a powerpoint presentation on vaccines and types

vaccines types and more

1. VACCINEVACCINE
Active vs. Passive ImmunizationActive vs. Passive Immunization
Designing VaccinesDesigning Vaccines
Whole-Organism VaccinesWhole-Organism Vaccines
Purified Macromolecules as VaccinesPurified Macromolecules as Vaccines
Recombinant-Vector VaccinesRecombinant-Vector Vaccines
DNA VaccinesDNA Vaccines
Synthetic-Peptide VaccinesSynthetic-Peptide Vaccines
Mulvivalent Subunit VaccinesMulvivalent Subunit Vaccines

2. Two Types of ImmunizationTwo Types of Immunization
Passive ImmunizationPassive Immunization
–Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies, Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies,
antitoxins, and immune globulinsantitoxins, and immune globulins
–Protection transferred from another person or animalProtection transferred from another person or animal
Active ImmunizationActive Immunization
–Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines (many Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines (many
types), and toxoidstypes), and toxoids
–Relatively permanentRelatively permanent

3. Acquisition of Passive and Active Acquisition of Passive and Active
ImmunityImmunity

4. Passive ImmunizationPassive Immunization
Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta to Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta to
fetusfetus

Injection with preformed antibodies Injection with preformed antibodies
–Human or animal antibodies can be usedHuman or animal antibodies can be used
–Injection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccinesInjection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccines
Effects are only temporaryEffects are only temporary

5. Conditions Warranting Passive Conditions Warranting Passive
ImmunizationImmunization
1.1.Deficiency in synthesis of Ab as a result of congenital or acquired Deficiency in synthesis of Ab as a result of congenital or acquired
B-cell defectsB-cell defects
2.2.Susceptible person is exposed to a disease that will cause Susceptible person is exposed to a disease that will cause
immediate complications (time is the biggest issue)immediate complications (time is the biggest issue)
3.3.Disease is already presentDisease is already present

6. Common Agents For Passive Common Agents For Passive
ImmunizationImmunization

7. The Immune System and Passive The Immune System and Passive
ImmunizationImmunization
The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune systemThe transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune system
There is NO presence of memory cellsThere is NO presence of memory cells
Risks are includedRisks are included
Recognition of the immunoglobulin epitope by self immunoglobluin paratopes Recognition of the immunoglobulin epitope by self immunoglobluin paratopes
Some individuals produce IgE molecules specific for passive antibody, leading Some individuals produce IgE molecules specific for passive antibody, leading
to mast cell degranulationto mast cell degranulation
Some individuals produce IgG or IgM molecules specific for passive antibody, Some individuals produce IgG or IgM molecules specific for passive antibody,
leading to hypersensitive reactionsleading to hypersensitive reactions

8. Active ImmunizationActive Immunization
Natural Infection with Natural Infection with
microorganism or artificial microorganism or artificial
acquisition (vaccine)acquisition (vaccine)
Both stimulate the proliferation of T Both stimulate the proliferation of T
and B cells, resulting in the and B cells, resulting in the
formation of effector and formation of effector and memorymemory
cellscells
The formation of memory cells is The formation of memory cells is
the basis for the relatively the basis for the relatively
permanent effects of vaccinationspermanent effects of vaccinations

9. Principles Underlying VaccinationPrinciples Underlying Vaccination
Concept of ImmunityConcept of Immunity
–Self vs. Non-selfSelf vs. Non-self
–Antigen specificityAntigen specificity
–Indicated by presence of effector cellsIndicated by presence of effector cells
–Protection from infectious diseases using above Protection from infectious diseases using above
methodsmethods

10. VaccinationsVaccinations
Boosters (multiple inoculations) are required
Interference of passive maternal antibodies

11. Effectiveness of VaccinationsEffectiveness of Vaccinations
Small percentage of recipients will respond poorlySmall percentage of recipients will respond poorly
–Role of genetic determinants Role of genetic determinants
Herd ImmunityHerd Immunity
–Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual
contacting infected individual is lowcontacting infected individual is low
–Measles EpidemicMeasles Epidemic

12. Herd ImmunityHerd Immunity
Factors affecting herd immunityFactors affecting herd immunity
–Environmental Factors: crowded conditions, seasonal variationsEnvironmental Factors: crowded conditions, seasonal variations
–Strength of Individual’s Immune SystemStrength of Individual’s Immune System
–Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher
percentage of people need vaccines to attain herd immunitypercentage of people need vaccines to attain herd immunity
When enough people are vaccinated, chance of germ infecting the When enough people are vaccinated, chance of germ infecting the
non-immunized population is smallnon-immunized population is small
Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)
–Vaccination no longer necessaryVaccination no longer necessary

13. Development of VaccinesDevelopment of Vaccines
Common misconception that Common misconception that
activation of the immune system results activation of the immune system results
in protective immunityin protective immunity
Multiple factors affect decisions Multiple factors affect decisions
when making vaccineswhen making vaccines
1. Activation of specific branch 1. Activation of specific branch
of immune systemof immune system
2. Development of 2. Development of
immunological memoryimmunological memory

