aa mam neet TSC 17 feb_human health.pdf.pdf

A aam mama bioogy agkxmxmx

1. HUMAN HEALTH &
DISEASE
***
www.etoosindia.com

2. Humanhealthanddisease:
FatherofMedicine-Hippocrates

3. Health–stateofcompletephysical,mental
andsocialwellbeing(notnearlyabsenceof
diseaseorphysicalfitness)
Healthypeople–moreefficientatwork–
increasesproductivity–bringseconomic
prosperity,increaseslongevityofpeople
andreducesinfantandmaternalmortality

4. Essential for good health :
Balance diet
personal hygiene
Yoga
awareness about diseases
Vaccination
proper waste disposable
control of vectors
maintenance of hygienic food and water
resources

5. Disease–
Any deformity in physical & mental well being
Pathology-Study of Disease
Pathogen/Causative agent –disease causing
organism (Most parasites are pathogens)

6. Pathogens can enter our body by various
means , multiply and interfere with normal
vital activities , resulting in morphological &
functional damage.
Pathogens have to adapt to life within
environment of host .eg. pathogens entering
gut must survive at low pH of stomach and
resist digestive enzymes

7. Incubation period –
Time interval between infection &
appearance of first symptom

8. Infectious disease AIDS–Fatal
Non-infectious disease Cancer –major cause of death

9. Healthisaffectedby–
1.Geneticdisorder
2.Infection
3.Lifestyle–foodandwater,rest,
exercise,habitsthatwehaveorlack

10. Communicable disease :
Can spread from one person to another
through direct contact / medium
1.Air-borne
2.Water & food borne
3.Fomiteborne (objects)
4.Vector borne
5.Direct contact –Contagious disease (STDs ,
Leprosy)

11. Non -Communicable disease :
1.Allergic (Asthma , hay fever)
2.Auto-immune (rheumatoid arthritis , Myaesthenia
gravis etc)
3.Addiction & drug abuse (smoking alcohol ,
drugs)
4.Cancer
5.Deficiency disorders ( PEM , Vitamin deficiency)
6.Degenerative (osteoarthritis)
7.Mental disease

12. Commonbacterialdiseases
inhuman

13. TrickforBacterialDisease:-
Bebo Bubonicplague
Called Cholera
Dipika Diphtheria
Lazyin Leprosy
Party, Pertussis
NewscameonPneumonia
STarplus Scarletfever,Tetanus
TVabouttheirTB
TightfightTyphoid

14. Charlies
Chancroid
Gang is
Anthrax
Gonorrhoea
BAD
Dysentery
Botulism

15. 1.Bubonicplague/BlackDeathdisease–
Diseaseofrodents/rats
Pathogen-Yersiniapestis/Pasteurella
pestis(rodshaped,non-motile)
Transmission–byRatflea/Xenopsylla
cheopis(bloodsuckingparasiteonrat)
Maninfectedincidentally(ratfleafrom
deadinfectedratbiteshuman)

16. Symptoms–fever,extremeweakness
,Painfulbubo/lumpingroinandarm
pits(enlargementoflymphnodes),red
patchesonskinwhichturnblack
leadingtodeath
Epidemicdisease

18. Prevention–killrats,ratproof
houses&ships,killRatfleain
suspectedregions,vaccineavailable
Dx-WaysonStaintest

19. 2.Cholera–
Pathogen-Vibriocholerae(comashaped,
Motile)
Livesinintestine
Transmission-bycontaminatedfoodand
water
Acutediarrhealdisease(white,rice-water
likeloosemotions,repeatedvomiting,
dehydration,lossofminerals,weakness,
feveretc)

22. Prevention–boilingofwater,wash&cook
foodproperly,propersanitation(proper
disposalofexcreta),washinghandsproperly
,personalhygieneetc,Vaccine+
Dx–microscopicexaminationofstoolor
vomit
T/t–OralRehydrationSolution(ORS),
salinedripstorestorelostwater&minerals,
Antibiotics

23. 3.Diphtheria-
Pathogen-Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae(rod
shaped,Non-motile)
Affectschildren(1-5years),Epidemicform
Effectsmucusmembraneofnose,throat,
tonsil–pseudomembrane/toughmembrane
formationoverglottis/airpassageopening
blockingit–childdiesduetosuffocation
Transmission–Airdroplet
(sneezing,coughing)

25. Symptoms-highgradefever,sorethroat,
cough,difficultyinbreathing
Prevention-DPT/Triplevaccine
(within6weeksafterbirth)
Treatment:Anti–diphtheriaserum(passive
immunity,onlywithin24hourafteronsetof
symptoms),Antibiotics
Diagnosis–Schicktest

26. 4.Leprosy/Hansen’sdisease–
Pathogen-Mycobacteriumleprae
Chronicinfectiousdisease(I.P=2-5years)
Affectsskin,mucusmembraneand
peripheralnerves
Transmission–byprolongedcontact
(dischargefromnose,mouth,speaking,
brokenskinlesions)

28. Symptoms–hypopigmentedskin
patches,thickeningofnerves,
partialortotallossofsensationin
affectedarea,rashes,pustules,
nodules,ulcers,deformityof
digits
Dx–LeprominSkintest

29. Treatment–Dapsone
(DDS–DiaminoDiphenylSulphone)
Multidrugtherapy

30. 5.Pertussis/Whoopingcough–
Pathogen-Bordetellapertussis
Affectschildren
Transmission–Airdroplet
Effectsrespiratorypassage,deathdueto
suffocation

31. Symptoms-Severecoughwith
sharpwhoop(intenseinspiratory
sound),fever,breathlessness
Prevention-DPTvaccine

32. 6.Pneumonia–
Pathogen-
Streptococcuspneumoniae
,Diplococcuspneumoniae,Haemophilus
influenzaeAffectsalveoli&bronchiolesoflungs
(lowerrespiratorytract)–getsfluid
filled-severeproblemsinrespiration

34. Transmission-Airdroplet/aerosols
releasedbyinfectedpersonorevenby
sharingglassesandutensilswithinfected
person
Symptoms–fever,chills,cough,weakness
difficultbreathing(gasexchangeaffected),
headache
Inseverecase,lipsandfingernailsturn
greytobluish(Cyanosis)

36. Prevention-Pneumococcalvaccine
,HIBvaccine(H.influenzaeB
vaccine)
T/t-Antibiotics

37. 7.Scarletfever:
Pathogen-Streptococcuspyrogenes
AffectsURIandpharynx
Transmission-airdroplet
Dx-DICKtest

38. 8.Tetanus/Lockjawdisease:
Pathogen-Clostridiumtetani(anaerobic)
Livesonrustedobject,soil
Transmission–openwound/improperly
sterilizedsurgicalinstruments
Releaseneurotoxin–tetanospasmin–attacks
NMJ
Affectsmainlyskeletal/voluntarymuscle
(painfulstiffneck,lockjawsetc)

40. Symptoms–irritability,restlessness
,difficultyinchewing,swallowing,
stiffnecketc

41. Prevention–
Beforecut-DPTvaccine(tetanus
toxoid,activeimmunity)
Aftercut–Anti-tetanusserum
(passiveimmunity)

42. 9.TB/Tuberculosis/Consumptiondisease/
Koch’sdisease–
Pathogen-Mycobacteriumtuberculosis
Toxinreleased–tuberculin,produce
disease
Affectslungs(Pulmonary),lymphnodes,
intestine,bone,spine(pott’sdisease),
uterus

43. Transmission–Airdroplets
Symptoms–cough,bloodinsputum,
anorexia(lossofapetite),weakness,
eveningriseoftemperature,rapid
pulseetc

45. Dx-Mantouxtest
Prevention–BCGvaccine
(BacillusCalmetteGuerin),
Mask
usage
T/t–DOTS/Multidrugtherapy
WorldTBday–24
th
March

46. 10.Typhoid/Entericfever–
Pathogen-Salmonellatyphi
(rodshaped,motile,gram–ve)
Enters/livesinsmallintestinethrough
contaminatedfoodandwater,migrateto
otherorgansthroughblood

48. Symptoms–sustainedhighfever(39
o
to
40
o
C),constipation,stomachpain,weakness,
headache,lossofappetite,Bradycardia(Low
pulserate)
Severecase–Intestinalperforationanddeath
Prevention–personalhygieneandproper
sanitation,vaccineavailable
Dx-Widaltest
T/t–Antibiotics

49. MaryMallon,nicknamedTyphoidMary
Cookbyprofession,atyphoidcarrier,
whospreaddiseaseforseveralyears
throughfoodsheprepares

51. SomeotherBacterialdisease–
STD:
1.Chanchroid
2.Gonorrhea
3.Chlamydiasis(Chlamydia)
4.Syphilis/Frenchpox(Spirochetal)

53. 4.Syphilis/Frenchpox(Spirochetal)–
Dx–
1.TPI(TreponemaPallidumImmobilizationtest)
2.VDRL
3.FTA–Ab(FluorescentTreponemalAntibodyAbsorbent)test
4.Wassermanntest
Primarystage-Chancre(Hardpainlessulcerwithcleanbase)
Tertiarystage–organinvolvement(nervoussystem,CVS,
Gumma)

54. Botulism/Foodpoisoning–
Pathogen-Clostridiumbotolinum(anerobic,
Gram+ve)
Livesinintestine
Transmission–Feco-oralroute
Symptoms–nausea,vomiting,loose
motions,dehydration,weakness,fever,
stomachpain,tongueswollen,doublevision
,deathduetorespiratoryfailure

55. ProducedExotoxininenvironment
(Neurotoxin,Bioweapon)
Prevention-properheatingoffood
beforeconsumption,vaccinenot
available

56. Anthrax–
Pathogen-Bacillusanthracus
(sporeforming,rodshaped,aerobic,Gram
+ve),Bioweapon(exotoxinrelease)
Diseaseofdomesticatedanimals(cattles)
Transmissiontohuman–sporesofbacteria
throughdomesticatedanimal
Prevention–Vaccine(LouisPasteur)

57. Dysentery/Shigellosis:
Pathogen-Shigelladysenteriae
Livesinintestine
Transmission–feco-oral
Symptoms–loosemotionsmixedwith
blood&mucus,
nausea,vomiting,
dehydration,weakness,fever,
stomachpain

58. Prevention–properheatingoffoodbefore
consumption,vaccinenotavailable
T/t-Oralrehydrationtherapygiven,
Antibiotics
Bacteriacausingdiarrhea–E.coli,
Campylobacter,Salmonella

59. 1.Aninfectiousdiseasewhichisfatalis
(a)Cold
(b)Conjunctivitis
(c)AIDS
(d)Cholera

60. 2.Typhoidfeverinhumansiscausedby
(a)Rotavirus
(b)Salmonellatyphi
(c)Escherichiacoli
(d)Amoeba

61. 3.Whichofthefollowingisnotabacterialdisease?
(a)Dysentery
(b)Plague
(c)Polio
(d)Diphtheria

62. 4.S.typhispreadsthrough
(a)Air
(b)Sexualcontact
(c)Contaminatedfoodandwater
(d)Physicaltouch

63. 5.Sustainedhighfever(39ºto40ºC)andintestinal
perforationinseverecasesisasymptomofwhich
disease?
(a)Malaria
(b)Typhoid
(c)Cholera
(d)Commoncold

64. 6.Whichtestisperformedtoconfirmtyphoidfever?
(a)ELISAtest
(b)Widaltest
(c)Biopsy
(d)Schicktest

