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About This Presentation
ACI 347R-14_Guía de encofrados para hormigón.pdf
Slide Content
Guide to Formwork for
Concrete
Reported by ACI Committee 347
| ACI 347R-14
Concrete
Reported by ACI Committee 347
| ACI 347R-14
> First Printing
ACTS American concrete institute July 2014
ze
eg ISBN: 978-0-87031-910-5,
Guide to Formwork for Concrete
Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington His, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may note reproduced or copied, in whole or par, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, lm, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of CI.
‘The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid
ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. inspite ofthese efforts, the users of ACL
documents oecasionaly find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one
interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of
ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at hitp:/concrete.org/Publicatlons/
DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use ofthis document includes periodically checking for errata for Ihe most
uptodate revisions.
ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations ofits content and recommendations and who will accept responsiblity for
{he application ofthe material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume al
risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of tls Information.
‘All information inthis publication is provided “as 1s without warranty of any kind, either express or
‘plied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness fora particular
purpose or non-infringement,
ACH and its members disclaim lability for damages of any kind, including any specal indirect, incidenta,
‘or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result
from the use ofthis publication.
Itis the responsibility ofthe user ofthis document to establish health and safety practices appropriate
to the specific circumstances involved with Its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard
o health and safety Issues and the use ofthis document. The user must determine the applicability ot
all regulatory lintations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and
‘regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) health and safety standards
Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in
the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or he
standards that It develops.
Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic
subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACL
Most Act standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice (MCP).
American Conerete Institute
38300 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
1.248.848.3700
Fax +1.248.848.3701
‘www.concrete.org,
ACTS American concrete institute July 2014
ze
eg ISBN: 978-0-87031-910-5,
Guide to Formwork for Concrete
Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington His, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may note reproduced or copied, in whole or par, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, lm, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of CI.
‘The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid
ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. inspite ofthese efforts, the users of ACL
documents oecasionaly find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one
interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of
ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at hitp:/concrete.org/Publicatlons/
DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use ofthis document includes periodically checking for errata for Ihe most
uptodate revisions.
ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations ofits content and recommendations and who will accept responsiblity for
{he application ofthe material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume al
risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of tls Information.
‘All information inthis publication is provided “as 1s without warranty of any kind, either express or
‘plied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness fora particular
purpose or non-infringement,
ACH and its members disclaim lability for damages of any kind, including any specal indirect, incidenta,
‘or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result
from the use ofthis publication.
Itis the responsibility ofthe user ofthis document to establish health and safety practices appropriate
to the specific circumstances involved with Its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard
o health and safety Issues and the use ofthis document. The user must determine the applicability ot
all regulatory lintations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and
‘regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) health and safety standards
Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in
the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or he
standards that It develops.
Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic
subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACL
Most Act standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice (MCP).
American Conerete Institute
38300 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
1.248.848.3700
Fax +1.248.848.3701
‘www.concrete.org,
ACI 347R-14
Guide to Formwork for Concrete
Reported by ACI Committee 347
Se de Tony? pe
Gere ‘anor rt
mew cont pen San
Sa Dat age sn
tro Dab Reto ket
Eee ETS
jee ff: gai nd conn ae gen proie
ne Jr femme A ct on oc camente plas
Le End end encut of speciation pures De eg
het shold pride fr e contrat The nando he
[Pade odes th mar anges on det ae
E mue the weiten neurnapr sep and eran!
Spare cher del ih ei const. and material
Dr Jomuor. Coidraton pue Yo rec cance
are a ld a separa chape Oe sections are de
10 foro for bien shell, mate cnc, and ded
on The cong caper en ono Jr pei thas of
sion lues spfamia. replaced area cone
‘Tor oma: gly cn roba ai: por ct
Des
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p.2
1.1—lntrodction,p.2
AG Commitee Repo, ide, nd Commoner e
{ate or id pla, doping came D
‘npc cun Thus document edo we
‘tad uno we cnet to evt the if
{id ion of cote nd recommen an eh
‘wl accept ep fr th apa ote mt
eatin The Anan Cont site aims a sd
roms ere Te te ha
"etre to ss don a on made cout
asin aad on eure
Ine Avance o es pat ofthe cone dba
the al breast nme gue esporas
ratio
nes Pe EA
ier? Ret
Dae! Ban Bea Grade
is Ro
waite Sp
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p.2
¡Nolan p.2
22-Défniionsp. 2
(CHAPTER 3_GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p.3
31--Adhierin economy in fonmverk.p. 3
32 Comet document.
CHAPTER 4—DESIGN,
AE
42 Lad 6
43--Manber copactic.p.9
Say actor for acconorie, p 9
45 Shores. p10
46-rcing and lacing p 10
47Foundstions for foma p10
48-Stlema, p.10
(CHAPTER 5-CONSTRUCTION, p. 10
S1--Safey prcations,p. 10
52 Construction practices and workman,
$3—Toleranes p.13
$ 4—Iegularits in Formed surfaces 14
5 Sharing and caters pt
5 6—Inspctian and adjustment of former, p. 14
$ 7—Removal offers and supports. 15
35 Shoring and shorins of misery etes, p.17
BEI go A 19d nr
aa ska ca tana
‘Srna a yay
SEC denen
tl dp an e pm
AA
od
Guide to Formwork for Concrete
Reported by ACI Committee 347
Se de Tony? pe
Gere ‘anor rt
mew cont pen San
Sa Dat age sn
tro Dab Reto ket
Eee ETS
jee ff: gai nd conn ae gen proie
ne Jr femme A ct on oc camente plas
Le End end encut of speciation pures De eg
het shold pride fr e contrat The nando he
[Pade odes th mar anges on det ae
E mue the weiten neurnapr sep and eran!
