A PRESENTATION ON LIFE SAFETY 9.pdf nnnnn fffffff ffff

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1. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY  FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY 
IN IN 
HIGH RISE BUILIDNG  HIGH RISE BUILIDNG 
Prepared by S.K. DHERI

2. FIRE ACCIDENT FIRE ACCIDENT ––THE COST THE COST
LOSS OF LIFE
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
LOSS OF BUSINESS

LOSS OF GOODWILL

LOSS OF GOODWILL
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

3. FIRE INCIDENTS YEARWISE FIRE INCIDENTS YEARWISE
S.No. Year No. of
Fire calls
Injured Death
1 2004-2005 14208 1687 272
2
2005
-
2006
16340
2191
470
2
2005
-
2006
16340
2191
470
3 2006-2007 14291 1743 303
4. 2007-2008 15718 2057 351
5. 2008-2009 16452 2225 380
6. 2009-2010 21314 2598 423

4. Fire in Highrise Building in Delhi Fire in Highrise Building in Delhi
Year Number of cases Year Number of cases
1984-851241993-94173
1985-861301994-95113
1986-871091995-9672
1987
-
88
153
1996
-
97
75
1987
-
88
153
1996
-
97
75
1988-891611997-9887
1989-901581998-9987
1990-911381999-200066
1991-921502000-200171
1992-931282001-200263

5. FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE
SAFETY SAFETY
THE OBJECTIVE
LIFE SAFETY

LIFE SAFETY
PROPERTY PROTECTION

6. LIFE SAFETY LIFE SAFETY
Designing structures to withstand fire
conditions.

Raising Alarm

Raising Alarm
Smoke Management
Adequate means of escape
Protection of escape routes.

7. HIGH RISE BUILDING HIGH RISE BUILDING
Building above 15m Height ( N.B.C.)
•Building above 22m Height (T.A.C.)
•
Building above 24m Height ( B.M.A.)
•
Building above 24m Height ( B.M.A.) A High-rise Building is one in which
EmergencyEvacuationisnotpracticalandin
whichfiresmustbefoughtinternallybecause
ofheight.

8. SPREAD OF FIRE SPREAD OF FIRE
Compartment to compartment
Floor to floor
Unsealed service shafts

Unsealed service shafts
Ceiling voids
A.C. Ducts
Failure of door/windows

9. FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT
Unfortunately in Today’s context Fire
Risk Management is an after thought
and hence the success is partial.
To have nearly complete success the
process of Fire Risk
Management must begin right
from the conceptual stage

10. SMOKE MANAGEMENT SMOKE MANAGEMENT
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
SMOKE VENTING
SMOKE BARRIERS
SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTING

11. ACCIDENT PREVENTION ACCIDENT PREVENTION

SafetyAudits

RoutineSafetyInspection

SafeWorkingPractices

PerformanceAssessment

Interaction

EducationandTraining

FollowingSafetyStandards.

12. Classification of Buildings Classification of Buildings
p
Group A Residential
p
Group B Educational
p
Group C Institutional
p
Group D
Assembly
p
Group D
Assembly
p
Group E Business
p
Group F Mercantile
p
Group G Industrial
p
Group H Storage
p
Group J Hazardous

13. Internal Staircases (Min. Width) Internal Staircases (Min. Width) Residential buildings (dwellings)  1.0 m
Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m
Assembly buildings like auditorium,
theatres and cinemas  2.0 m
Educational buildings up to 30 m
in height 1.5 m
Institutional buildings like hospitals 2.0 m
All other buildings 1.5 m

14. Table 22 TRAVEL DISTANCE FOR OCCUPANCY AND TYPE OF Table 22 TRAVEL DISTANCE FOR OCCUPANCY AND TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION (Clause 4.4.1, 4.5.1 and 4.5.2) CONSTRUCTION (Clause 4.4.1, 4.5.1 and 4.5.2)
S.No.Group of Occupancy Maximum Travel Distance
Construction
Type 1&2 Type 3&4
1 Residential (A) 30.0 22.5
2 Educational (B) 30.0 22.5
3 Institutional (C) 30.0 22.5
4 Assembly (D) 30.0 30. 0
5 Business (E) 30.0 30. 0
6 Mercantile (F) 30.0 3 0.0
7 Industrial (G) 45.0 22.5
8 Storage (H) 30.0 22. 5
9 Hazardous (J) 22.5 2 2.5

15. PROBLEMS IN HIGHRISE PROBLEMS IN HIGHRISE
BUILDINGS BUILDINGS
3-D spreading of fire
Violation of fire safety norms

Delayed access to seat of fire

Delayed access to seat of fire
Total Evacuation
Limitation of the fire fighting equipment
Limitations posed by the fire fighters
People’s behavior

16. FIRE FIGHTING PROBLEMS FIRE FIGHTING PROBLEMS
DIFFICULT ACCESS
NO CIRCULATION SPACE

FALLING DEBRIS

FALLING DEBRIS
POOR VISIBILITY
BLOCKED PASSAGES
LOCATION OF SEAT OF FIRE
3-D FIRE SPREADING

17. FIRE HAZARD FIRE HAZARD
Nature of materials
Rate of burning
Total fire load
Toxicity of materials

18. HAZARDS DUE TO FAULTY HAZARDS DUE TO FAULTY
DESIGN DESIGN

Large compartments

Unsealed/Improperly sealed vertical shafts:
- Electrical rising mains
-
Sanitary shafts
-
Sanitary shafts
- Refuge chutes

Open staircases

Communicable false ceiling

Inadequate Drainage facilities

Improper/failure of ventilation system

19. SPREAD OF FIRE SPREAD OF FIRE
Compartment to compartment
Floor to floor

Unsealed service shafts

Unsealed service shafts
Ceiling voids
A.C. Ducts
Failure of door/windows

20. FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT
Unfortunately in Today’s context Fire
Risk Management is an after thought
and hence the success is partial.
To have nearly complete success the
process of Fire Risk
Management must begin right
from the conceptual stage.

