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1. ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS BY JO’RAYEVA NOZIMA 2 XTA-22

2. INTRODUCTION IN ACADEMIC WRITING, FIRST IMPRESSIONS MATTER — AND ABSTRACTS PROVIDE THAT FIRST GLIMPSE INTO A RESEARCH ARTICLE. AN ABSTRACT IS A BRIEF BUT IMPORTANT SUMMARY, HIGHLIGHTING THE STUDY’S PURPOSE, METHODS, KEY FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSIONS IT HELPS READERS QUICKLY DECIDE IF THE ARTICLE IS RELEVANT TO THEIR OWN WORK. KEYWORDS ARE CAREFULLY SELECTED WORDS OR PHRASES THAT REFLECT THE MAIN IDEAS OF THE ARTICLE. TOGETHER, ABSTRACTS AND KEYWORDS IMPROVE A STUDY’S VISIBILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, AND IMPACT IN THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY. WHY ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS MATTER IN ACADEMIC WRITING?

3. AN ABSTRACT IS A SHORT SUMMARY OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE, THESIS, OR REPORT. IT PROVIDES A CLEAR OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN PROBLEM, OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY, KEY FINDINGS, AND CONCLUSIONS. ABSTRACTS HELP READERS QUICKLY ASSESS WHETHER A PAPER IS USEFUL, RELEVANT, OR WORTH READING IN FULL. IN MANY CASES, THE ABSTRACT IS THE ONLY PART OF A PAPER PEOPLE READ — ESPECIALLY IN BUSY ACADEMIC OR A WELL-WRITTEN ABSTRACT CAN ATTRACT INTEREST AND INCREASE CITATIONS. WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?

4. TYPES OF ABSTRACTS DESCRIPTIVE ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHT ABSTRACT INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT CRITICAL ABSTRACT

5. DESCRIPTIVE ABSTRACT A descriptive abstract briefly outlines the purpose and scope of the research without providing details about the methods or results, and it is typically limited to 50–100 words.

6. INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT An informative abstract is the most common type, offering a concise summary of the research purpose, methodology, key results, and conclusions, usually within 150–250 words.

7. CRITICAL ABSTRACT A critical abstract goes a step further by not only summarizing the study but also providing an evaluation of its validity, reliability, and significance. This type is less frequently used and is often found in review articles.

8. HIGHTLIGHT ABSTRACT A highlight abstract emphasizes the main findings and implications of the research, often designed to attract attention to significant or groundbreaking studies published in journals.

9. STRUCTURE OF AN ABSTRACT RESULTS: METHODS: CONCLUSION: BACKGROUND: OBJECTIVE A GOOD ABSTRACT TYPICALLY FOLLOWS THIS STRUCTURE: Briefly introduces the research problem, topic, or issue being addressed. It explains why the study is important and sets the context for the reader. Clearly states the main goal or purpose of the study. It describes what the researcher intended to investigate or prove. Summarizes how the research was carried out. This may include the research design, sample, tools, data collection, and analysis techniques used. Presents the most important findings of the study. It highlights the key data or outcomes without too much detail or interpretation. Explains the meaning of the results and their significance. It may also suggest recommendations, implications, or future directions based on the findings.

10. 1 3 Objective: Focuses on facts and avoids opinions or unnecessary details. Accurate: Represents the content of the article without exaggeration. 2 Clear: Avoid jargon, complex sentences, and ambiguity. Complete: Includes key elements: purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Engaging: Should spark interest and encourage further reading. Concise: Should be brief but comprehensive, typically 150–250 words. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ABSTRACT WARNER & SPENCER MARCH 2030

11. U sing general or unclear statements that don’t explain the study’s purpose, methods, or results clearly. Leaving out important parts like the study objective, methods, or main findings. Writing an abstract that’s too long, which can lead to it being cut or ignored by journals and databases COMMON MISTAKES IN ABSTRACT WRITING BEING TOO VAGUE: MISSING KEY ELEMENTS: EXCEEDING THE WORD LIMIT: INCLUDING TOO MUCH DETAIL: Add ing unnecessary background information, detailed statistics, or lengthy explanations that belong in the main paper. POOR STRUCTURE OR FLOW: Writing ideas in a disorganized way without a logical sequence, making it difficult for readers to follow.