14. Role of Memory CellsRole of Memory Cells
Depends on incubation period of pathogenDepends on incubation period of pathogen
–Short Incubation PeriodsShort Incubation Periods
ex. Influenzaex. Influenza
Symptoms already under way by the time memory cells are Symptoms already under way by the time memory cells are
activatedactivated
Repeated immunizations with neutralizing antibodiesRepeated immunizations with neutralizing antibodies
–Long Incubation PeriodsLong Incubation Periods
ex. Poliovirusex. Poliovirus
Enough time to allow memory B cells to respondEnough time to allow memory B cells to respond

15. Immunological Memory vs. Serum Immunological Memory vs. Serum
Antibody LevelsAntibody Levels

16. Types of VaccinesTypes of Vaccines
Whole-OrganismWhole-Organism
–Attenuated Viral/BacterialAttenuated Viral/Bacterial
–Inactivated Viral/BacterialInactivated Viral/Bacterial
Purified MacromoleculesPurified Macromolecules
–PolysaccharidePolysaccharide
–ToxoidToxoid
–Recombinant AntigenRecombinant Antigen
–Recombinant-VectorRecombinant-Vector
DNADNA
Synthetic PeptideSynthetic Peptide
Multivalent SubunitMultivalent Subunit

17. Whole-Organism VaccinesWhole-Organism Vaccines
Many common vaccines used Many common vaccines used
consist of inactivated or attenuated consist of inactivated or attenuated
bacterial cells or viral particlesbacterial cells or viral particles
Includes attenuated and inactivated Includes attenuated and inactivated
vaccinesvaccines

18. Attenuated Viral or Bacterial Attenuated Viral or Bacterial
VaccinesVaccines
Attenuation – to reduce in force, value, amount, or degree; weakenAttenuation – to reduce in force, value, amount, or degree; weaken
–Achieved by growth under abnormal culture conditionsAchieved by growth under abnormal culture conditions
–Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
–Act as a double edged sword, as they have distinct advantages and Act as a double edged sword, as they have distinct advantages and
disadvantages…disadvantages…

19. Advantages of Attenuated Bacterial Advantages of Attenuated Bacterial
or Viral Vaccinesor Viral Vaccines
Advantages stem from their capacity for transient growthAdvantages stem from their capacity for transient growth
Prolonged immune-system exposureProlonged immune-system exposure
Single immunizationsSingle immunizations
Replication within host cellsReplication within host cells

20. Exception to the Rule…Exception to the Rule…
Sabin Polio vaccine consists of 3 attenuated strains of poliovirusSabin Polio vaccine consists of 3 attenuated strains of poliovirus
Colonization of intestine results in immunity to all 3 strainsColonization of intestine results in immunity to all 3 strains
–Production of secretory IgA and induction of IgM and IgGProduction of secretory IgA and induction of IgM and IgG
Result is the need for boostersResult is the need for boosters
–Individual strains interfere with one anotherIndividual strains interfere with one another
First immunization First immunization  one strain predominates in growth one strain predominates in growth
Second Immunization Second Immunization  immunity generated by previous immunity generated by previous
immunization limits growth of previously predominant strainimmunization limits growth of previously predominant strain
Third Immunization Third Immunization  same principle as second immunization same principle as second immunization

21. Disadvantages of Attenuated Disadvantages of Attenuated
Bacterial or Viral VaccinesBacterial or Viral Vaccines
MAJOR disadvantage is possible reversionMAJOR disadvantage is possible reversion
–ex: Rate of reversion of Sabin Polio vaccine is one case in 4 million dosesex: Rate of reversion of Sabin Polio vaccine is one case in 4 million doses
Presence of other viruses as contaminantsPresence of other viruses as contaminants
Unforeseen postvaccine complicationsUnforeseen postvaccine complications

22. Inactivated Viral or Bacterial Inactivated Viral or Bacterial
VaccinesVaccines
Methods of inactivation include heat or chemical agentsMethods of inactivation include heat or chemical agents
–End result…. Loss of replication abilityEnd result…. Loss of replication ability
Difficult to inactivate due to potential for denaturation of epitopesDifficult to inactivate due to potential for denaturation of epitopes
–Dependence on higher order levels of protein structureDependence on higher order levels of protein structure

23. Attenuation vs. InactivationAttenuation vs. Inactivation

24. Attenuation vs. InactivationAttenuation vs. Inactivation
AttenuationAttenuation
–Normally require one dosage to induce relatively permanent immunityNormally require one dosage to induce relatively permanent immunity
–Primarily cell-mediated in naturePrimarily cell-mediated in nature
–Despite reliance on cell-mediated immunity, increased IgA responseDespite reliance on cell-mediated immunity, increased IgA response
InactivationInactivation
–Requires multiple boostersRequires multiple boosters
–Emphasis on activating humoral immunityEmphasis on activating humoral immunity
However, something very important is missing….However, something very important is missing….