ABO SYSTEM.pptx blood grouping comptability

abo blood grouping

1. Blood group systems ABO MNS P Rh Lutheran Kell Dewis

2. ABO SYSTEM Blood grouping system Discovered by landsteiner in 1900 ABO System results in four major blod groups: A,B,AB,O

3. PRINCIPLE The red cells contain different types of antigens( agglutinogen ),while plasma contains naturally occurring antibodies (agglutinins) In order to determine the blood group of an individual ,the red cells are allowed to react with sera containing known antibody ( agglutinin )

4. agglutination The interaction between an antibody and a particulate antigen results in visible clumping called agglutination. Antibodies that produce such reactions are called as agglutinins

5. ABO SLIDE METHOD

6. ABO blood grouping system divides blood into 4 groups (A,B,AB,O) based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on the RBC surfaces and naturally occurring antibodies anti- a and anti- b on serum .

7. RBC from a person with blood group 0 contain no antigen; so no agglutination occurs- universal donor Bombay blood group -0 blood group ( Anti A +Anti B ANTIBODIES +anti H Antibodies) RBC from a person with blood group AB contain both A and B antigens, so agglutination occurs in both because no antibodies are present in his serum – universal recipient

8. Rhesus system The second system is called the rhesus system and is classified as rhesus positive (+) and rhesus negative (- ). The Rh is derived from the use of the blood of rhesus monkeys in the basic test for determining the presence of the Rh antigen in human blood. If this RhD antigen is present, the blood group is RhD positive. If it's absent, the blood group is RhD

9. Rhesus system Rh blood group was reported by Landsteiner and weiner in 1940. Rh antigens are present on RBC Rh antibodies develop in response to known stimulus (blood transfusion, or pregnancy)

10. Methods of rh grouping Slide method Tube method

11. Slide method

12. Tube method

13. Cross matching Before blood transfusion , a cross match is a prerequisite It is done to avoid reactions of mismatched transfusion Donor recipient compatibility is tested by matching recipient’s serum and donor red cells

14. procedure In a small test tube, place a drop of recipient’s serum. Add washed donor red cells suspended in 5% saline Mix the two and incubate at 37% for 30 mins Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for one minute

15. After dislodging the cell palette gently from the centrifuge tube, examine it for presence or absence of agglutination and haemolysis , first grossly and then under the microscope.

16. interpretation If there is no agglutination or haemolysis , the donor recipient blood groups are matched In a mismatch ,there is either haemolysis or agglutination or both.

17. Importance of blood grouping and cross matching Done prior to blood transfusion Paternity disputes ABO and rh grouping is done Medicolegal use in criminal cases Suspectibility to various diseases –o blood group are suspectible to peptic ulcer A blood group-gastric cancer Routine health checkup

18. Donor screening It is done to minimize risks both to the recipient and to the donor. First layer of defense The WHO Recommends a lower limit of 18 for donating blood and upper limit to 65 years of age. Consent is taken before donation

19. Blood donor screening form Hb, blood group, vitals-current health of the donor Last Donation; if any;date Last meal History of infections such as HIV/MALARIA/HEP Antibiotics consumption in 2 weeks Alcohol consumption in 24 hours respiratory disease, Heart disease, Liver disease, allergy, Epilepsy ,diabetes, BP,Cancer ,

20. History of last 6-12 months :- Dengue, Typhoid, malaria, chikunguniya , chickenpox Tooth extraction Animal bite Hep A,E History of surgery in 1 year Tattoo in last 1 year Injection drug use