65. 7.Thereisoozingofsemisolidmaterialwhichforms
atoughmembraneoverairpassage.Thediseaseis
(a)TB
(b)Tetanus
(c)Pertussis
(d)Diphtheria

66. 8.Pneumoniaiscausedby
(a)Streptococcuspneumonia
(b)Pneumococcuspneumonia
(c)Haemophilusinfluenza
(d)Alloftheabove

67. 9.Whichpartofthelungsisinfectedinpneumonia?
(a)Alveoli
(b)Trachea
(c)Bronchus
(d)Terminalbronchioles

68. 10.Inwhichdisease,lipsandfingernailsturngrey
andinseverecasesbluish?
(a)Jaundice
(b)Pneumonia
(c)Typhoid
(d)Malaria

69. CommonViraldiseases
inhuman

70. Ruby had
Rubella/Rabies
Measle
Measles
Spot on
Small pox
Trick for Viral Disease :-
Her
Herpes
Cheeks
Chicken pox
In
InfluenzaCommon cold
Cold weather,
turnedYellow
Yellow fever

71. Dr. Dang
Dengue
Advised her
AIDS
mummy to
mumps
giveChicken
Chikunguniya
Portion
Polio
to her,
Ruby is5 times more Happy
5 types of Hepatitis

72. 1.Smallpox-
Pathogen-Variolavirus(dsDNA)
Transmission–Airdroplet/Directcontact/Fomite
I.P=12days
Symptoms–highfever,chills,headache,bodyache,
weakness,Rashonface/limbsfromday3(more
thanontrunk),papule,vesicle,pustule,scab,then
scabfallsoffby3
rd
week(RPVPs)
Scarremains(Scabsleavedeeppits–Pockmarks)-
→blindness

75. Ali MaowMaalin(Somalia 1977)

76. Firsteradicateddiseaseinthe
World/Earth
Vaccineby–EdwardJennifer
(1798)
Bioweapon

77. 2.Chickenpox–
Pathogen-Varicellazostervirus(dsDNA)
Mainlyeffectchildren
Transmission–Airdroplet/Directcontact/Fomite
I.P=14-21days
Symptoms–mildfever,headache,bodyache,weakness
,Rashmorethanontrunkfromday3,papule,vesicle,
pustule,scab,thenscabfallsoffby3
rd
week
NoScarremains

79. RashesariseinCrops,everyCrop
accompaniedbyFever
Rash–‘Dewdropletsonrosepetalappearance’
Vaccineavailable
Latecomplication–Shingles/Herpeszoster
(Reactivation-painfulskinrashwithfluidfilled
blisters)

80. 3.Measles/Rubeoladisease–
Paramyxovirus/Rubeolavirus(ssRNA)
MainlyAffectschildren(upto5years)
Transmission–Airdroplet/Directcontact/
Fomite
I.P=10days(called7daysFever)

81. Symptoms-Runningnose,watery
eyes,pinkishrashonskin(behindear,
face,thenspreadtobody),fever,
headache,weaknessetc
Koplik’sspotsinsidemouth
Vaccine–MMR(MeaslesMumps
Rubella)

83. 4.Rubella/Germanmeasles–
Rubellavirus(ssRNA)
Transmission–Airdroplet/Direct
contact/Fomite
Symptomslikemeaslesbutfainterrashes
Vaccine–MMR(C/Iinpregnancy)

84. 5.Rabies/Hydrophobiadisease–
Rabies/Rhabdovirus
(Paramyxovirusgenus-ssRNA)
Transmission–biteofrabied/mad
dog(wolf/fox/jackal/cat)
100%fataldiseaseaftersymptoms
appear
I.P=10days–1year

85. Symptoms–
Fearofwater(painfulspasm/Chockingof
throatmuscles,unabletoswallowevenwater)
Severeheadache
Excessivesalivation
Hallucination,tremors,coma(involves
CNS/destroybrain&spinalcord-Neurological
involvement),tendencytobiteothersetc

86. Prevention–
Alldogs/catsmustbecompulsorilyimmunized
Allstraydogsmustbekilled
Ifbitten,firstaid-washbitesitewithsoap
5injectiongivens/c–
1
st
dose-Immunoglobulin(passiveimmunity)
4doses-vaccine(activeimmunity)

87. 6.Herpes–HerpesSimplexVirus(HSV)
Painfulvesiculo-pustularblisters
a)Genitalherpes–HSVII-STD,
Incurable
b)Coldsore/Oralulcer–HSVI–
transmissionbykissing

89. 7.Genitalwarts–HPV-STD

90. 8.Influenza/Flu:
Pathogen–Orthomyxovirus(ssRNA)
AffectsUpperRespiratoryTract
Symptoms-nasalcongestion,nasal
discharge,cough,sorethroat,hoarseness,
fever,weakness,muscleandjointpain,
bodyacheetc
Transmission–Airdroplet/Fomite

91. Latecomplication–Bronchitis,
Pneumonia,Earinfection
Prevention-Vaccineavailable
Highlyinfectiousdisease
Swineflu–TypeAinfluenzavirus
(H
1
N
1
),seeninpigs(Swine)

92. 9.Commoncold/Rhinitis–
Pathogen-Rhinovirusesgroup(ssRNA)
Infectnoseandrespiratorypassagebut
notlungs

93. Transmission–dropletsfromcoughor
sneezesofaninfectedperson,inhaled
directlyorthroughcontaminated
objectslikepens,books,cupsetc

94. Symptoms-nasalcongestionand
discharge,sorethroat,hoarseness,
cough,fever,headache,tirednessetc
(usuallylastfor3-7days)
Oneofthemostinfectioushuman
ailments

95. 10.Yellowfever:Haemorrhagicdisease
Pathogen–Flavivirus(ssRNA)
Transmission-biteoffemaleAedesaegypti
mosquito/Tigermosquito
(Arthropod-bornedisease)
Symptoms–activehighfever,chills,weakness
,headache,skinturnsyellow,albuminuria,
bloodystool,bloodinvomit,internalbleeding,
evendeath
Prevention-Vaccineavailable

98. 11.Dengue/Breakbonefever:
Pathogen-Flaviribovirus
(ssRNA)
TransmissionasYellowfever
Mosquitobreedsincleanwater
andbiteonlyduringdaytime

99. Haemorrhagicdenguefever-(bleeding
,lowplateletcount)
Plateletcount<40,000/cummisCritical

101. Dx–PCR,Tourniquettest
Prevention–fullclothes,mosquito
repellant,mosquitonets,eliminate
mosquitobreedingplaces,cleanhygiene,
avoidwaterstagnation
T/t–Symptomatic,Aspirin/Disprintobe
avoided(Paracetamolpreferred),I/V
Fluids,Bloodtransfusion(platelet)

102. 12.Chikunguniya–Chikunguniyavirus
(Togaviridaefamily-ssRNA)
Transmission–asyellowfever&dengue
Symptoms–acutehighfever,crippling
jointpain(maypersistformonths.years),
doubledup/bentupposture

104. Vaccinenotavailable
Prevention–asDengue
T/t-symptomatic

105. 13.Polio/Poliomyelitis/Infantileparalysis–
Occuratanyage
Poliovirus/Enterovirus(ss-RNA)
Transmission–Feco-oralroute
(viaflies/insectsetc)

107. Multipliesinintestine
Travelsviablood
AffectsCNS(Motornervefibre/
VentralrootofSpinalcord)
CauseParalysisofskeletalmuscles

108. Prevention-Properdisposalofexcreta,
avoidovercrowdingofchildren
1.InjectablePolioVaccine(IPV)–
bySalk
killedvirus
2.OralPolioVaccine(OPV)
bySabin
liveattenuatedvirus

109. 14.Mumps/InfectiousParotitis–
Mumpsvirus/Paramyxovirus
(ssRNA)
Inflammationofparotidsalivary
gland(liesjustbelowearlobule)
Transmission–Airdroplet(virus
livesinsaliva)

111. LateComplication–Orchitis-sterilityin
males
Prevention–MMRvaccine

112. 15.Hepatitis–inflammationofliver
Cause–viralinfection(mostcommon),
drugs,alcohol,auto-immuneetc.
Symptoms–
Indigestion,weakness,fever,lossof
appetite,nausea,vomiting,loosemotion/
constipation,gastricdiscomfort
Liverenlargement–livershrinks,Jaundice

114. 5types:
1.HepatitisA-HAV–ssRNA-feco-oral
route–acute-vaccine+
2.HepatitisE-HEV–ssRNA–feco-
oral–acute–highmortalityin
pregnantwomen-vaccinenot
available

115. 3.HepatitisB(Serumhepatitis)-HBV-dsDNA-
acute–chronic–cirrhosis/livercancer–rDNA
vaccine(2
nd
generationvaccine)
Transmission–
1.sexualcontact(incurableSTD)
2.bodysecretionslikesaliva/tearsetc
3.bloodtransfusion
4.sharingofinfectedneedle
5.mothertofetusduringpregnancyandchild
birth(crossplacenta)

116. 4.HepatitisD–HDV–ssRNA
HDVisadefectivevirus,henceco-
infectionwithHBVismust(HBV-
helper)
vaccine+
TransmissionasHBV
Co–infectionincreasemortalityrate

117. 5.HepatitisC-HCV–ssRNA
acute–chronic–livercancer–
vaccinenotavailable
Throughbloodtransfusionand
sharingofinfectedneedles
Called‘non-A,non-Bhepatitis’

119. 1.Commoncoldiscausedby
(a)Tobaccomosaicvirus
(b)Rhinovirus
(c)Rotavirus
(d)Adenovirus

120. 2.Whatistheonethingthatiscommonbetween
commoncoldandpneumonia?
(a)Botharecausedbysamepathogen
(b)Botharecausedbysamevector
(c)Botharecausedbydropletinfection
(d)Bothareincurable

121. 3.Dengueiscausedbywhichvector?
(a)Anophelesmosquito
(b)Aedesmosquito
(c)Apollomosquito
(d)Plasmodium

122. 4.Chikunguniyaisspreadbythevector
(a)Fungalspores
(b)Housefly
(c)Mosquito
(d)Reptiles

123. 5.MatchthecolumnsIandII,andchoosethe
correctcombinationfromtheoptionsgiven.
ColumnI ColumnII
a.Africansleeping1.HIV
sickness
b.Dumdumfever2.Haemophilusinfluenzae
c.Pneumonia3.Leishmaniadonovani
d.AIDS 4.Trypanosomagambiense
5.Leishmaniatropica
(a)a-4,b-3,c-2,d-1
(b)a-3,b-4,c-2,d-1
(c)a-3,b-1,c-2,d-4
(d)a-4,b-3,c-1,d-5

124. 6.Identifythewronglymatchedpair
(a)Typhoid–Widaltest
(b)Plague–Viraldisease
(c)Malignantmalaria–Plasmodiumfalciparum
(d)Commoncold-Rhinovirus

125. 7.Amosquitoborneviraldiseaseis
(a)MalariaandChagasdisease
(b)YellowfeverandDengue
(c)FilariasisandTyphoid
(d)Kala-azarandDiphtheria

126. 8.Whichoneoftheviralsexuallytransmitted
diseasesiscorrectlymatchedwithitspathogen?
(a)Urethritis–Bacillusanthracis
(b)Syphilis–Treponemapallidum
(c)Gonorrhoea–Entamoebahistolytica
(d)GenitalHerpes–HerpesSimplexVirus

127. 9.MatchthecolumnsIandII,andchoosethecorrect
combinationfromtheoptionsgiven.
ColumnIColumnII
a.Amoebiasis1.Treponemapallidum
b.Diphtheria2.Useonlysterilisedfood&
water
c.Cholera3.DPTvaccine
d.Syphilis4.Useoralrehydrationtherapy
(a)a-1,b-2,c-3,d-4
(b)a-2,b-3,c-4,d-1
(c)a-1,b-2,c-4,d-3
(d)a-2,b-4,c-1,d-3

128. 10.Apersonlikelytodeveloptetanusisimmunised
bygiving
(a)Weakenedgerms
(b)Pre-formedantibodies
(c)Deadgerms
(d)Widespectrumantibodies

129. Papa &
Pyorrhoea
Amma went to
Amoebiasis
Kala Bazar
Kala Azar
Trick for Protozoal Disease :-
onChina street with
Chagas disease
Trio - Bala,
Trichomoniasis
Mala & Gia,
malariaGiardiasis
Balantidiasis
Sleeping
Sickness

130. Ameobiasis(Amoebicdysentery)–
Entamoebahistolytica(monopodial,
monogenetic,inlargeintestineofhuman–
colon&caecum)
Transmission–Drinkingwaterandfood
contaminatedbyfetalmatter
Houseflyactsasmechanicalcarriersand
servetotransmitparasitefromfecesof
infectedpersontofood,contaminating
them.

