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1. Altruism and Aggression
Chapter 8

2. 2
Class Exercise & Discussion
List three occasions when you helped
another person.
What were your motives for helping the
person on each occasion?

3. HELPING and ALTRUISM
1. Motivation to Help Others
2. Characteristics of Needy -> Helping
3. Normative Factors
4. Personal and Situational Factors
5. Bystander Intervention in Emergencies
6. Seeking and Receiving Help

4. 1. Motivation to Help Others
Prosocial behavior(Broad category)
Beneficial to others
Positive social consequences

5. 1. Motivation to Help Others
1. Helping
Behavior intended to benefit
another
Does not address helper benefit
2. Altruism
Voluntary help for others
No expectation of reward

6. What is Altruism?
From Latin word alter–meaning “other”
Altruism –means “living for others”
Key component –Selflessness
Ignored as area of study until the mid-20
th
century
Even though AugusteComtecoined the term
100 years prior

7. Motivation to Help Others
3. Egoism
Rewards for helping
Costs of helping & not helping
Distress

8. Motivation to Help Others
4. Genuine concern for others
Empathy
5. Evolved trait
Survival of genes
Reciprocation

9. Egoism & Cost-Reward Motivation
Costs for Helping
Time
Danger
Expenditure of effort
Costs for Not Helping
Public disapproval
Loss of face
Embarrassment

10. Egoism & Cost-Reward Motivation
Rewards:
Thanks
Admiration
Financial rewards
Recognition of competence

11. Altruism and Empathetic Concern
Empathy-altruism model
Two states of emotional arousal
witnessing another’s suffering
1. Distress: Shock, alarm, worry, upset
2. Empathy: Compassion, concern, warmth,
and tenderness
Empathy heightened
Victim similar to self

12. 12
Evolution and Helping
Evolutionary Theory:
Genetic trait that helps individuals survive
will be passed on to next generation
Can also explain selfish or aggressive
behavior
Sociobiology:
Related to “survival of the fittest”
Most likely to help those closely related to us
Reciprocity from non-relatives

13. 2. Characteristics of Needy that
foster Helping
1. Acquaintanceship
2. Liking
3. Similarity
4. Deservingness

14. 3. Normative Factors in Helping
Outsidersshould ‘mind their own
business’
Norm of Responsibility
Norm of Reciprocity
Personal Norms
Role Behavior

15. 11/27 4. Personal & Situational
Factors
Modeling Effects
What actions are possible
Gender Differences
Depends on situation
Good and Bad Moods
Good mood encourages helping
Guilt
If feel responsible

16. Bystander Intervention in
Emergency Situations
1. Notice something is happening
2. Interpret as an emergency
3. Assume responsibility
4. Know appropriate assistance
5. Implement assistance

17. The Bystander Effect
In emergency situations
Potential helpers
Influenced by relationship with other
bystanders
Bystander effect:
As number of bystanders increases,
likelihood that any one bystander will
help a victim decreases

18. Understanding the Bystander
Effect
Evaluation apprehension
Concern about what others expect
How others evaluate their behavior
Diffusion of responsibility
Someone else will help
How to get emergency help!!!

19. Costs of Emergency Intervention
Arousal/cost-reward model
Needs of the victim
Their own needs & goals
Decide if helping is too costly

20. 6. Seeking & Receiving Help
Help & Obligation
Norm of self-reliance
Resent too much help
Threats to Self-Esteem
Implies weaknesses