9th Biology - Chapter 2 Tissues.pptx

CBSE class 9

1. Plant vs animals tissues Difference in requirements of plants and animals 1) Movement: Plants are stationary or fixed – they don’t move. Since they have to be upright, they have a large quantity of supportive tissue. The supportive tissue generally has dead cells. Animals on the other hand move around in search of food, mates and shelter. They consume more energy as compared to plants. Most of the tissues they contain are living. 2) Pattern of Growth: The growth in plants is limited to certain regions, while this is not so in animals. There are some tissues in plants that divide throughout their life. These tissues are localised in certain regions. Based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as growing or meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Cell growth in animals is more uniform. So, there is no such demarcation of dividing and nondividing regions in animals. 3) The structural organisation of organs and organ systems: is far more specialised and localised in complex animals than even in very complex plants. This results in: the different modes of life pursued by these two major groups of organisms, particularly in their different feeding methods. differently adapted for a sedentary existence on one hand (plants) and active locomotion on the other (animals),

2. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Plant Tissue Plant Tissue Permanent Tissue Meristematic Tissue Apical Intercalary Simple Complex Lateral

3. Plant tissue The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions which contain dividing tissue, also known as meristematic tissue. Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary. New cells produced by meristem are initially like those of meristem itself, but as they grow and mature, slowly change and become differentiated as components of other tissues.

4. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Plant Tissue Permanent Tissue Complex Simple Phloem Xylem Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sieve tubes Companion tubes Phloem parenchyma Phloem fibres Vessels Tracheids Xylem parenchyma Xylem Sclerenchyma

5. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Animal Tissue Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular Squamous Cuboidal Glandular Ciliated Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

6. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Connective Tissue Areolar Adipose Skeletal Tendon Ligament Cartilage Bone Fluid Blood Lymph Loose Dense

7. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Tissue: ★ Definition: Group of cells of similar structure combined together to perform a specific function forms a tissue. ★ Importance of tissues: Causes division of labour in multicellular organisms. Decreases workload on individual cells. Leads to organisation. Cells Tissues Organ Organ system Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism

8. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Meristematic Tissues Occurrence - Growing regions of plant (Root, Shoot, etc). Shape - Spherical, oval or rectangular. Intercellular spaces are absent. Vacuoles absent. Active cells. Cytoplasm Dense Cell wall Cellulose Nuclei Prominent Cell division. Types of Meristematic Tissue

9. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Meristematic Tissue Apical meristem Present at shoot and root apex (tips) . Increases length of root and stem. Lateral meristem Present beneath the bark. Increases girth of root or stem. Intercalary meristem Present at the base of leaves or internodes. Increases length of organ (leaves and internodes). Meristematic Growth

10. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Plant Tissue Permanent Tissue Complex Simple Phloem Xylem Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sieve tubes Companion tubes Phloem parenchyma Phloem fibres Vessels Tracheids Xylem parenchyma Xylem Sclerenchyma

11. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Permanent Tissue Cells lose the ability to divide. Take up a specific role. Thus, are permanent. Differentiation - Process of taking up permanent shape, size and function. Structure: Large central vacuole Cell wall is thin/thick Functions: Protection Support Storage Photosynthesis

12. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Permanent Tissue Permanent Tissues Simple Complex - Parenchyma Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

13. Simple Permanent Tissue: Cells are structurally and functionally similar i.e. one type cells.

14. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma Tissue Occurrence: Stem, roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Cell structure: Thin cell wall Round polygonal or elongated in shape Intercellular spaces are present Functions: Food storage tissue In some cases It contains Chlorophyll, thus called Chlorenchyma. When loosely packed; Intercellular spaces are present called Aerenchyma. Aerenchyma provides Buoyancy to parts and helps them to float. Parenchyma White Lily

15. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Permanent Tissue: Collenchyma Occurrence: In leaf stalks and stem of dicots Structure of cells: Living Elongated Irregularly thickened at the corners Very little intercellular space Functions: Mechanical tissue Provides mechanical strength Provides flexibility Allowed bending of parts E.g. Tendrils and stems of climbers Collenchyma Tendrils

16. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Permanent Tissue: Sclerenchyma Occurrence: In stems around vascular bundles In veins of leaves Hard covering of seeds and nuts E.g. Husk of coconut Structure: Long and narrow Wall are thickened by lignin Cell cavity is absent due to excessive thickness Intercellular spaces absent Cells are dead Functions: Provides strength to plant cells Provides protection Coconut Husk Dry fruits

17. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Protective Tissue Protective Tissues Epidermis Cork

18. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Protective Tissue: Epidermis Structure: Made of single layer of cells Cells are elongated, flat No intercellular spaces Occurrence: Outermost layer of all the plant parts E.g. Leaves, flowers, stem and roots

19. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Protective Tissue: Epidermis Functions: Protects all parts of plants Plants of dry habitats have thicker epidermis Prevents water loss Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plants secrete waxy secretions Waxy secretions Prevent Water loss Injury Fungi infection Plants growing in desert have cuticle Layer of cutin is called cuticle Cutin is waxy materials and water resistant

20. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Protective Tissue: Epidermis Functions: Cuticle aids in protection against water loss, injury and invasion by fungi Epidermal cells of the roots forms hair like structure Long hair like parts increase absorption surface area of roots In leaves, Epidermal cells form Stomata Stomata are guarded by guard cells Guard cells are Kidney shaped Guard cells regulate gaseous exchange Guard cells

21. Epidermis Outermost layer of all plant cells. Consists of single layer of cells Epidermis of plants in dry habitats: They secrete waxy secretions made of cutin . Thus its called the cuticle. Helps prevent water loss, injury and fungal infections; Epidermis of roots: Have elongated root hairs. They help increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals. Epidermis of leaves: Have stomata surrounded by guard cells. Guard cells are kidney shaped, and help regulate gas exchcange

22. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Protective Tissue: Cork Structure: External protective tissue Dead Compactly arranged cells Intercellular spaces absent Walls have suberin Occurrence: Substitute Epidermal cells in mature roots and shoots Function: Protection to mature roots and shoots Suberin regulates gaseous exchange and water passage Protective tissue

23. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Complex Permanent Tissue Made up of more than one type of cells. Cells coordinate to perform common function. Functions: Transport water, minerals and food materials Types: Xylem Vascular Tissues Phloem Complex permanent tissue - Xylem Conducting tissue Conducts water and minerals from Roots Shoot

24. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Types of Tissue: Complex Permanent Tissue Xylem Tracheids Xylem sclerenchyma Xylem parenchyma Vessel Tube like Elongated cells Tapering ends Conduc t water through pits Lignified wall-dead Tube like End to end arrangemen t of cells Conduct water Lignified wall-dead Stores food Living Provides strength Lignified wall-dead

25. Xylem tissue

26. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Phloem Sieve tubes Phloem sclerenchyma Phloem parenchyma Companion cells Tube like structures Thin walled cells Cells are placed one above the other End wall is porous Sieve plate is present Associate d with Sieve tubes Thin walled cells Livin g cells Stor e food Lateral conductio n of food Dead cells Thic k walled cells Provide mechanical strength

27. Xylem Tissue

28. Review

29. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Animal Tissue Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular Squamous Cuboidal Glandular Ciliated Skeletal Smooth Cardiac C-MEN

30. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Connective Tissue Areolar Adipose Skeletal Tendon Ligament Cartilage Bone Fluid Blood Lymph Loose Dense

31. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Animal Tissue Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular Squamous Cuboidal Glandular Ciliated Skeletal Smooth Cardiac C-MEN

32. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue Characteristics: Covering or protective tissues in animal body. Epithelial cells are tightly packed. Cells form continuous sheet. Very little/No intercellular spaces. All Epithelial tissues are separated by others through Basement membrane. Function: Protection to body from injury, infection or damage. Location: lining of mouth , blood vessels, alimentary canal , alveoli, kidney tubules etc Absorption Eliminate Water and nutrients Waste Epithelial Tissue

33. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: Squamous Epithelial Tissue Structure: Cell are extremely thin Cell are flat Irregularly shaped Types: Simple Squamous Tissue Stratified Squamous Tissue Single layer of cells Cells are arranged in layers Forms delicate lining Prevent wear and tear E.g. Mouth and Oesophagus E.g. Skin

34. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: Columnar Epithelial Tissue Columnar epithelial cells Tall , pillar like cells Facilitate movement accorss the epithelial barrier Found where absorption and secretion occurs. Example: Inner lining of intestines Ciliated Columnar epithelial cells : Columnar epithelial cells in respiratory tract also have cilia. Their movement helps in clearing the mucus out

35. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Structure: Cube like cells Tall = wide Occurrence: E.g. sweat glands Salivar y glands Thyroi d glands Lining of kidney tubules Function: Absorption Secretion Protection Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

36. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: Columnar Epithelial Tissue Structure: Pillar like cells Tall ＞ wide Occurrence: Lining of intestine Lining of stomach, gallbladder Function: Absorption Secretion Protection Columnar Epithelial Tissue

37. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: Ciliated Epithelial Tissue Structure: Cuboidal or columnar cells Cells have Cilia on free surface Cilia-hair like projections Cilia facilitates movements Occurrence: Respiratory tract Urinary tubules of Kidney Fallopian tubes Function: Movement of mucus, urine, egg etc through rhythmic beating of cilia

38. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Introduction: Animal Tissue Animal Tissue Epithelial Nervous Connective Muscular Squamous Cuboidal Glandular Ciliated Skeletal Smooth Cardiac C-MEN

39. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Muscle Tissue/Muscular tissue Characteristics Composed of Muscle cells or Muscle fibres Muscle fibres are elongated and large sized Contractile proteins are present in fibres Contraction and Relaxation Contractile proteins Movement of body