132. Adult(Trophozoite)–2forms
1.Magnaform–pathogenic/active(foundin
mucosaandsub-mucosaofintestinalwalland
causeulcers,feedsonRBC-NEET2015)
2.Minutaform–non-pathogenic(livesinlumen
ofintestine,formscyst–TNC-infectivestage,
passesoutthroughfeces,4nucleii&2
chromatoidbodies)
Reservefoodmaterialincyst-Glycogen

133. OneTNCgivesrisetoeightamoebulae
Symptoms–constipation,abdominalpain
andcramps,loosestoolswithexcess
mucusandbloodclotsetc
T/t–Anti-protozoal drugs ( Metronidazole)

134. Sporozoaldisease–infectivestage:sporozoite
stage(BENisaMP)
11.Tick/Texas/Redwaterfeverincattle–Babesia
12.Coccidiosisinchicks–Eimeria
13.Pebrinediseaseinhoneybee&silkworm–
Nosema
14.Sterilityinearthworm(seminalvesicle)-
Monocystis
15.Malaria-Plasmodium

136. Malaria:BadAir
Pathogen-Plasmodium(sporozoaprotozoa)
Digenetic–human&femaleanopheles
mosquito
Inhuman-schizogonyinliverandRBC
(asexualreproductionbymultiplefission)
Inanopheles-gametogonyingut/stomach
(sexualreproduction)andsporogony
Infectivestage-sporozoitesinsalivaryglandof
mosquito

140. About 60 species known
4 species cause malaria-
1.P.vivax–most common,14 days (I.P)
2.P.ovale–most rare,14 days
3.P.falciparum-most dangerous ,
No relapse,12 days
4.P.malariae –1
st
discovered, 28-30 days

144. Plasmodiumentershumanbodyas
sporozoites(infectiousform)throughbite
ofinfectedfemaleanophelesmosquito
Parasitesinitiallymultiplywithinliver
cells,thenattacksRBCandrupturethem–
releaseoftoxicHaemozoin–responsible
forchillandhighfeverrecurringevery3-4
days

145. Whenmosquitobitesinfectedperson,the
parasite(Gametocytes)entersmosquito
bodyandundergofurtherdevelopment
Parasitethenformsporozoites,storedin
salivaryglands
Whenthesemosquitobiteahuman,the
sporozoitesenterhisbody,initiatingabove
events

146. Sub-tertian,tertian&quartan(time
betweensuccessivehyperthermiccondition
is72hr)malaria
Malarialparoxym–
1.Chills&shivering(coldstage)
2.Highbodytemp.(hotstage)
3.Profusesweating,tempreturnsnormalbut
patientexhausted(sweatingstage)

147. Latecomplications–
1.Hepatomegaly2.Splenomegaly
3.Anaemia4.Death

148. Prevention–killingofmosquito(best),Use
ofGambusiafish(larvicidal)asbio-
control
T/torcure–
Naturaldrug-Quinine(barkofcinchona
tree)
Artificialdrugs–chloroquine,primaquine
,daraprim,metakelfin

150. Fever in malaria is due to –
Release of merozoitesfrom RBC
A person suffering from malaria feel fever when
RBC ruptured & haemozoingranules are
released
Schizontis a stage in the life history of malarial
parasite occuringin –
RBCs

151. Metabolic waste responsible for malaria fever
is called –
Haemozoin/ Malarial pigment (Free Haem
toxic,parasiteconvert it into insoluble crystalline
form , essential for their survival)
Haemozoinis a toxic substance formed in
malaria. It is produced by –
Color pigment of RBC (not by globin protein
of RBC)

152. Malarial parasite can be best obtained
from patient of malaria ?
when temperature rises with vigour
( not 1 hr before rise in temp or 5 hr
after temp becomes normal)

153. Trick for Malaria :
Human -Human
Sportsmen -Sporozoite
Lived & -Liver
Played -Penetrate into
RugBy -RBC
Game with -Gametocyte
Mosmiat -Mosquito
ZOO -Zygote , Ookinete, Oocyst

154. Diseases By Roundworms

155. 1.Ascariasis–
Pathogen-A.lumbricoides,thecommon
roundworm
Monogeneticparasiteofhumansmall
intestine
Transmission–byfoodandwater
contaminatedwithembryonatedeggs
(secondstagejuvenileeggsistheinfective
stage)

157. Sucksbloodfromsmallintestine
Symptoms–internalbleeding,anaemia,muscularpain,
fever&blockageofintestinalpassage
Theeggsofparasiteareexcretedalongwithfecesof
infectedpersonswhichcontaminatesoil,water,plants
etc.
Ahealthypersonacquiresthisinfectionthrough
contaminatedwater,vegetables,fruits,etc.
Morecommoninchildrenwithsoileatinghabit
T/t–Zentel(Deworming-Metronidazole-anti-helminthic
drugs)

158. 2.Filariasis/Elephantiasis–
Pathogen-WuchereriabancroftiandW.malayi
(digenetic–human&femaleCulexmosquito)
Transmission-bybiteoffemaleCulexmosquito
Slowlydevelopingchronicinflammationofthe
organsinwhichtheyliveformanyyears,usually
lymphaticvesselsoflowerlimbsandgenitals–
resultingingrossdeformities

160. 1.Whichdiseaseisshowninthefigure?
(a)Malaria
(b)Kalaazar
(c)Filariasis
(d)Ascariasis

161. 2.Malariaiscausedbywhichspeciesof
plasmodium?
(a)P.vivax
(b)P.malariae
(c)P.falciparum
(d)Alloftheabove

162. 3.Themostseriousformofmalaria,malignant
malaria,iscausedby
(a)P.falciparum
(b)P.vivax
(c)P.malariae
(d)Alloftheabove

163. 4.Plasmodiumentersthehumanbodyas________.
(a)Merozoite
(b)Trophozoite
(c)Hypozoite
(d)Sporozoite

164. 5.Thevectorofplasmodiumis
(a)Maleanophelesmosquito
(b)Femaleanophelesmosquito
(c)Aedesagypti
(d)Sandfly

165. 6.Inmalaria,feverandchillsoccurevery3to4
daysduetoruptureofRBCsandreleaseofwhich
toxicsubstance?
(a)Haemophilia
(b)Hematocrit
(c)Haemozoin
(d)Haemoglobin

166. 7.Sporozoitesinmosquitoesarestoredin
(a)Intestine
(b)Mouth
(c)Salivaryglands
(d)Proboscis

167. 8.Aftertheinjectionofsporozoitesinthebloodof
humans,whichorgandotheytravelinitially?
(a)Lymphnodes
(b)Brain
(c)Lungs
(d)Liver

168. 9.Entamoebahistolyticacauses______inhumans.
(a)histolysis
(b)amoebiasis
(c)enterobiasis
(d)sporogenesis

169. 10.Symptomslikeinternalbleeding,muscularpain,
fever,anaemia,andblockageofintestinalpassage
occurinwhichdisease?
(a)Typhoid
(b)Ascariasis
(c)Malaria
(d)Pneumonia

170. 11.W.bancroftiinfectswhichpartofthehuman
body?
(a)Bloodvesselsofupperlimbs
(b)Lymphvesselsoflowerlimb
(c)Bloodvesselsoflowerlimb
(d)Lymphvesselsofupperlimb

171. 12.Elephantiasisiscausedbythebiteof
(a)W.malayi
(b)Elephants
(c)Femalemosquito
(d)Malemosquito

172. 13.MatchthecolumnsIandII
ColumnIColumnII
a.Typhoid1.Chronicinflammationoflymphatic
vessels
b.Pneumonia2.Dryscalylesionsonskin
c.Filariasis3.Chillandhighfeverrecurringevery
3-4days
d.Ringworm4.Alveolifilledwithfluid
e.Malaria5.Intestinalperforations
(a)a-1,b-2,c-3,d-5,e-4
(b)a-5,b-4,c-1,d-2,e-3
(c)a-1,b-2,c-3,d-5,e-4
(d)a-5,b-4,c-1,d-3,e-2

173. 14.Cerebralmalignantmalariaiscausedby
(a)Plasmodiumfalciparum
(b)Plasmodiummalariae
(c)Plasmodiumvivax
(d)Plasmodiumovale

174. 15.Thediseaselikemalariaandfilariasisare
transmittedthroughinsectvectors;vectorscanbe
controlledbyintroducingfish
(a)Labeo
(b)Gambusia
(c)Hisla
(d)Catla

175. 16.Thematureinfectivestagesofmalarialparasite
whicharetransferredfrommosquitotomanare
(a)Sporozoites
(b)Merozoites
(c)Trophzoites
(d)Gametocytes

176. 17.MatchthecolumnsIandII
ColumnIColumnII
a.Typhoid1.Haemophilusinfluenzae
b.Pneumonia2.Trichophyton
c.Filariasis3.Plasmodium
d.Ringworm4.Salmonellatyphi
e.Malaria5.Wuchereriamalayi
(a)a-4,b-1,c-5,d-2,e-3
(b)a-1,b-3,c-2,d-5,e-4
(c)a-2,b-4,c-5,d-3,e-1
(d)a-2,b-3,c-5,d-4,e-1

177. 18.Whichoneofthefollowingoptionsgivesthe
correctmatchingofadiseasewithitscausative
`organismsandmodeofinfection?
DiseaseCausative
Organism
Mode of infection
(A)TyphoidSalmonellatyphiWithinspiredair
(B)PneumoniaStreptococcus
pneumoniae
Dropletinfection
(C)ElephantiasisWuchereria
bancrofti
Withinfectedwater
andfood
(D)MalariaPlasmodiumvivaxBitofmaleAnopheles
mosquito

178. Fungaldisease–
1.Ringworm–oneofthemostcommoninfectious
diseasesinman
Microsporum,Epidermophyton,Trichophyton
(FungusMETRingworm)
Symptoms–appearanceofdry,scalylesionson
skin,nailsandscalp,intenseitching
Heatandmoisturehelpsthesefungitogrow,
whichmakethemthriveinskinfolds,asin
groinorbetweentoes