12. KEYWORDS ARE SPECIFIC TERMS OR PHRASES THAT CAPTURE THE MAIN TOPICS OR CONCEPTS OF AN ARTICLE. THEY ARE USED TO HELP OTHERS FIND THE ARTICLE IN SEARCH ENGINES AND ACADEMIC DATABASES. GOOD KEYWORDS REFLECT THE CENTRAL THEMES OF THE RESEARCH, MAKING IT EASIER FOR READERS TO LOCATE RELEVANT STUDIES. TYPICALLY, 3 TO 7 KEYWORDS ARE CHOSEN BASED ON THE ARTICLE’S SUBJECT, IMPORTANT TERMS, AND THE LANGUAGE COMMONLY USED IN THE FIELD. KEYWORDS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MAKING ARTICLES DISCOVERABLE AND ACCESSIBLE TO A WIDER AUDIENCE. WHAT ARE KEYWORDS?

13. Most journals recommend selecting 3 to 7 keywords for each article. Too few keywords may limit the article's visibility, while too many can make it less focused. The number of keywords may vary depending on the journal’s guidelines, but it’s best to strike a balance between specificity and relevance. Ensure that keywords are specific enough to describe the article’s topic but broad enough to cover related areas of research. HOW MANY KEYWORDS?

14. Article’s Title and Abstract: Start by extracting key terms directly from your title and abstract. Reference List: Look at keywords used in similar articles or the references cited in your paper. This helps identify terms that are commonly used in your research area. Databases and Indexes: Use tools like PubMed, Google Scholar, or Scopus to see which keywords appear in top papers in your field. Collaborate with Peers: Ask colleagues or mentors in your field for their input on relevant and effective keywords. Where to Find Good Keywords

15. 1 3 Increases Discoverability: Well-chosen keywords help your article appear in search engine results and academic databases. 2 IMPORTANCE OF GOOD KEYWORDS 4 Improves Research Impact: More visibility means a higher chance of your article being read, cited, and referenced by other researchers. Supports Accurate Indexing: Keywords assist databases in correctly categorizing your article, making it easier for the right audience to find. Saves Researchers’ Time: Good keywords help readers quickly locate articles relevant to their research needs.

16. GUESSING INSTEAD OF CHECKING: U sing very general words like “health” or “education” that cover too many topics. Choosing highly specific terms that few people are likely to search for. “stress management,” Not using controlled vocabularies or common terms in your research area COMMON MISTAKES IN CHOOSING KEYWORDS BEING TOO BROAD BEING TOO NARROW: IGNORING DATABASE STANDARDS: REPEATING TITLE WORDS: Wast ing keyword spots by repeating exact words from your article title. Not checking what terms other researchers use for similar studies.

17. ABSTRACT: A briEF, STRUCTURED SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE RESEARCH ARTICLE, INCLUDING THE PURPOSE, METHODS, RESULTS, AND CONCLUSIONS. KEY DIFFERENCES: THE ABSTRACT TELLS THE STORY OF YOUR RESEARCH. KEYWORDS HELP PEOPLE FIND YOUR STORY. ABSTRACT IS WRITTEN IN SENTENCES; KEYWORDS ARE LISTED SEPARATELY. ABSTRACT VS. KEYWORDS WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE ? KEYWORDS: A liST OF IMPORTANT TERMS OR PHRASES RELATED TO THE ARTICLE’S CONTENT, HELPING OTHERS FIND THE ARTICLE IN DATABASES AND SEARCH ENGINES.

18. Abstracts and keywords are essential tools for presenting and promoting academic research. A well-written abstract offers a clear, concise summary of your study, helping readers quickly decide if your work is relevant to them. Carefully selected keywords improve your article’s visibility, discoverability, and academic impact. Understanding how to structure abstracts and choose effective keywords ensures your research reaches the right audience and contributes meaningfully to your field. Always follow journal guidelines and best practices when preparing abstracts and selecting keywords. CONCLUSION

19. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: APA. Hartley, J. (2008). Academic writing and publishing: A practical guide. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203937887 Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills (3rd ed.). University of Michigan Press. Elsevier. (n.d.). How to write an abstract and choose appropriate keywords. Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com/authors/tools-and-resources REFERENCES

20. THANK YOU