40. Types of Muscle Tissue Types Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle) Smoot h muscle Cardia c muscle

41. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Muscular Tissue: Skeletal Muscles – Voluntary Muscles Characteristics Muscle fibres are elongated and cylindrical Fast in nature Unbranched Each cell is multinucleated Many nuclei Striations are present - Alternate dark and light bands Easily fatigue Other Names Attached to skeletal - Skeleton Muscles Striations are present - Striated Muscles Are under the control of our will - Voluntary Muscles Functions Helps in body movement Maintains postures Tongue Body triceps Skeletal muscle fibre

42. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Muscular Tissue: Smooth Muscles/Visceral Muscles - Involuntary muscles Characteristics Fibres are spindle shaped/fusiform i.e. (pointed at ends/tapering ends) Single and centrally located nucleus in each cell Striations are absent Unbranched Slow Do not fatigue Other Names Found in visceral organs - Visceral muscles Striations are absent - Unstriated muscles Not under the control of our will - Involuntary muscle Functions Peristalsis Smooth muscle fibres

43. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Muscular Tissue: Smooth Muscles/Visceral Muscles Intestine Blood vessels Stomach Uterus Bronchi Iris

44. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Muscular Tissue: Cardiac Muscles Characteristics : Fibres are cylindrical in shape Each fibre is uninucleated Fibres are branched Striations are present Do not fatigue Other names : Cardiac muscle: Only present in heart Striated: Striations are present Not under control of our will: Involuntary muscles Functions : Perform contraction and relaxation in wall of heart This help to pump and distribute blood to body Cardiac muscle fibres

45. Elongated, Cylindrical, unbranched Multinucleate central Spindle shaped, fusiform, unbranched uninucleate Central Cylindrical, branched uninucleate

46. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Connective Tissue Connects various body parts Prevents organ from getting displaced by body movements Acts like binding, supporting and packing material Cells are loosely spaced Cell are embedded in an intercellular matrix Matrix may be jelly, fluid, dense or rigid Bone to Bone Muscle to Bone

47. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Connective Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Loose-Connective tissue Dens e Connective tissue Ligaments Tendons

48. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Areolar Connective Tissue: Loose-Connective Tissue Structure: Cells + Loose gel like matrix Occurrence : Between skin and muscles Around blood vessels and nerves In bone marrow In space inside organs Function : Connects skin + muscles Fills the space inside the organs Supports internal organs Helps in repair of tissues Loose-Connective Tissue

49. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Areolar Connective Tissue: Dense Connective Tissue Tendons Fibrous tissue Great strength Limited flexibility Connect muscles to bones Ligaments Considerable strength Little matrix is present Connect bones with bones Bone to Bone Muscle to Bone

50. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Connective Tissue: Adipose Connective Tissue Structure : Aggregation of fat cells Cells are rounded/oval Cell contains large fat droplet Occurrence : Below skin Between the internal organs Function : Prevents body from mechanical shocks Fat reservation Act as an insulation I.e. poor conduction of heat and less heat loss from body Temperature regulation Adipose Connective Tissue

51. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Connective Tissue: Skeletal Connective Tissue Skeletal Tissue Cartilage Bones

52. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Skeleton Connective Tissue: Cartilage Nature : Widely spaced out cells Extensive matrix - protein and sugars Matrix is slightly elastic Cartilage is flexible Occurrence : Ear pinnae, nose tip, trachea, larynx Smoothens bone surfaces at joints Function : Support and flexibility to body parts Cartilage

53. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Skeleton Connective Tissue: Bones Nature : Very strong Non flexible Hard and rigid Bone cells are embedded in hard matrix Matrix is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds Funcio n : Forms a framework Supports the body Provides shape to body Protects vital body organs like brain, lungs etc Bones

54. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Connective Tissue: Fluid Connective Tissue Connects different parts of body Maintains a continuity in the body Fluid Tissue Blood Lymph

55. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood Structure Fluid connective tissue Composed to blood cells/blood corpuscles Blood cells move in liquid matrix blood plasma Blood cells are of three types: RBC, WBC and Platelets Plasma contains proteins, salts, hormones Function Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials Blood

56. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph Structure Colourless fluid RBC’s and blood proteins are absent

57. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue

58. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Nervous System Nervous System

59. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Neuron Tree

60. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Structure of Nervous Tissue: Composed to neurons/nerve cells Each neuron has cyton, dendrites, axon and axon terminals Cyton/cell body - Central nucleus - Cytoplasm has Nissl’s granules Dendrites - Short branched process Axon - Single long process Individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long. Neuron

61. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Occurrence Brain, Spinal cord and Nerves. Functions Sense stimuli Touch Smell Taste Hearing Sight Sending impulses across the body through electrical signals Reflex action

62. CLASS 9 th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - TISSUES Animal Tissue: Nervous Tissue Transmission of Message through Neurons