181. AIDS
–AcquiredImmunoDeficiency
Syndrome
Causedby-
HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus
(HIV)-Retrovirus

183. haveanenvelopeenclosingRNA
genome(RNA+Protein)
Deficiencyofimmunesystemacquired
duringlifetime,i.e.itisnota
congenitaldisease
Syndrome-groupofsymptoms

184. FirstreportedinUSA(1981)
FirstreportedInIndia–Chennai
(1986)
Inlast25years,spreadalloverworld
killingmorethan25millionpersons

185. StructureofHIV:
ss-RNAvirus(2identicalfilaments)-
diploidretrovirus
Enzyme-Reversetranscriptase,protease,
Integrase
Corehas2proteincoat-
1.InnerP
24
/Capsid
2.OuterP
17
Envelope-madeoflipoproteinsandcontains
GP-120(Spike)andGP-41(Pedicle),
TransmembraneGP

189. Modeoftransmission
–byblood&
bodyfluids
1.Sexualcontactwithinfectedperson
2.Transfusionofcontaminatedblood
andbloodproducts

190. 3.Sharinginfectedneedles,asincaseof
intravenousdrugabusers/tatoos/razor
4.Frominfectedmothertoherchild
through–
placenta(Verticaltransmission)
childbirth
postnatalbyColostrum

192. Note:
Doesnotspreadbymeretouchor
physicalcontact(kissing,mosquito
bite,hugging,touch,sharingobjects/
utensils,shakinghandsetc),spreads
onlythroughbodyfluidshence
shouldnotbeisolatedfromfamily
andsociety

193. AthighriskforHIV–
1.Whohavemultiplesexualpartners
2.Drugaddicts,whotakedrugs
intravenously
3.Whorequirerepeatedbloodtransfusion
4.ChildrenborntoHIVinfectedmother

194. GP-120hascomplimentary
sequencetoCD
4
receptors
presentonMacrophages(HIV
factory)andhelperT-cells
(Trick:MacHelpsHIV)

197. Pathogenicity–
Aftergettingintobody,virusentersinto
macrophageswhereRNAgenomeofvirus
replicatestoformviralDNAwithhelpof
enzymereversetranscriptase
ThisviralDNAgetsincorporatedintohost
cell’sDNAanddirectsinfectedcellsto
producevirusparticles

198. Macrophagescontinuetoproducevirus
(i.eactsasHIVfactory)
Simultaneously,HIVentersintohelperT-
lymphocytes(T
H
,CD
4
receptors),
replicatesandproduceprogenyvirus

199. Theprogenyvirusesreleasedinbloodattack
otherhelperT–lymphocytes
Thisisrepeatedleadingtoaprogressive
decreaseinthenumberofhelperT-
lymphocytesinthebodyofinfectedperson
Leadstoprogressiveimmunedeficiency

200. oIncubationperiod–
Timelagbetweenentryofpathogen
(infection)&appearanceofsymptoms
Mayvaryfromfewmonthstomany
years(usually5-10years)

201. Symptoms–
1.Asymptomaticphase–
2.ARC(AIDSRelatedComplex)-milder
formofAIDS,boutsoffever,diarrhea,
weightlossetc.
3.AIDS–totalcollapseofimmunesystem
(helperTcellslessthan200/mm
3
)

202. Personstartssufferingfrominfections
thatcouldhavebeenotherwiseovercome
suchasthoseduetobacteriaesp.
mycobacterium,viruses,fungiand
parasitesliketoxoplasma,Kaposi
sarcoma(opportunisticinfections).
Patientsbecomesoimmunodeficient
thatheisunabletoprotecthimself
againsttheseinfections

203. Diagnosis–
1.ELISA(EnzymeLinkedImmuno-
SorbentAssay)–Screeningtest
2.Westernblottest-Confirmatorytest

204. TreatmentofAIDS–
WithAnti-retroviraldrugs/Reverse
Transcriptaseinhibitor–
BlocksconversionofRNAintoDNA
Drugofchoice–Zidovudine/AZT
Azidothymidine(slowsprogressionof
symptoms)

205. Onlypartiallyeffective
Theycanonlyprolonglifeof
patientbutcannotpreventdeath,
whichisinevitable(notfully
curable)

207. PreventionofAIDS–don’tdieoutignorance,has
nocurehencepreventionisthebestoption
1.Properbloodtesting(makingbloodbankssafe
fromHIV)
2.Useofonlydisposableneedlesandsyringesin
publicandprivatehospitalsandclinics
3.Freedistributionsofcondoms
4.Controllingdrugabuse
5.Advocatingsafesex
6.PromotingregularcheckupsforHIVin
susceptiblepopulation

208. WHOhasstartedanumberofprogram
topreventthespreadingofHIVinfection
NationalAIDSControlOrganization
(NACO)andNon–Governmental
Organizations(NGOs)
WorldAIDSday–1
st
December

210. InfectionwithHIV/AIDSshouldnotbe
hidden.Needhelpandsympathy.unless
societyrecognizesitasaproblemtobe
dealtwithincollectivemanner-chances
ofwiderspreadofdiseaseincrease
manifold
Itismaladythatcanonlybetackledby
thesocietyandmedicalfraternityacting
togethertopreventspreadofdisease

211. At which stage of HIV infection does one
usually show symptoms of AIDS ?
When HIV damages large number of
helper T-cells
It is normally a rare cancer but become a
marker for AIDS/HIV patients ?
Kaposi’s sarcoma

212. Cancer:(=Crab)
Oneofthemostdreadeddiseaseofhuman
beingsandmajorcauseofdeathalloverglobe
MorethanamillionIndiansufferfromcancer
andalargenumberofthemdiefromit
annually.
Abnormalanduncontrolledgrowthand
divisionofcells(breakdownhighly
controlledandregulatedcellgrowthand
differentiation)

214. Oncology–studyofcancer
WorldCancerDay–
4
th
February

215. Loosepropertyofcontactinhibition
normalcellsshowthispropertyby
whichcontactwithothercellsinhibits
theiruncontrolledgrowth
Henceproducesmassesofcellscalled
“tumors”

216. 2typesoftumors-
1.Benigntumor–
remainconfinedtotheiroriginallocation
donotspreadtootherbodyparts(no
metastasis)
littledamage,slowgrowth
2.Malignanttumor/Neoplastic/Cancerous
tumors–

217. 2.Malignanttumor–
tumorcellsreachdistantsitesthrough
blood/lymph(metastasis)and
wherevertheygetlodged,startsanew
tumorthere
Metastasis-mostfearedpropertyof
malignanttumors

218. Massofproliferatingcellscalled
Neoplasticortumorcells
Thesecellsgrowveryrapidly,invadingand
damagingsurroundingnormaltissues
Asthesecellsactivelydivideandgrowthey
alsostarvethenormalcellsbycompetingfor
vitalnutrients.

219. Causesofcancer:
SeveralgenescalledCellularoncogenes(c-onc)/
proto-oncogenesarefoundinnormalcells
whichwhenactivatedundercertainconditions
couldleadtooncogenictransformationofcells

220. Oncogen–cancer causing agents
1.Physical agent –cause DNA damage
i.Ionizing radiations –X-rays , Gamma rays
ii.Non-ionizing radiations –UV-rays

222. The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have
been identified as a major cause of lung cancer.
Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes
called viral oncogenes.

223. 3. Biological agent –
Oncogenicvirus
Viral –oncogene(v-gene)
HBV (liver cancer)
HCV (liver cancer)
HIV (Kaposi sarcoma)
HSV (Cervical cancer)

224. Cancerdetectionanddiagnosis-early
detectionisessentialasitallowsthe
diseasetobetreatedsuccessfully
1.BiopsyandHistopathologicalstudiesof
thetissue
2.Bloodandbonemarrowtests –for
increasedcellcountsinleukemia
3.Radiography–useofX-Rays

226. In biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is
stained and examined under microscope (histopathological
studies) by a pathologist.

227. 4.CT(ComputedTomography)-usesX-rays
togenerate3–Dimageofinternalsofan
object
5.MRI(MagneticResonanceImaging)–uses
strongmagneticfieldsandnon–ionizing
radiationstoaccuratelydetectpathological
andphysiologicalinthelivingtissue-
besttechnique

228. Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed
tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very
useful to detect cancers of the internal organs.

229. 5.Antibodies–againstcancerspecificantigenslike
PSA

230. 6. Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to
detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to
certain cancers.
Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual
to certain cancers, may be very helpful in prevention of
cancers.
Such individuals may be advised to avoid exposure to
particular carcinogens to which they are susceptible (e.g.,
tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer).

231. Treatmentofcancer–
1.Surgery
2.Radiationtherapy–tumorcellsare
irradiatedlethally,takingpropercareof
normaltissuessurroundingtumormass.

233. 3.Chemotherapy–
Drugskillcancerouscells
Someofthesearespecificforparticulartumors.
Naturalanti-cancerdrug–Vincristineand
Vinblastin(fromCantharanthusrosea/vinca
roseus)
Sideeffects–hairloss,anemiaetc
Mostcancersaretreatedbycombinationof
above3therapy

234. 4.Immunotherapy-useofbiologicalresponse
modifierslikealphainterferon,whichactivate
immunesystemandhelpsindestroyingtumor
(tumorcellsavoiddetection&destructionby
immunesystem)

235. 1.Whichfungalgeneraarenotresponsiblefor
causingringworm?
(a)Megasporum
(b)Trichophyton
(c)Epidermophyton
(d)None

236. 2.Whicharethemainsymptomsofringworm?
(a)Appearanceofwormsonskin
(b)Appearanceofdryscalylesions
(c)Inflammationoflimbs
(d)Feverandchills

237. 3.Whichfactorsarenecessaryforthegrowthofthe
fungi?
(a)Moistureandsebum
(b)HeatandHair
(c)Bodyodour
(d)Heatandmoisture

238. 4.RetroviruscausingAIDShaswhichkindof
genome?
(a)DNA
(b)RNA
(c)m-RNA
(d)Proteins

239. 5.Whichofthefollowingisnotameansof
transmissionofAIDS?
(a)Sexualcontactwithuninfectedperson
(b)Transfusionofcontaminatedblood
(c)Sharinginfectedneedles
(d)ChildborntoanHIVinfectedmother

240. 6.Timelagbetweeninfectionandappearanceof
AIDSsymptomscanbefewmonthsto_______
years.
(a)2-3
(b)5-10
(c)>15
(d)1-2

241. 7.Retroviruscontainsanenzymetocarryout
biochemicalactivitiesinhost.Nametheenzyme.
(a)Polymerase
(b)Exonuclease
(c)Reversetranscriptase
(d)Ligase

242. 8.HIVenterswhichT-cells
(a)Helper(T
H
)
(b)Promoter(T
P
)
(c)Suppressor(T
S
)
(d)Cytotoxic(T
C
)

243. 9.AIDScanbedetectedbywhichdiagnostictest?
(a)Widal
(b)ELISA
(c)Schick
(d)Bloodcellcount

244. 10.Normalcellsinourbodyinhibittheuncontrolled
growthofcellswhichtheyareincontactwith.
Thisisknownas
(a)Cell-cellcontact
(b)CellcycleRegulation
(c)Contactinhibition
(d)Contactresponse

245. 11.Thetumourwhichdoesnotspreadtootherparts
ofbodyisknownas_____.
(a)benign
(b)malignant
(c)neoplastic
(d)lymphoma

246. 12.Cancercellsactivelydivideandgrowdueto
(a)Competitionforvitalnutrientswithnormal
cells
(b)Competitionofspacewithnormalcells
(c)Competitionforonlysupport
(d)Excessfoodmaterialsstoredinbody

247. 13.Metastasisis
(a)Normalequilibriumconditionofbody
(b)Morphologicalchangesfromlarvatoadult
(c)Generationofnewtumourindifferentsitesof
body
(d)Abnormalgrowthofthebodymuscles

248. 14.AIDSdoesnotspreadthroughwhichofthe
following
(a)ByusingasyringeusedbyanAIDSpatient
(b)ThroughcontactwithclothesofanAIDS
patient
(c)ThroughcontactwithAIDStofoetusduring
pregnancy
(d)Throughbreastfeedingbyamothertoachild,
ifthemotherissufferingfromAIDS.

