9th- Why Do We Fall Ill - Cbse - Biology

Why Do We Fall Ill

1. TOPIC TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES

2. LEARNING OUTCOME To study in detail about diseases, pathogens and Immunity terminologies To look into principles of treatment, Inflammation, Antibiotics and Anti-viral drugs To elaborate on preventive measures, Vaccination and Immunization

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Why prevention is better than cure?

4. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Diseases are transmitted from one person to another from an animal to human.

5. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

6. WHY DO WE FALL ILL In both the cases, both the diseased human as well as the animal act as hosts carrying the pathogens that cause the disease.

7. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Example: You can catch a cold if you come into to contact with a person already suffering from it.

8. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Example: A mosquito biting a malarial patient can pass on the pathogen into a healthy human causing the disease to spread.

9. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

10. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens Agents which causes infectious diseases are called pathogens.

11. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens Pathogens are broadly classified into bacteria, virus, and fungi.

12. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens They are commonly transmitted by food or water. Example, Salmonella is commonly found in partially cooked eggs or chicken.

13. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

14. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens AIDS can be spread during pregnancy or through breast milk from infected mother to child.

15. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

16. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens Airborne pathogens are transmitted by air and travel via the nose (mucus) and throat (saliva). Example, viruses that cause cold.

17. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

18. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens Vector-borne pathogens are transmitted by insects, birds or animals that act as hosts for the pathogen.

19. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

20. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Pathogens Example, Mosquitoes are the most common vectors and spread diseases like dengue, malaria, filarial and Japanese encephalitis.

21. WHY DO WE FALL ILL IMMUNITY

22. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Immunity Immunity is the biological defence systems that fight infection and disease, tolerate allergies and autoimmune diseases in multicellular organisms. 

23. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Immunity  The immune system is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body.

24. LEARNING OUTCOME To study in detail about diseases, pathogens and Immunity terminologies To look into principles of treatment, Inflammation, Antibiotics and Anti-viral drugs To elaborate on preventive measures, Vaccination and Immunization

25. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Principles of Treatment

26. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Principles of Treatment There are two ways to treat on infectious disease:

27. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Reduce the effects of the disease The effects of a disease can be reduced by identifying symptoms, taking relevant medicines and resting to allow the body to heal.  

28. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Treating the root cause of the disease Treating the symptoms will not cure you of a disease.

29. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Treating the root cause of the disease To cure the body completely of the disease needs to focus on killing the microbes that originally caused the infection.  

30. WHY DO WE FALL ILL INFLAMMATION

31. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Inflammation The symptoms are usually caused by inflammation.

32. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Inflammation Inflammation is the process by which the active immune system recruits cells to fight infections that are killing the pathogens in the diseased area.

33. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Antibiotics To kill microbes that cause diseases like bacteria or virus, the medicine needs to target their biochemical life process, that is, the medicine while targeting the cells of the microbe should not attack the cells of the diseased human.

34. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Antibiotics

35. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Antibiotics The drugs that kill the cells of a bacteria and hence an infection are called antibiotics.

36. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

37. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Antibiotics Example, A bacterium has a cell wall and the penicillin blocks the cell wall formation in bacteria.

38. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Antibiotics Example, Since humans do not have a cell wall, penicillin can act on bacteria without affecting human cells. This is how antibiotics act on microbes.

39. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Anti-viral drugs

40. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Anti-viral drugs An antibiotic which blocks bacterial biochemical pathway is ineffective on a virus because they have different metabolic processes and biological pathways.

41. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Anti-viral drugs Viruses use human cells for their life processes as they do not have biochemical mechanisms in their body.

42. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Anti-viral drugs Therefore it is difficult to make drugs that will target viruses, as human cells also get killed in the process.

43. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Anti-viral drugs Medicines or drugs used to kill viruses are called anti-viral drugs.

44. LEARNING OUTCOME To study in detail about diseases, pathogens and Immunity terminologies To look into principles of treatment, Inflammation, Antibiotics and Anti-viral drugs To elaborate on preventive measures, Vaccination and Immunization

45. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Why is prevention better than cure ?

46. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Why is prevention better than cure ? A disease can make a person weak and bedridden for a long time.

47. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Why is prevention better than cure ? It can affect and damage body functions.

48. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Why is prevention better than cure ? It can spread from one person to another.

49. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Why is prevention better than cure ? It can affect the mental health of the patient as well as caregivers.

50. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Ways to Prevent a Disease :

51. WHY DO WE FALL ILL General Methods   Proper sanitation, disposal of garbage, preventing flies and mosquitoes from breeding

52. WHY DO WE FALL ILL General Methods   Healthy habits like washing hands, covering food items and drinking boiled water

53. GENERAL METHODS PUBLIC HYGIENE

54. WHY DO WE FALL ILL General Methods   Isolation and quarantine of a sick person

55. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Specific Methods Natural Immunity

56. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Specific Methods Natural Immunity WBCs present in our blood produces antibodies to fight against disease-causing microbes or antigens. Each antibody can fight only a specific antigen.

57. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Specific Methods Natural Immunity The specialty is that once an antibody is produced against an antigen, it can be produced instantly at the time of another invasion by the same antigen.

58. WHY DO WE FALL ILL VACCINATION

59. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Vaccination The weakened form of a microbe introduced into our body by inoculation or vaccination is called a vaccine.

60. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Vaccination A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease after inoculation.

61. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Vaccination Vaccination plays a major role in the prevention of diseases.

62. WHY DO WE FALL ILL IMMUNIZATION

63. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Immunization Immunization is the protection of individuals from communicable diseases by administration of a suspension of dead micro-organisms.

64. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Immunization Our bodies may become immune to some diseases due to exposure to a certain microbe. Example,  Most children in India are immune to hepatitis A.

65. WHY DO WE FALL ILL

66. WHY DO WE FALL ILL Immunization It is important to follow public health programmes of childhood immunization to prevent infectious diseases.

67. LEARNING OUTCOME To study in detail about diseases, pathogens and Immunity terminologies To look into principles of treatment, Inflammation, Antibiotics and Anti-viral drugs To elaborate on preventive measures, Vaccination and Immunization

68. WHITEBOARD