21. SETTING OBJECTIVES SETTING OBJECTIVES
ReduceFireincidentsthrough
effective Fire Prevention.
Providemeansforlimiting
the
size
of
fire
.
the
size
of
fire
.
Formulateoperatingprocedures.
UseInsurancetosafeguardagainst
large lossescausedbynatural
calamities.

22. WHY PASSIVE SYSTEMS ARE A WHY PASSIVE SYSTEMS ARE A
MUST FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING MUST FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
Possibility of vertical spread of fire due to chimney
effect through shafts, ducts staircase and lift wells
etc.and Horizontal spread due to cable and
service
routs
and
combustibles
within
.
service
routs
and
combustibles
within
.

Presence of Fire load within the risk in the form of
combustibles like wood, carpets, drapes, plastic
materialsetc.

23. WHY PASSIVE SYSTEMS ARE A MUST WHY PASSIVE SYSTEMS ARE A MUST
FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING

Inability offirefighterstoreach seatoffireatupper
levels. Hence compartmentation of fire is required to
prevent spread before the fire fighter to reach the
seatoffire–staircasewells etc.tobeseparated.

High occupancy risks. Hence safe evacuation of
trapped personnel is of paramount importance.
Refugee areas, pressurization, separation of escape
routesetc.

24. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

When fire breaks out, what is expected of a
firefighter?
To
fight
the
fire
effectively
through
the

To
fight
the
fire
effectively
through
the
meansavailable atthefiresite;--[Active]

To stop the fire from spreading from the
originating areatoadjoiningareas[Passive].

25. To stop fire spread
Passive Systems.
Shall be employed to localize the fire and not to
allow the fire to spread to adjoining areas.
To fight the fire
Active Systems.

Hand appliances

Fire engines, Trailer pumps Hydrant system

Hydrant system

Sprinkler system

Water spray system

Gas based systems

Foam systems

Other special systems if any
SHALL BE EMPLOYED

26. The basic difference between The basic difference between
Active and passive system is that Active and passive system is that

An active system is dependent on
personal and also on one or more of
interfaceoperations.
A
passive
system
is
independent
of
both

A
passive
system
is
independent
of
both
theaboveparameters.Onceinstalledas
a part of the building elements, it
remainsforever,unlessthereisachange
inthecharacterofthebuilding.

27. FIRE PROOF DOOR FIRE PROOF DOOR
Properties
:-
Stability, Integrity
Insulation
Types of doors:
-
Types of doors:
-
Sliding, Hinged, Rolling shutters
Construction:-
Steel, Armoured, Composite, Proprietary

28. VARIETY OF PASSIVE SYSTEMS VARIETY OF PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Fire proof doors
Wire glass windows
Dampers

Cable & cable entries

Cable & cable entries
Fire collar/pillows
Fire corrosion resistant paint
Heat resistant paint
Flame proofing of fabrics etc.

29. ACTIVE PROTECTION ACTIVE PROTECTION

IN-BUILT PROTECTION

FIRST-AID FIRE FIGHTING
INSTALLATIONS

EXTINGUISHERS

EXTINGUISHERS

HOSE REELS

FULL SCALE FIXED INSTALLATIONS

AUTOMATICALLY ACTUATED

MANUALLY OPERATED

30. LIFE SAFETY LIFE SAFETY
DESIGNING STRUCTURES TO
WITHSTAND FIRE CONDITIONS
RAISING ALARM SMOKE MANAGEMENT
ADEQUATE MEANS OF ESCAPE
PROTECTION OF ESCAPE
ROUTES

31. PROTECTION OF ESCAPE PROTECTION OF ESCAPE
ROUTES ROUTES
COMPARTMENTATION
FIRE CHECK DOORS
VENTING/ PRESSURIZATION
NO COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
WATER CURTAIN

32. MEANS OF ESCAPE MEANS OF ESCAPE
HORIZONTAL ESCAPE
TRAVEL WITHIN THE COMPARTMENT
PROTECTED HORIZONTAL ESCAPE ROUTES
TRAVEL DISTANCE TO VERTICAL ESCAPE

REFUGE AREA

REFUGE AREA
VERTICAL ESCAPE
CONTINUITY
CAPACITY
ILLUMINATION
PROTECTION

33. SMOKE MANAGEMENT SMOKE MANAGEMENT
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
SMOKE VENTING
SMOKE BARRIERS
SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTING

34. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Detection of fire
Suppression of fire
Raise Alarm

Raise Alarm
Chances of dyeing in fire are cut by
1/3 to ½.
Property loss in fire is cut by ½.

35. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
Plan Buildings as per the provision of
NBC –2005
and ensure Safety
for all.
NBC
IN CASE
NBC
IS NOT
FOLLOWED
CONSEQUENCES  CAN BE :-

40. CHOICE IS YOURS CHOICE IS YOURS CHOICE IS YOURS CHOICE IS YOURS
Sincere Thanks Sincere Thanks
For Your Kind Attention