249. 15.Choosethewrongstatement:
(a)Timelagbetweeninfectionandappearanceof
AIDSisafewhourstoaweek
(b)HIVhasRNAasgeneticmaterial
(c)HIVreplicatesinT
4
lymphocytes
(d)ARVdrugsareonlypartiallyeffectiveinAIDS
treatment

250. 16.MatchthecolumnsIandII
ColumnIColumnII
a.Neoplasm1.Hematopoieticcelltumour
b.Benigntumour2.Bonecartilagetissuecancer
c.Carcinomas3.Malignanttumour
d.Sarcoma4.Cancerofepithelialtissues
e.Lymphomas5.Noncanceroustumour
6.Initiationofnewtumors
(a)a-3,b-5,c-4,d-2,e-1
(b)a-6,b-4,c-3,d-2,e-1
(c)a-3,b-5,c-4,d-1,e-2
(d)a-2,b-5,c-4,d-3,e-6

251. 17.WhichiscommonbetweenAIDSandHepatitis-B?
i.Bothareviraldiseases
ii.Botharetransmittedbyinfectedneedlesand
syringes
iii.Bothareinfectiousdiseases
iv.Botharechronicdiseases
v.Bothareultimatelyfatal
(a)ii,iii,ivandv
(b)i,ii,iii,andv
(c)i,ii,iii,ivandv
(d)ii,iiiandv

252. 18.Inwhichtechnique3-Dimageoftheinternalsof
anobjectedaregenerated?
(a)Electronmicroscopy
(b)Radiography
(c)ComputerTomography
(d)MagneticResonanceImaging

253. 19.Commonapproachesfortreatmentofcancerare
(a)Surgery
(b)Radiationtherapy
(c)Immunotherapy
(d)Allofabove

254. 20.MRIusesstrongmagneticfieldand_____
radiationstodetectpathologicalandphysiological
changes.
(a)ionising
(b)non-ionising
(c)LASER
(d)X-ray

255. PreventionandcontrolofInfectiousdisease:
1.Personalhygiene–keepingbodyclean,
cleandrinkingwaterandfood
2.Publichygiene–
properdisposalofwasteandexcreta
periodiccleaninganddisinfectionofwater
reservoir,pools,tanks
observingstandardpracticesofhygienein
public

256. 3.Air-bornediseases(pneumonia,commoncold)-
avoidcontactwithinfectedpersonsortheir
belongings
4.Vector-bornedisease(malaria,filariasis,dengue,
chikungunia)–
controloreliminatevectorsandtheirbreeding
places
avoidstagnationofwater
regularcleaningofhouseholdcoolers
useofmosquitonets
usinglarvicidalfishes
insecticidesprayingindrainageareas
wiremashindoorsandwindows

257. 5.Vaccinationandimmunization
programs
completelyeradicatedsmallpox
(polio,diphtheria,pneumonia,
tetanus,controlledtoalarge
extent)

258. 6.Antibiotics–treatmentofbacterialinfections
Term‘Antibiotic’-Waksman
Firstantibioticdiscovered–Penicillinby
AlexanderFleming(1928),fromfungus
Penicilliumnotatum/P.chrysogenum
(Nobelprize)
HowardFlorey&ErnstChain(1939) –
establisheduseofantibioticstocurebacterial
disease(Nobelprize1945)
Eitherkillorinhibitbacterialgrowth

259. M/A-
1.Inhibitcellwallsynthesis(maximum)–
penicillin,vancomycin,cephalosporins
2.InhibitDNAsynthesis-ciprofloxacin
3.InhibitRNAsynthesis–bacitracin
4.Inhibitproteinsynthesis(secondmaximum)-
tetracycline,streptomycin,chloramphenicol
5.Anti-metaboliteactivity(interferewith
bacterialenzyme)–sulphonamide

260. AntibioticsareTotallyineffective
againstvirusesastheylackcell
structureandmetabolicactivity

261. Immunity:
ItisOverallabilityofthehosttofight
diseasecausingorganismsconferred
byimmunesystem

262. Immunesysteminbody–
Consistof-
1.lymphoidorgans
2.lymphoidtissues
3.Cells(lymphocytes)
4.Solublemoleculeslikeantibodies

263. Unique–
1.Recognizeforeignantigens
2.Responsetothese
3.Remembersthem
Importantrolein
1.Allergyreactions
2.Auto-immunediseases
3.Organtransplantations

264. Lymphoidorgans–
Whereoriginand/ormaturationandproliferation
oflymphocytesoccur
1.
Primary–
Originand/ordifferentiationandmaturation
oflymphocytesintoantigen-sensitivecells
Providemicroenvironmentfordevelopment
&maturationoflymphocytes
Thenlymphocytesmigratetosecondary
lymphoidorgans

266. A)Bonemarrow–
originofallbloodcellsand
maturationofB-lymphocytes
(AvianBursaofFabricus)

269. B)Thymus–maturationofT-lymphocytes
Lobedorganlocatednearheart,beneath
breastbone(sternum)
Largeattimeofbirth,keepsonreducingin
sizewithage&bythetimepubertyis
attained,itreducestoaverysmallsize
Throneofimmunity/TrainingschoolofT-
lymphocytes
Thymosinhormonehelpsinmaturation

270. 2.Secondary–
Sitesforinteractionoflymphocyteswith
antigens,whichthenproliferatetobecome
effectorcells.
Eg.
1.Spleen
2.lymphnodes
3.Tonsils
4.Appendix
5.Peyerspatchesofsmallintestine(MALT)

271. Spleen–
largebeenshapedorgan,mainlycontains
lymphocytesandphagocytes
actsasbloodfilterbytrappingblood–borne
microorganisms
ReservoirofRBC
Bloodbank/graveyardofRBC

272. MALT–
lymphoidtissuelocatedwithinliningof
majortracts(respiratory,digestiveand
uro-genitaltracts)
CalledMucosaAssociatedLymphoid
Tissue
Constitutes50%oflymphoidtissuein
humanbody

273. Lymphnodes–
smallsolidstructureslocatedatdifferent
pointsalonglymphaticsystem
Trapsmicrobesorotherantigenswhich
getsintolymphandtissuefluid
Antigensinlymphnodesareresponsible
foractivationoflymphocytespresentthere
andcauseimmuneresponse

276. 1.Innateimmunity/natural/inborn/nonspecific/
genetic/familial
Presentsincebirth
Inbothvertebratesandnon–vertebrates
Activethroughoutlife
Non-specifictypeofdefense
Nomemory
Forms1
st
and2
nd
lineofdefense
4barriersandacomplimentsystem
Comesfromparents

277. 4barriers–P
2
C
21.Physical–
Skin(preventsentryofpathogens)
Mucuscoatingofepitheliumlining
respiratory,gastrointestinalandurogenital
tract(trapsandimmobilizemicrobes
enteringourbody)

279. 2.Physiological–
SpecificpHoforgans(acidicpHof
stomach,vagina,urine)
Lysozyme(bacteriocidalenzymein
saliva,tear,mucosa)
Secretionsofsweatandsebumglandsof
skin
Allpreventmicrobialgrowth

280. 3.Cellularbarrier–
Phagocyticcells(celleating)-
1.Monocytes
2.PMNL PolyMorphoNuclearLeucocyte-
Neutrophils
3.Macrophage(modifiedmonocytein
tissues,longlived)
Cytotoxiccells(Naturalkillercells)

281. Steps of phagocytosis –
1.Vasodilation–at site of entry of bacteria , due to
histamine
2.Adhesion of WBCs at blood vessel periphery
3.Diapedesis–migration from blood vessel into ECF by
amoeboid movement
4.Chemotaxistowards pathogen
5.Phagocytosis-
i.Adherence-infective agent gets attracted to membrane
of phagocyte
ii.Ingestion & intracellular killing of pathogen by
lysosomalenzymes

282. Naturalkillercells(atypeoflymphocyte)
destroyvirusinfectedandcancerouscells
bysecretingperforins→createperforin
linedporesinPMoftargetcells→water
enters→swelling&burstingofdiseased
cells

283. 4.Cytokinebarrier–proteins/moleculesforcell
tocellcommunication
A)Interferons–
 Antiviralproteinssecretedbyvirus-
infectedcells(Speciesspecific)
 Protectsnon-infectedcellsfromfurther
viralinfectionby inhibitingviral
replication
 ByStimulatingsynthesisofenzymewhich
inhibitsynthesisofproteinsrequiredfor
viralreplication(secreteTranslation
InhibitingProtein)

284.  InterferonsareUsedforprophylaxis&
t/tofviralinfections

285. B)Interleukin–1:pyrogenicchemical
 Secretedbyleucocytes→produce
pyrogen(Inducemildfever)→more
WBCmultiplication→inhibitbacterial
growth
C)Histamine–
 producebybrokenmastcelland
basophils,InduceVasodilationand
Diapedesis→Inflammatoryresponse

286. Inflammatory response –
1.Redness( Rubor/ Erythema) –due to vasodilation
2.Heat (Calor) –rapid metabolic reactions
3.Swelling( Oedema) –due to increased
permeability of blood vessels
4.Pain (Dolor) –due to injury to neurons &
chemicals released by damaged cells like PGs
5.Loss of function
D) Serotonin -Vasoconstrictor

287. Bloodcomplimentsystem–
30kindsofplasmaproteins
secretedbyliver
circulateininactiveforminblood.
Whenactive(infection/pathogenentry)→
cascadereaction→createtransmembrane
pore→osmoticimbalance→pathogenic
cellswellandburst

288. Physicalandphysiological
barrierformfirstlineofdefense
Cellularandcytokinebarriers
formssecondlineofdefense

289. 2.Acquired/Adaptive/Specificimmunity:
AquiredAfterbirth
OnlyinVertebrates
Short/longlived
Pathogen–specific
Memorypresent
Formsthirdlineofdefense
Maincomponent-:BandT–lymphocytes(also
antibodies)

290. Properties–
1.Specificity-differentiatebetween
antigens
2.Diversity–recognizewiderangeof
antigens
3.Discriminationbetweenselfandnon
selfantigens
4.Memory–

291. Firstencounterwithpathogen-Primary
immuneresponse(lowintensity)
Subsequentencounterwithsame
pathogen–Secondary/anamnestic
response(highlyintensified,fasterdue
tomemoryoffirstencounter)

292. Componentsofacquiredimmunity–CMIandAMI
1.CMI(cell–mediatedimmunity)–
BasedonT–Lymphocytes
Immunityagainstallpathogens/cancerous
cells/organtransplant/grafting
T-lymphocytesareformedinbonemarrow
andmatureinthymus

