Abnormal Psychology Chapter One powerpoint.ppt

Abnormal Psychology

1. Chapter 1
Abnormal Behavior in
Historical Context

2. Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal
Behavior
•No Single Definition of Psychological
Abnormality
•No Single Definition of Psychological
Normality

3. What is a Psychological Disorder?
•Psychological Dysfunction
–Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
•Personal Distress
–Difficulty performing appropriate and
expected roles
–Impairment is set in the context of a
person’s background
•Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
–Reaction is outside cultural norms

4. Abnormal Behavior Defined
•Working Definition
–A psychological dysfunction associated
with distress or impairment in functioning
that is not typical or culturally expected
•The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-
IV-TR)
–DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria
•The Field of Psychopathology
–The scientific study of psychological
disorders

5. The Science of Psychopathology
•Mental Health Professionals
–The Ph.D.’s: Clinical and counseling
psychologists
–The Psy.D.’s: Clinical and counseling
“Doctors of Psychology”
–M.D.’s: Psychiatrists

6. The Science of Psychopathology
(continued)
–M.S.W.’s: Psychiatric and non-psychiatric
social workers
–MN/MSN’s: Psychiatric nurses
–Lay public and community groups
•United by the Scientist-Practitioner
Framework

7. The Scientist-Practitioner
•Producers of Research
•Consumers of Research
•Evaluators of Their Work Using Empirical
Methods

8. Fig. 1.2, p. 6
Functioning as a Scientist-Practitioner

9. Clinical Description
•Begins with the Presenting Problem
•Description Aims to
–Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction
from common human experience
•Describe Prevalence and Incidence of
Disorders

10. Clinical Description (continued)
•Describe Onset of Disorders
–Acute vs. insidious onset
•Describe Course of Disorders
–Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course
•Prognosis
–Good vs. guarded

11. Causation, Treatment, and Outcome
•Etiology
–What contributes to the development of
psychopathology?
•Treatment Development
–How can we help alleviate psychological
suffering?
–Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial,
and/or combined treatments

12. Causation, Treatment, and Outcome
(continued)
•Treatment Outcome Research
–How do we know that we have helped?
–Limited in specifying actual causes of
disorders

13. Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior
•Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed
–In all cultures
–Across all time periods
•Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
–Varies Widely Across cultures, time
periods, world views

14. Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior (continued)
•Three Dominant Traditions
–Supernatural
–Biological
–Psychological

15. The Supernatural Tradition
•Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs.
Evil
–Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft,
sorcery
–Treatments included exorcism, torture,
beatings, and crude surgeries
•The Moon and the Stars
–Paracelsus and lunacy

18. The Biological Tradition
•Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a
Physical Disease
–Hysteria “The Wandering Uterus”
•Galen Extends Hippocrates Work
–Humoral theory of mental illness
–Treatments remained crude

19. The Biological Tradition (continued)
•Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition
–Linked abnormality with brain chemical
imbalances
–Foreshadowed modern views

20. The 19
th
Century
•General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological
Link With Madness
–Several unusual psychological and
behavioral symptoms
–Pasteur discovered the cause –A bacterial
microorganism
–Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
–Bolstered the view that mental illness =
physical illness

21. The 19
th
Century (continued)
•John Grey and the Reformers
–Championed biological tradition in the USA

22. Consequences of the Biological Tradition
•Mental Illness = Physical Illness
•Emil Kraeplin
–Diagnosis and Classification

23. The Psychological Tradition
•The Rise of Moral Therapy
–More humane treatment of institutionalized
patients
–Encourage and reinforced social
interaction

25. The Psychological Tradition (continued)
•Proponents of Moral Therapy
–Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
–Benjamin Rush –Led reforms in U.S.
–Dorothea Dix –Mental hygiene movement
–William Tuke -Followed Pinel’s lead in
England
•The Falling Out of Moral Therapy
•Emergence of Competing Alternative
Psychological Models

26. Psychoanalytic Theory
•Freudian Theory of the Structure and
Function of the Mind
•Structure of the Mind
–Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional,
irrational)
–Ego (reality principle; logical and rational)
–Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and
Ego in balance)

27. Psychoanalytic Theory (continued)
•Defense Mechanisms: Ego Loses the Battle
with the Id and Superego
–Displacement & denial
–Rationalization & reaction formation
–Projection, repression, and sublimation
•Psychosexual Stages of Development
–Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
stages

28. Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought
•Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
–Emphasized influence of the ego in
defining behavior
•Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and Object
Relations Theory
–Emphasized how children incorporate
(introject) objects
–Objects –images, memories, and values of
significant others

29. Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought (continued)
•The Neo-Freudians: Departures From
Freudian Thought
–De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s
theory
–Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson

30. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The
“Talking” Cure
•Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts
–“The Real Problems”
•Therapy Is Often Long Term
•Techniques
–Free Association
–Dream Analysis
•Examine Transference and Counter-
Transference Issues
•Little Evidence for Efficacy

31. Humanistic Theory
•Major Players
–Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
•Major Themes
–That people are basically good
–Humans strive toward self-actualization

32. Humanistic Theory (continued)
•Humanistic Therapy
–Therapist conveys empathy and
unconditional positive regard
–Minimal therapist interpretation
•No strong evidence that humanistic therapies
work

33. The Behavioral Model
•Derived from a Scientific Approach to the
Study of Psychopathology
•Classical Conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)
–Ubiquitous form of learning
–Contingency between neutral and
unconditioned stimuli
–Conditioning was extended to the
acquisition of fear

34. The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy
•Challenged Psychoanalysis and Non-
Scientific Approaches
•Early Pioneers
–Joseph Wolpe –Systematic
desensitization
•Operant Conditioning (Thorndike; Skinner)
–Another ubiquitous form of learning
–Voluntary behavior is controlled by
consequences

35. The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy
(continued)
•Learning Traditions Influenced the
Development of Behavior Therapy
–Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited
and direct
–Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of
behavior therapies

36. The Present: An Integrative Approach
•Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined
•Unidimensional Accounts of Psychopathology
Are Incomplete

37. The Present: An Integrative Approach
(continued)
•Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between
–Biological, psychological, social, and
experiential factors
•Defining Abnormal Behavior
–Complex, multifaceted, and has evolved
•The Supernatural Tradition
–Has no place in a science of abnormal
behavior