July 201813
Powder microscopy:
Powder drugs show few fibres, vessels with simple
pits and group of scleroids. Powdered drug is
brownish in color, free flowing with granular
appearance.

14. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
TS of fruit
2 July 201814

15. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Traditional uses
2 July 201815
Fruitsarelaxative,astringent,anthelminticandantipyretic;
usefulinhepatitis,bronchitis,asthma,dyspepsia,piles,
diarrhoea,coughs,hoarsenessofvoice,eyediseasesand
scorpion-sting;usedasahairtonic.
Decoctionofthegreenfruitisusedforcough.Pulpofthefruitis
usefulindysenteric-diarrhoea,dropsy,pilesandleprosy.Half
ripefruitisusedaspurgative.Kernelofthefruitisnarcotic.
FruitsareusedinmenstrualdisorderinKhagrachari.
Seedoilisusedinrheumatism.Gumofthebarkisdemulcent
andpurgative.Thetriterpenoidpresentinthefruitspossess
significantantimicrobialactivity.Kerneloilhaspurgativeaction
anditsprolongedusewaswelltoleratedinmice.

16. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201816
Fruitpowderistakenwithwatertocurecoughindhading
district.
Seedsareboiled,dried,pulverizedandsmokedbyTharusof
Chitwandistrict.
FruitPulpisusedinchronicdiarrhea,dysenteryflatulence,
vomitingnadurinarydisorderatPalpadistrict.
PowderedfruitisusedbytheLimbu’sofMorangdistrictin
ulcer.

17. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Modern Medicinal Uses
2 July 201817
Central nervous system: improves vision and nourish brain and
nerves.
Respiratory system: it is used in Dyspnea, asthma and
whooping cough
Digestive system: is used in constipation, abdominal pain and
distention, foul feces and breath, Flatulence, weakness and
slow pulse.
Skin: A fine paste of powder may be applied on burns and
scalds.

18. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Phytoconstituents
2 July 201818
Glycoside(bellericanin),Gallo-tannicacid,Coloring
matter,resinsandagreenishyellowoil.Ellagicacid,
gallicacid,lignans(termilignanandthannilignan),7-
hydroxy3’4’(methylenedioxy)flavoneandanolignanB.
Tannins,ellagicacid,ethylgallate,galloylglucoseand
chebulagicacid,phyllemblin,β-sitosterol,mannitol,
glucose,fructoseandrhamnose.

19. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Cont.
Gallgic acid Ethyl gallate
2 July 201819

20. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Chebulagic acid Tannic acid
2 July 201820

21. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pharmacological effects
2 July 201821
Analgesic activity
Anti diarrhoeal activity
Antioxidant activity
Antihypertensive effect
Anti salmonella activity
Anti-Spasmodic and
Bronchodilatory
properties
Anti-micobial activity
Antimicrobial and Toxicity
studies
Wound healing activity
Immmunological activity
Acute and sub acute
toxicities
Immune response in vitro
Hepatoprotective activity
Antibiofilm Activity
Antiulcer activity
Antipyretic activity
Antimutagenic actvity
Antithrombotic and
thrombolytic activity

22. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201822
Analgesic:ThecrudeextractofTerminaliabellericacontain
analgesicactivityatthedoserangeof300-1000mg/kg
inhibitedthecastoroilinducedintestinalfluidsecretionin
mice.Theextractalsodose-dependently(50-100mg/kg)
whereitreducedthenumbersofaceticacid-mediatedinmice.
TheseresultsindicatethatTBexhibitantisecretoryand
antinociceptiveeffects,hencejustifyingitsmedicinalusein
diarrheaandpain.(KhanAUetal2008)
Antidiarrhealactivity:TheAntidiarrhoealactivitywas
perfomedusingCastoroilinduceddiarrhea.Aqueousand
ethanolicextractoffruitpulpofTerminaliabellericaatthe
dosesof334mg/kg,200mg/kg,143mg/kgwereused.

23. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201823
AntihypertensiveEffect:AfteradministrationofTerminalia
bellerica,theyobservedthatfallinthearterialBPofrats
underanaesthesia.Inisolatedguinea-pigatria,inhibitionof
forceandrateofatrialcontractionsnoted.Inrabbitthoracic
aorta,relaxationwasobservedaftertheinductionof
contractionswhichwasinducedbyphenylephrine.

24. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201824
Antimicrobialstudy:TheAqueousextractofdryfruitat4mg
concentrationshowedhighestzoneofinhibitionagainst
S.aureus.Thesepathogenswerehighlysensitivetothe
methanolextractalsoexceptE.coli(enteropathogen)andP.
aeruginosa.Terminaliabellericadryfruitpossessespotential
broadspectrumantimicrobialactivity.
AntimicrobialandToxicityStudies:Thecrudemethanolic
extractofthefruitsofTerminaliabellericaRoxbalongwithits
variousorganicfractionselicitedbothinvitroandinvivo
antioxidantactivityaswellasantibacterialactivity.Total
antioxidantactivity,scavengingfreeradical,authentic
peroxynitriteandreducingpowerassessmentwereperformed.

25. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201825
Antioxidantactivity:Thecrudeaqueousextractofthefruits
ofTerminaliabellericaRoxbhaveantioxidantproperties
sincethesecontainsenzymaticandnon–enzymatic
antioxidants,thesecanbeveryeffectiveagainstmicrobes
causingvariousdiseases.Invitroassessmentofthe
antioxidantactivityofethanolicfractionsofboththeseplants
toscavenge2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)and
highlyreactivehydroxylradicalsshowedthatthesemipure
compoundspresentinthefractionsareusefulpotential
sourceofantioxidantsandcanbeusedinthetherapyof
diseaseslikecancer,coronaryheartdisease,ageingand
anyotherdiseaserelatedtooxidativestress.Thesefractions
beingnon-toxicshowedsignificantantioxidantactivityat
scavengingfreeradicalsdamage.

26. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201826
Woundhealingactivity:ThepasteofTerminaliabellerica
Roxbhaveproperefficacyonwoundhealing.Herbalpaste
preparationshowedsignificantimprovementonmaturation,
woundcontractionandepithelialization.
Immunologicalactivity:T.bellericaextractaffectedTcell
proliferationmainlythroughthesamemechanismasPHA.
TheextractwithLPSandPWMalsoaffectedBcell
proliferationthroughTcell-independentandTcelldependent
mechanismsrespectively.Theresultsindicatedthatthe
extractaffectedcellularmediatedimmunity(CMI)ratherthan
humoralmediatedimmunity(HMI).

27. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201827
AcuteandSub-acuteToxicity:Singleoraladministrationof
theethanolicextractofT.belericaatadoseof5,000mg/kg
didnotproduceanytoxicity.Insub-acutetoxicity,repeated
administrationof1,000mg/kgofT.bellericaover14daysdid
notcausechangesintermsofgeneralbehaviors,mortality,
weightgain,hematologicalorclinicalbloodchemistry
parameters.Theresultsofhistologicalexaminationsshowed
normalappearanceoftheinternalorganswhencomparedto
thoseofthecontrolgroup.
ImmuneresponseInvitro:InvitroPhagocyticactivityand
lymphocyteproliferationassaywerecarriedoutin
methanolicextractofonthemouseimmunesystem.Inboth
assay,stimulationofmacrophagephagocytosisandmaximal
activationofphytohemagglutininwereobserved.

28. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201828
Hepatoprotectiveactivity:Treatmentwithextract(200,400
and800mg/kg,p.o.)andgallicacid(50,100and200mg/kg,
p.o.)showeddose-dependentrecoveryinbiochemical
parameterssuchasSGOT,SGPTandlipidperoxidase,
glutathionebuttheeffectwasmorepronouncedwithgallic
acid.
AntibiofilmActivity:Theethanolicextractofaplant
Terminaliabellerica(commonname=Baheda)wastested
foritsantimicrobialactivityagainsttheoralplaqueforming
bacteriaStreptococcusmutans.Itwasfoundthattheextract
fromTerminaliabellericashowedstrongactivityagainst
Streptococcusmutans.Theextractalsopreventsthe
formationofbiofilmbythebacteria.

29. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201829
AntiulcerActivity:Theanti-ulceractivityofethanolicextract
ofTerminaliabellerica(Combretaceae)fruitsETBwas
investigatedinpylorusligationandethanolinducedulcer
modelsinwistarrats.ETBatdosesof250-500mg/kgorally
producedsignificantinhibitionofthegastriclesionsinduced
byPylorusligationinducedulcer&Ethanolinducedgastric
ulcer.Theextract(250mg/kg&500mg/kg)showed
significantreductioninfreeacidityandulcerindexas
comparedtocontrol.
Antithromboticandthrombolyticactivity:Aninvitro
modelwasusedtochecktheclotlysisandantithrombotic
effectofTerminaliabellericafruitsalongwithStreptokinase
asapositivecontrol.

30. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201830
Antipyretic Activity: The antipyretic activity of ethanolic and
aqueous extracts of Terminalia bellirica fruits (200 mg/kg,
p.o.) was studied in brewer's yeast-induced fever models in
mice and rats. Both extracts showed a significant inhibition
of elevated body temperature when compared to
corresponding control.
AntimutagenicActivity:Water,acetone,andchloroform
extractsofTerminaliabellericawereexaminedfortheir
antimutagenic potency using the Ames
Salmonella/microsomeassay.Acetoneextractexhibited
variableinhibitoryactivityof65.6%,and69.7%with4-
Onitrophenylenediamine(NPD)andsodiumazide,
respectively(asdirect-actingmutagens),and81.4%with2-
aminofluorene(2AF)(anS9-dependentmutagen),inthe
preincubationmodeofexperimentation.

31. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pharmacopieal standard
2 July 201831
Foreign matter: not more than 2%
Total ash: not more than 7%
Acid insoluble ash: not more than 1%
Alcohol insoluble ash : not more than 8%
Water soluble extractive: not more than 35%

32. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Formulations
2 July 201832
Indian Ayurvedic formulation Triphalaused for
treatment of digestive and respiratory disease.
Bibhitaki powder which is used for hair, throat and
eyes related problems

33. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201833
Adverse reaction: no information noted
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity or allergy to the
plant material and in pregnancy.

34. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
References
2 July 201834
1.Terminalia bellirica
URL-1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica
(accessed on 12th June 2018)
URL-2: http://www.pitchandikulam-
herbarium.org/contents/description-habit.php?id=50
(accessed on 12
th
june 2018)
2. Deb A, Barua S, Dr Das B(2016) Pharmacological
activities of Terminalia berellica: A review. Journal of
pharmacognosy and phytochemistry pp(194-197)

35. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
2 July 201835