294. TypesofT-lymphocytes–
1.Helper/T
H
/CD
4
T-cell
2.Killer/Cytotoxic/CD
8
cells/T
c
3.SuppressorT-cell/T
s–
checkonT
H
&T
C
4.MemoryT–lymphocytes

295. 1.HelperTcells/CD4cells-
K/aCommanderofImmuneSystem
RoleinbothCMI(direct)andAMI
(indirect)
AttackedbyHIV
Startsgraftrejections
InducedBloodComplimentActivation

296. 2.Killer/Cytotoxic/CD
8
cells–
1
st
proliferatetoform“clones”bycommandfrom
helperT-cells
Killspathogenbysecretionofperforins→create
perforinlinedporesinPMoftargetcells→water
enters→swelling&burstingofdiseased
cell/pathogen
Destroytransplanted,tumorcells&otherforeign
cells
Roleinorgantransplantation
Cancerouscells
Virus/pathogeninfectedcells

298. 2.AMI(antibodymediatedimmunity)/
humoralimmunity-
basedonB-lymphocytes
(formsandmatureinBM)
Blymphocytesproduce anarmyof
proteinsinresponsetopathogeninto
bloodtofightwiththem,called
antibodies(bySpecificclonesofB-cells
,Plasmacells)

299. Theseantibodiesarefoundinthe
blood/bodyfluids(=humor),the
responseiscalledhumoralresponse
T-cells(T
H
)donotsecreteantibodies
buthelpB-cellsproducethem

301. CMI AMI
1.Composed of T-cells
(T
H
/T
C
/T
S
/memory T-
cells)
2.Cytokines/
Lymphokines&
perforins
3.Role in Cancer
4.Role in Organ
Transplant
-B-cells (Plasma memory
& B-cells) (T
H
also
helps)
-Antibody production
-No direct role
-No direct role

302. Antigen(Antibodygenerating)–
polysaccharideandproteins
Pollens,fruit,vegetable,medicine,feather,
eggwhite,snakevenometc
Either‘membranebound’or‘free’Ag
Epitope–partofantigenwhichbindwith
antibody

303. Antibody(Ab)/Immunoglobulin(Ig)-
gammaglobulinproteinformedbyplasma
cells(B-lymphocytes),inresponsetospecific
antigen
Glycoprotein
(96%proteins+4%carbohydrates)

304. Structureofantibody–H
2
L
2
2smalllight+2longerheavypolypeptide
chains(total=4chains),joinedby
Disulphidebonds
Sulphurelementimportanttomaintain
structureofimmunoglobulin
AntibodyisY–shaped

306. Paratope–antigenbindingsiteon
antibody
2paratopeineachantibodymonomer
EachparatopehasoneV
L
andoneV
H
Eachantibodymonomerhas2V
L
and
2V
H
(4variablesegments)

309. Typesofantibodies-5
1.IgG-
Maximum(75-80%)
Crossplacenta
Monomer(2paratope,H
2
L
2
)

310. 2.IgA-
10-15%(secondmax.)
presentincolostrum,salivatearetc,called
secretary/serumAb
Dimer(4paratope2xH
2
L
2
)
JoinedbyJ-chain

311. 3.IgM-
7%-8%
Pentamer,5xH
2
L
2
,10paratopes
largestantibody
firstantibodyformedinfetallife
firstantibodyformedduringprimary
immuneresponse

312. 4.IgD-
<1%
monomer(2paratope,H
2
L
2
)
presentoninactive/naïveB-cells
(actsasantigenreceptorsonsurfaceof
inactiveBcells)

313. 5.IgE–
<0.5%-minimum
Monomer(2paratope,H
2
L
2
)
Increasedduringallergy(stimulatesmast
cells&basophiltosecretehistamine)
Increasedduringhelmenthicinfections
(activateseosinophil)

314. 1.Antigenbindingsiteispresentonwhichterminal
ofpeptidechaininantibodies
(a)N-terminal
(b)C-terminal
(c)EitherN-orC-terminal
(d)InbetweenN-andC-terminals

315. 2.Interferonsactagainstviralinfectionby
(a)Protectingothercellsagainstvirus
(b)Functioningasmacrophages
(c)Providingantibodies
(d)Directlydestroyinggeneticmaterialofvirus

316. 3.Eachimmunoglobinhastwoheavychainsand
twolightchains.Theantigenbindingsiteisfound
in
(a)Variableregionofheavychain
(b)Variableregionoflightchain
(c)Constantregionoflightchain
(d)Variableregionofbothheavyandlightchain

317. 4.Immaturelymphocytesdifferentiatesintoantigen-
sensitivelymphocytesinthe
(a)Primarylymphoidorgans
(b)Secondarylymphoidorgans
(c)Both(a)and(b)
(d)Noneoftheabove

318. 5.Antibodyformedoffiveimmunoglobinunits
pentamerandWhichisproducedinprimary
immuneresponseis
(a)IgG
(b)IgA
(c)IgM
(d)IgD

319. 6.Theantigen-bindingsitesarepresentwhereonthe
antibodymolecule
(a)onlightchainaswellasonheavychain
(b)onlightchainonly
(c)onvariableregionandconstantregionoflight
chain
(d)onheavychainonly

320. 7.Innateimmunityisa_______typeofdefense
mechanism.
(a)Specific
(b)nonspecific
(c)congenital
(d)both(b)and(c)

321. 8.Skinandmucusiswhichtypeofbarrierunder
innateimmunity?
(a)Physiological
(b)Morphological
(c)Physical
(d)Cellular

322. 9.Salivainmouthandtearsfromeyeprotectfrom
microbialinfection.Thistypeofbarrierisknown
as
(a)Cellular
(b)Physical
(c)Physiological
(d)Cytokine

323. 10.Virusinfectedcellssecreteaproteincalled_____
toprotectothernon-infectedcells.
(a)cytokine
(b)immunoglobulin
(c)interferon
(d)clottingfactors

324. 11.Acquiredimmunityis
(a)Pathogenspecific
(b)Pathogennonspecific
(c)Congenital
(d)Noneffective

325. 12.ThearmyofproteinsproducedbyB-lymphocytes
iscalled
(a)Antigen
(b)Interferons
(c)Cytokines
(d)Antibodies

326. 13.Thetwotypesoflymphocytesresponsiblefor
immuneresponseare
(a)A-type
(b)B-type
(c)T-type
(d)both(b)and(c)

327. 14.WhichlymphocyteshelpB-cellstosecrete
antibodies?
(a)Naturekiller
(b)Macrophage
(c)T-cells
(d)Monocytes

328. 15.Incontextoflymphoidtissue,MALTconstitutes
about_______%ofallthelymphoidtissuein
humanbody.
(a)25%
(b)60%
(c)50%
(d)90%

329. 16.Thechainsofantibodiesareheldtogetherby
whichbonds
(a)Dihydrogen
(b)Covalent
(c)Disulfide
(d)Ionic

330. 17.Theantibodiesprimarilyparticipatinginallergic
responseare
(a)IgA
(b)IgE
(c)IgG
(d)IgM

331. 18.Whichofthefollowingisaprimarylymphoidorgan?
(a)Thymus
(b)Spleen
(c)Tonsils
(d)Lymphnodes

332. 19.Whichofthefollowingisasecondarylymphoid
organ?
(a)Brunner’sgland
(b)Peyer’spatches
(c)Cryptsofleiberkuhn
(d)Glison’scapsule

333. 20.Whichstructureofthelymphsystemkeeps
degeneratingfrombirthtopuberty?
(a)Spleen
(b)Tonsils
(c)Peyer’spatches
(d)Thymus

334. Primary
Immune response
Secondary
Immune response
1.Encounterwith Ag –1
st
Encounter
2.AbInvolved –IgMF/b
IgG
3.Response –slow
4.Abtitre–low
-Subsequent
encounter
-IgG
-Fast & intense
-High

339. Typesofacquiredimmunity–
1.Active–
whenahostisexposedtoantigens,which
maybeintheformoflivingordeadmicrobes
orotherproteins,antibodiesareproducedin
thehostbody
Slowandtakestimetogiveitsfulleffective
response

340. a)Naturalactive–
casualsicknessafterdisease
b)Artificialactive–
vaccination/immunization
(injectingmicrobesdeliberatelyduring
immunization)

341. 2.Passive–
whenreadymadeantibodiesaredirectly
giventoprotectthebodyagainstforeign
agents

342. a)Naturalpassive–
Colostrum(IgA)
IgG(fetusreceivesfrommotherthrough
placentaduringpregnancy)
b)Artificialpassive–
Anti-tetanusserum,Anti-diphtheriaserum

343. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
1.Abformed by own
immunesystem
2.Develops only after a lag
period
3.Slow response
4.Long –Lasting Effect
-Readymade Ab
-Effective
immediately
-Fast
-Short-termeffect

344. 5.No side –effects
6.Immunological memory
present
7.No purpose in immuno-
deficient host
-Chances of
foreign body
reactions
-Immunological
memory absent
-Applicable in
immuno-
deficient host

345. 8.Used for prophylaxis
to increase body
resistance
9.Eg. –Vaccines
-Used for t/t of
acute
infection
-ATS, ADS,
Anti-snake
venom

346.  FatherofActiveImmunity-
EdwardJenner(Smallpoxvaccine)
 FatherofPassiveImmunity–
VonBehring(ADSinSheep)

347. Vaccination–
Basedonpropertyofmemoryofimmune
system
Provideartificialactiveimmunity
Apreparationofantigenicproteinsof
pathogensorinactivated/weakened
pathogen(vaccine)areintroducedinto
body

348. Antibodiesproducedinthebodyagainstthese
antigenswouldneutralizepathogenicagents
duringactualinfection
VaccinealsogeneratesmemoryBandT–
cellsthatrecognizethepathogenquicklyon
subsequentexposureandoverwhelminvaders
withamassiveproductionofantibodies

349. Passiveimmunization–
Ifapersonisinfectedwithsomedeadly
microbestowhichquickresponseis
requiredasintetanus,directinjectionof
preformedantibodiesorantitoxin
(preparationcontainingantibodiestotoxin)
Alsoincaseofsnakebites

351. Vaccines:
1.Wholeorganism–1
st
generation
a)Livebutweakened/attenuatedpathogen
–MMR,BCG,OPV,Smallpox,Chicken
pox,Influenza(nasalspray)vaccine
GivebothCMI&AMI
b)Killed/Inactivatedpathogen–IPV/Salk
vaccine,Rabies,Typhoid,Pertussis,
HepatitisA,influenza(injectable)vaccine
GiveonlyAMI

353. 2.ToxoidSubunitvaccine–diphtheriatoxoid,
tetanustoxoid(containonlyantigenicpartof
pathogen,inactiveexotoxingiven)
3.RecombinantSubunitvaccine(genetic
engineering/rDT)–allowedproductionof
antigenicpolypeptidesofpathogensinbacteriaor
yeast,allowlargescaleproductionandgreater
availability
Eg.HepatitisBvaccine(secondgeneration)
producedfromyeast,HPVvaccine
Usefulinweakimmunesystems
4.DNAvaccine(3
rd
generation)–Ebolavirus

354. Generations of Vaccines :
1
st
generation –live/attenuated & killed forms
(whole cell organism)
2
nd
generation –Subunit vaccines
( toxoid / recombinant)
3
rd
generation –DNA Vaccines

356. National Immunization Schedule
–
1.BCG –TB
2.MMR –Measles , Mumps , Rubella
3.OPV / IPV –Polio
4.Hib–HaemophilusinfluenzaeB
5.HepB –Hepatitis B
6.DPT –Diphtheria , Pertussis, Tetanus

357. Autoimmunity–
Memorybasedacquiredimmunityevolved
inhighervertebratesbasedontheabilityto
differentiateforeignorganismlike
pathogensfromself-cells
Duetogeneticorunknownreasons,body
attacksself-cells(Abbeingformed
againstbodycells)

358. 1.Rheumatoidarthritis–synovialmembraneofjoints
(IgMAutoantibodyRF-RoseWaalerTest)
2.Type1Diabetes(IDDM)–betacellsofpancreas
3.Myestheniagravis–neuromuscularjunction/motor
endplate
4.Hashimotosthyroiditis–follicularcellsofthyroid
gland
5.Multiplesclerosis–myelinsheathofnervecells
6.Perniciousanemia–castleintrinsicfactor
7.Psoriasis-skin
8.Vitiligo-skin

359. Immunedeficiencydisease–
Immunecellsbecomedeficient
1.AIDS(attackshelperT-cells)-aquired
2.SCID(lackofADAgene)-genetic

360. Hypersensitivity/Allergy–
Exaggeratedresponseofimmunesystemto
certainantigenspresentinenvironment
(Allergens-mitesindust,pollens,animal
danderetc)
AllergenproduceAntibodies–IgE
↓
Releaseofhistamineandserotonin,PG
frommastcells

361. Histamine→vasodilationand
increasedpermeabilityofbloodvessel
→fluidleaksout→decreaseinblood
volumeandBP→Canleadtodeath

362. Symptoms–sneezing,runningnose,
wateryeyes,itchingdifficultyinbreathing
Todeterminecauseofallergy–patientis
exposedtoorinjectedwithverysmall
dosesofpossibleallergensandthe
reactionsarestudied
Treatment–anti-histaminedrugs,
adrenaline,steroids

363. Modernlifestylehasresultedinloweringof
immunityandmoresensitivitytoallergens–
moreandmorechildreninmetrocitiesof
Indiasufferfromallergiesandasthma.This
couldbebecauseofprotectedenvironment
providedearlyinlife
1.Hayfever(allergyofpollens)
2.Asthma(spasmofbronchioles)
3.Urticaria
4.Eczema

364. Anaphylacticshock–
Mostsevereallergicreaction
Histamine→vasodilationand
increasedpermeabilityofbloodvessel
→fluidleaksout→decreaseinblood
volumeandBP→leadstodeath
T/T-Adrenaline

365. Grafting/Implantationoforgan
Basis–sourceofgraft:
1.Autograft–between2partsofsamebody
(mostsuccessful)
2.Isograft–between2identicaltwins
(samegeneticconstitution,sameMHC/HLAalleles)
3.Allograft/Homograft/Intraspeciesgraft-between
2individual(geneticallydissimilar)ofsamespecies
4.Xenograft/Heterograft–between2individualof
differentspecies
Chancesofrejection–4>3>2>1

367. Preferencefordonor–
Identicaltwins>siblings>parents>
bloodrelatives>Unknowndonor

368. Matchingessentialbeforeanygraft/
transplant
Tissuematching/MHC(Major
HistocompatibilityComplex)
Bloodgroupmatching

369. Preventionofdonorrejection
Immunosuppressantdrugsall
throughlife
1.Cyclosporine-A
(Fungus-Trichodermapolysporum)

370. 1.Ifapathogengainsaccesstothebodythesecond
timethenahighlyintensifiedresponsecalled
_____mayoccur.
(a)analgesia
(b)anamnestic
(c)anthropologic
(d)arthusreaction

371. 2.Afteranygraft/transplantwhichmedicationsdoes
apatienthavetotakeallhis/herlife?
(a)Immunomodulators
(b)Immunosuppressants
(c)ImmunoCompactors
(d)Immunodepressants

372. 3.Whenahostisexposedtoantigens,antibodiesare
producedinthehostbody.Thistypeofimmunity
isknownas_______.
(a)Passive
(b)Active
(c)Innate
(d)Cellmediated

373. 4.Passiveimmunityisinducedby
(a)Injectingpreparedantibodies
(b)Injectingliveinfectiousmicrobes
(c)Injectingdeadmicrobesorproteins
(d)Injectingvaccine

374. 5.Whenreadymadeantibodiesaregiventoprotect
thebodyagainstforeignagents,itiscalled_____
immunity
(a)passive
(b)active
(c)innate
(d)humoral

375. 6.Ininitialdaysoflactation,themother’smilk
‘Colostrum’isrichinwhichantibody?
(a)IgA
(b)IgE
(c)IgM
(d)IgG

376. 7.Fetusreceives_______frommotherthroughthe
placentaduringpregnancy.
(a)antigens
(b)antibodies
(c)T-cells
(d)B-cells

377. 8.Whichofthefollowingarereasonsforrheumatoid
arthritis?
(i)Lymphocytesbecomesmoreactive
(ii)Bodyattacksselfcells
(iii)Moreantibodiesareproducedinthebody
(iv)Theabilitytodifferentiatepathogensorforeign
moleculefromselfcellsislost
(a)ii,iii,andiv
(b)iiandiv
(c)i,iiiandiv
(d)iandiv

378. 9.Readthestatementsandchoosethecorrectoption.
I.Secretionofinterferonsisaphysiologicalbarrierof
innateimmunity.
II.T-lymphocytesareresponsibleforcellmediated
immunity.
III.Injectiongivenagainstsnakevenomisatypeof
activeimmunisation.
IV.Antibodiesproducedduringallergicreactionsareof
IgAtype.
(a)IandIIalonearecorrect
(b)IIandIValonearecorrect
(c)Ialoneiscorrect
(d)IIaloneiscorrect

379. 10.MatchthecolumnsIandII,andchoosethecorrect
combinationfromtheoptionsgiven.
ColumnI ColumnII
a.Naturalactivep.Immunitydeviseoptedby
heredity
b.Artificialpassiveq.Frommotherfoetusthrough
placenta
c.Artificialactiver.Injectionofantiserum
d.Naturalpassives.Fightinginfectionnaturally
t.Inducedvaccination
(a)a-s,b-t,c-q,d-r
(b)a-p,b-q,c-r,d-t
(c)a-t,b-s,c-r,d-p
(d)a-s,b-r,c-t,d-q

380. 11.Selectcorrectstatementaboutdiseasesand
immunisation.
(a)Ifduetosomereason,B-andT-lymphocytes
aredamaged,thebodywillnotproduce
antibodyagainstapathogen.
(b)Injectionofdead/inactivatedpathogenscauses
passiveimmunity.
(c)Certainprotozoanshavebeenusedinmass
productionofhepatitis-Bvaccine.
(d)Injectionofsnakeantivenomagainstsnake
biteisanexampleofactiveimmunisation.

381. 12.Whichiscorrectlymatched?
(a)Antitetanusandantisnakebiteinjections–
Activeimmunity
(b)Polymorphonuclearleucocytesandmonocytes
–Cellularbarrier
(c)Salivainmouthandtearsineyes–Physical
barriers
(d)Mucuscoatingepithelium,urinogenitaltract
andHClinstomach–Physiologicalbarriers

382. 13.Matcheachdiseasewithitscorrecttypeof
vaccine.
a.Tuberculosisi.Harmlessvirus
b.Whoopingcoughii.Inactivatedtoxin
c.Diphtheria iii.Killedbacteria
d.Polio iv.Harmlessbacteria
(a)a-iv,b-iii,c-ii,d-i
(b)a-i,b-ii,c-iv,d-iii
(c)a-ii,b-i,c-iii,d-iv
(d)a-iii,b-ii,c-iv,d-i

383. 14.Antivenominjectioncontainspreformed
antibodieswhilepoliodropsthatareadministered
intothebodycontain
(a)Gammaglobulin
(b)Attenuatedpathogens
(c)Activatedpathogens
(d)Harvestedantibodies

384. 15.Whichofthefollowingisnotanautoimmune
disease?
(a)Psoriasis
(b)Rheumatoidarthritis
(c)Alzheimer’sdisease
(d)Vitiligo

385. 16.Apersonisinjectedwithgammaglobulinagainst
hepatitisB,itis
(a)Artificiallyacquiredactiveimmunity
(b)Naturallyacquiredactiveimmunity
(c)Artificiallyacquiredpassiveimmunity
(d)Naturallyacquiredpassiveimmunity

386. Mentalhealthanddisease–
Duetobiological,psychological,social
factor
2types
1.Neurosis–
ordinaryillness
ptisawareandreadytoseekhelp
Eg-anxiety,fear,phobiaetc

387. 2.Psychosis/lunatic/insane/mad–Severe,ptnot
awareandnotreadytoseekhelp
a)Alzeihmer’sdisease–progressivelossof
memory(Amnesia),duetodecreasedAch
b)Schizophrenia-splitpersonality,auditory
hallucination,dementiaetc,duetoexcess
dopamine
c)Parkinsonsdisease–lossofcontrolovermotor
activity,duetodecreaseddopamine(tremorsin
limbs/neck,stoopedposture,maskfaceetc)
d)Epilepsy–recurrentseizures(disturbancein
electricalactivityofBrain)

388. Adolescenceanddrug/alcoholabuse:
Adolescencemeansbothaperiodanda
processduringwhichachildbecomes
matureintermsofhisorherattitudesand
beliefsforeffectiveparticipationinsociety
12-18yearsofage–bridgelinking
childhoodandadulthood

389. Drugabuse–
Anychemicalwithmedicinalproperty,
whentakenfor purposeotherthan
medicaluseorinamounts/frequency
thatimpairsone’sphysical,physiological
orpsychologicalfunctionconstitutes
drugabuse

390. 1.Psychotropicdrugs/moodalteringdrugs
a)Tranquilizers&sedatives(hypnotics)
b)Opiatenarcotics
c)Cocaalkaloids
2.Psychodelic/hallucinogenicdrugs

391. a)Tranquillizersandsedatives–
DepressCNS
Relaxationofbodyandcalmness
Inducesleep(sleepingpills)
Usedfortreatmentofinsomnia
eg.Barbiturates,benzodiazepenes
(vallium)

392. Stimulants/Cocaalkaloid:
Stimulates/exciteCNS
Inhibitsleep,hunger,thirst,Aptylism
(nosalivation)
Falseconfidence
Increasedenergy&Euphoria

393. oMildstimulants-caffeine(tea,coffee,
colddrinks,chocolates)
oStrongstimulants–
1.Amphitamines–Meth(truckdriver)
(syntheticanalogueofadrenaline)
2.Cocaine/Coke/Cocaalkaloid/Crack

395. Cocaine/Coke/Cocaalkaloid/Crack
FromleavesofcocaplantErythroxylumcoca
(nativetoSouthAmerica),usuallysnorted
Interfereswithmetabolismof
neurotransmitterdopamine
PotentstimulatingactiononCNS,producing
senseofeuphoriaandincreasedenergy.
Excessivedosageofcocainecauses
hallucination

396. Opiatenarcotics–
Painkillers/analgesic,bindtoopioid
receptorsinCNSandGIT
Generallytakenbysnortingandinjection
Opium,whitelatexfromunripenedfruitsof
poppyplant(Papaversomniferum)

398. VariousAlkaloids:
1.Codein-coughsyrups(mild)
2.Morphine–veryeffectivesedativeand
painkiller,veryusefulaftersurgery
3.Heroin/Smack-diacetylmorphine
white,colorless,bittercrystalline
compound(Latexofpoppyplant)
obtainedbyacetylationofmorphine
mostpotentopiate,depressCNSand
slowsdownbodyfunctions

402. Psychedelicdrugs–
Hallucinogen
Alterfeeling,thoughts,perceptions
withoutanysensorystimulus

403. 1.LSD(Lysergicaciddiethylamide)
Mostpotenthallucinogen
ObtainedfromClavicepspurpurea
(Ergotfungus,parasiticonrye
plant)

404. 4.Cannabinoids/Tetrahydrocannabinol
–
Interactwithcannabinoidreceptorsinbrain
Obtainedfromallparts(inflorescence)ofhemp
plant/Cannabissativa
Leaves–Bhang
Driedfemaleflowers-Marijuana(ganja)
Resinousextractofstigma-Hashish/Charas
Generallytakenbyinhalationandoral
ingestion
EffectsonCardiovascular
systemofbody

407. 5. Atropabelladonna –
Hallucinogen
Antispasmodic drug -Belladona
Eye Pupil dilator drug -Atropine
6. Datura(Seeds) -Hallucinogen

409. Mostcommonlydrugsusedforabuse
1.Cocaine/crack(CNSstimulant)
2.Heroine/Smack
(Opiatenarcotic,CNSdepressant)
3.Cannabinoids
(Hallucinogens,effectsCVS)

410. Reserpine–
Extracted from roots of sarpagandha
( Rauwolfiaserpentina)
Alkaloid
Lowers BP
Cures diarrhoea& dysentery

411. Alcohol Abuse

412. Alcoholabuse–
Ethylalcohol(bysugarfermentationin
yeast)
Inliver,ethylalcoholconvertedto
acetaldehyde(moretoxic)
Onchronicuse–CNS(cerebellum)
andLivereffected

413. 1.CNS–
SuppressCNS,particularlyeffectscerebellum
Ataxia/Abnormalgait
Dysarrthria(Slurringofspeech)
Weaknessofreflexes
Reactiontimeincrease
Darkensperipheralvision(Tunnelvision)
WernicksEncephalopathy&korsakoffspsychosis

414. 2.Liver
Fattyliver(fatdepositioninhepatocyte)
Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Alcoholichepatitis
Cirrhosis(shrinkageandfibrosisofliver)
Livercancer

415. 3.Kidneys-increasedurineoutputdueto
ADHhyposecretion
4.Dehydration
5.Hypoglycemia
6.Gastritis,pepticulcer,gastriccarcinoma
7.Atherosclerosis,increasedBPandHR
8.Reducebloodcellcount
9.Fetalalcoholsyndrome,iftakenin
pregnancy

416. Alcoholabuse:
Suchhabitsaremoretakenupduring
adolescence
Parentsandteachershavespecial
responsibility
Parentingcombineswithhighlevelsof
nurturanceandconsistentdisciplineis
associatedwithloweredriskofsubstance
(alcohol,drugs/tobacco)abuse

417. Tobaccoabuse/addiction
–
Tobaccousedformorethan400years(smoked,
chewedorsnuffed)
TobaccocontainsNicotine,analkaloid
(fromleavesofTobaccumnicotiana)
Nicotinestimulatesadrenalgland–release
adrenalineandnon-adrenaline,increaseBPand
increaseheartrate
Tobaccochewing–increaseriskofcanceroforal
cavity

418. TobaccoSmoking–increasedincidenceof
cancersoflung,urinarybladderandthroat,
bronchitis,emphysema,coronaryheartdisease
gastriculceretc
IncreaseCOinbloodandreduceconcentrationof
haemboundoxygen–causesoxygendeficiency
inbody
Tar-bronchitis,emphysema
Benzopyrene(carcinogen)

419. Anyaddictrequirescounseling
andmedicalhelptogetridofthe
habit

420. Effectsofdrug/alchoholabuse–ABCD-MS
1.AIDSandhepatitisB–intravenousdrugusersby
sharinginfectedneedlesandsyringes
2.Behaviouralandpsychologicalchanges
3.Onchronicuse–CNSandliverdamage(cirrhosis)
4.Damagetofetusinpregnancy5.Misuseofdrugsbysportspersontoenhance
performance
6.Socialeffect-stealing,familyagony

421. Misuseofdrugsbysportspersonto
enhanceperformance(PED)-
Narcoticanalgesics
Anabolicsteroids
Diuretics
hormoneslikeErythropoietin
Increasemusclestrengthandbulk,
promoteaggressiveness

422. Anabolicsteroid(sideeffects):
a)
Infemales–
Masculinization(featureslikemales)
Increasedaggressiveness
Moodswings,depression
Abnormalmenstrualcycle
Excessivehairgrowthonfaceandbody
Enlargementofclitoris
(Pseudohermaphroditism)
Deepeningofvoice

423. b)Inmales–
Acne
increasedaggressiveness
moodswings,depression
Reducedsizeoftesticles
Decreasedspermproduction
Kidneyandliverdysfunction
Breastenlargement(Gynaecomastia)
Prematurebaldness
Enlargementofprostategland

424. c)Inbothmaleandfemale–
Increasedaggressiveness
Moodswings,depression
severefacialandbodyacne
Prematureclosureofgrowthcentersof
longbones(stuntedgrowth)

425. Effectsofdrug/alcoholabuse–
Immediateadverseeffects-reckless
behavior,vandalism,violence
Excessivedose–comaanddeathdueto
respiratoryfailure,heartfailureorcerebral
hemorrhage
Combinationofdrugsortheirintakealong
withalcoholresultsinoverdosingand
death

426. Addiction and Dependence :
Dependenceis the tendency of body to
manifest a characteristic and unpleasant
withdrawal syndrome, if regular dose of
drug / alcohol is abruptly discontinued

427. Addictionanddependence:
1.Psychologicaldependence–likeeuphoria/temporary
feelingofwellbeingetc
2.Physical/physiologicaldependence(Neuroadaptation)–
Withrepeateduseofdrugs,tolerancelevelofreceptorsof
bodyincreases
Receptorsrespondonlytohighlydosesleadingtogreater
intakeandaddiction
Withdrawalsyndrome-anxiety,shakiness,nausea,
sweating,runningnose,muscletremorsetc(canbeeven
lifethreatening)…..gradualwithdrawalpreferred

428. Mostcommonwarningsignsamong
youths–
dropinacademicperformance
unexplainedabsencefromschools/collage
lackofinterestinpersonalhygiene
withdrawal,isolation,depression
Fatigue
aggressivebehavior,deterioratingrelationship
lostofinterestinhobbies
changeinsleepingandeatinghabits
fluctuationsinweight,appetite,etc.

429. Preventionandcontrol
AnEtoosSmartLearningSentre
1.Avoidunduepeerpressure
2.Educationandcounseling–channelizechild’s
energyintohealthpursuitslikesports,reading,
music,yogaetc3.Seekinghelpfromparentsandpeers
4.Lookingfordangersigns
5.Seekingprofessionalandmedicalhelp–
qualifiedpsychologist,psychiatrist,de-
addictionandrehabilitationprograms

430. 1.MatchthecolumnsIandII,andchoosethe
correctcombinationfromtheoptionsgiven.
ColumnIColumnII
a.Opioids1.Snortingandinjection
b.Cannabinoids2.Inhalationandoralingestion
c.Cocaalkaloids3.Snorting
(a)a-1,b-2,c-3
(b)a-3,b-2,c-1
(c)a-2,b-1,c-3
(d)a-1,b-3,c-2

431. 2.Whatistrueofthepsychotropicdrug?
(a)Morphineleadstodelusionsanddisturbed
emotions
(b)Barbituratescauserelaxationandtemporary
euphoria
(c)Hashishcausesafterthoughtperceptionsand
hallucinations
(d)Opiumstimulatesnervoussystemandcauses
hallucination

432. 3.Identifyandselecttherightoptiongivingsource&use.
(a)a-Cocaine,Erythroxylumcoca,Acceleratesdopamine
transport.
(b)b-Heroin,Canabissativa,Depressant,slowsdownbody
functions
(c)b-Cannabinoid,Atropabelladona,Produceshallucination
(d)a-Morphine,Papaversomniferum,sedativeandpainkiller

433. 4.Whichoneofthefollowingisamatchingpairofa
druganditscategory?
(a)Cannabinoid-dihydrocannabinol
(b)Lysergicacid–narcoticdiethylamide
(c)Heroin-dimethylamide
(d)Benzodiazepam-painkiller

434. 5.Whichoneofthefollowingisacorrectmatch?
(a)Bhang–Analgesic
(b)Cocaine–Opiatenarcotics
(c)Morphine–Hallucinogen
(d)Barbiturate–Tranquiliser

435. 6.Whichoneofthefollowingisnotderivedfrom
plants?
(a)Opioids
(b)DDT
(c)Cocaine
(d)Cannabinoids

436. 7.Whatisshowninthefigure?
(a)Cannabinoidmolecule
(b)Morphine
(c)Nicotine
(d)Cyclosporine

437. 8.Heroineislocallyknownas_____.
(a)smack
(b)angeldust
(c)coke
(d)marijuana

438. 9.Morphineisobtainedfrom
(a)Erythroxylumcoca
(b)Atropabelladonna
(c)Cannabissativa
(d)Papaversomniferum

439. 10.Cannabinoidsareobtainedfrom_______,______
and______ofcannabissativa.
(a)leaves,flowers,fruits
(b)leaves,flowertops,resin
(c)leaves,flowers,latex
(d)flower,seed,tannins

440. 11.Cannabinoidsaremainlyknowntoeffect?
(a)Cardiovascularsystem
(b)Nervoussystem
(c)Sensorysystem
(d)Excretorysystem

441. 12.Charas,ganja,hashishandmarijuanaareall
(a)Opioids
(b)Cannabinoids
(c)Cocaalkaloids
(d)Barbiturates

442. 13.Cocaplantisnativeto
(a)NorthAmerica
(b)SouthAmerica
(c)SouthAfrica
(d)Australia

443. 14.Excessivedosageofcocainecauses_________.
(a)cvscollapse
(b)hallucinations
(c)nervedamage
(d)vomiting

444. 15.LSDis
(a)LauricAcidDimethylAmide
(b)LysergicAcidDimethylAmide
(c)LysergicAcidDiethylAmide
(d)LysergicAcidDiethylAmine

445. 16.________aisveryeffectivepain-killerand
sedativeusedforpatientswhohaveundergone
surgery.
(a)Paracetamol
(b)Morphine
(c)LSD
(d)Barbiturate

446. 17.Tobaccocontainsanalkaloidknownas_______.
(a)morphine
(b)cocaine
(c)nicotine
(d)hashish

447. 18.Nicotinestimulateswhichglandprimarily?
(a)Salivary
(b)Pancreas
(c)Spleen
(d)Adrenal

448. 19.Ifregulardoseofdrugs/alcoholisabruptly
discontinueditcauses_______.
(a)hallucinations
(b)withdrawalsyndrome
(c)diversiontocriminalactivities
(d)severedepression

449. 20.Cocaineisobtainedfrom
(a)Atropabelladona
(b)Papaversomniferum
(c)Erythroxylumcoca
(d)Noneoftheabove