Spare cher del ih ei const. and material
Dr Jomuor. Coidraton pue Yo rec cance
are a ld a separa chape Oe sections are de
10 foro for bien shell, mate cnc, and ded
on The cong caper en ono Jr pei thas of
sion lues spfamia. replaced area cone
‘Tor oma: gly cn roba ai: por ct
Des
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p.2
1.1—lntrodction,p.2
AG Commitee Repo, ide, nd Commoner e
{ate or id pla, doping came D
‘npc cun Thus document edo we
‘tad uno we cnet to evt the if
{id ion of cote nd recommen an eh
‘wl accept ep fr th apa ote mt
eatin The Anan Cont site aims a sd
roms ere Te te ha
"etre to ss don a on made cout
asin aad on eure
Ine Avance o es pat ofthe cone dba
the al breast nme gue esporas
ratio
nes Pe EA
ier? Ret
Dae! Ban Bea Grade
is Ro
waite Sp
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p.2
¡Nolan p.2
22-Défniionsp. 2
(CHAPTER 3_GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p.3
31--Adhierin economy in fonmverk.p. 3
32 Comet document.
CHAPTER 4—DESIGN,
AE
42 Lad 6
43--Manber copactic.p.9
Say actor for acconorie, p 9
45 Shores. p10
46-rcing and lacing p 10
47Foundstions for foma p10
48-Stlema, p.10
(CHAPTER 5-CONSTRUCTION, p. 10
S1--Safey prcations,p. 10
52 Construction practices and workman,
$3—Toleranes p.13
$ 4—Iegularits in Formed surfaces 14
5 Sharing and caters pt
5 6—Inspctian and adjustment of former, p. 14
$ 7—Removal offers and supports. 15
35 Shoring and shorins of misery etes, p.17
BEI go A 19d nr
aa ska ca tana
‘Srna a yay
SEC denen
tl dp an e pm
AA
od
uno,
CHAPTER 6—MATERIALS, p. 18
‘61—General p18
6 2—Propets of materials, p.19
63—Actesories p19
64Fenn outings and release agents p.21
‘CHAPTER 7--ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE, p.21
FA arta
Roe. 21
Free eher 3
74 Devan p 23
1 Coin 21
Fe-Fanreent p.25
(CHAPTER 8-SPECIAL STRUCTURES, p.25
$1—Discusin.p. 25
$ 2—Beidgs ad vist, inclui hh pies, p.25
83 Stuchres designed fr compost action, p 25
8:4—Folded plates, hi shel, and ong rf sr
tures, p26
"ES Mass concrete structs, p.27
86—Undergowmd structs p.28
CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION, p.29
91—Preplacedassrezat concrete, p. 20
92—Sliptoms. p29
93—Pemumen fom p31
9:4 Fans for pesuessed cncrt cnstuction,p. 32
9.5—Fms for siteprcastinap. 32
9.5 Ue al precan concrete fr foma, 38
9:7—Fanms für core placed under wate, p. 23
(CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES, p.34
‘Authredreferencs,p. 35
CHAPTER 1-1
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE.
11—introductión
and companies are usa
desen ofthe facility o be built and in he
‘design and construction ofthe fammwork The facil ear
‘ypialy involves structural einer and architcs who
determine the requirements fü the cone structure 1 be
u. Fo simpliciy, the facil design team will sal
be referred to asthe engince/archiect, alight may
be referred to separately in same siuaticas The form
wal team may include the general contact, Fame
Special mbcontrcir, fome engines, or mate
‘etre, and form suplir. The participan companis
nd fms also have form designers and siled workers
«sectina mary dated tks For splice fonnverk
team il usually be refered toa he fervork gine
ctracir lb they may be refered to separately in
“Tis anid i based en the premise that layout, design.
and construction of formwork shouldbe the responsi
‘tthe fomnverk engine contractor This i belived tobe
naan Core nahe = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
fundamental to the achievement of safety and conan of
mask and ofthe require formes surface quality of the
ere
The pare values sated in inch-pound and SI uns are
sal ot exact equivalents: Therefore, nc system i to
Deus independently ofthe other
12-Scopo
‘This que coves
2) A Tsing of infeematon 10 e inched inthe contact
documents
1) Design cra for horizontal and vial load cn
formwork
€) Design comideratins, including safety actos for
termining the capitis of Fomivoek accesories
D Preparation of fermvork dings
9 Conti and use of foma cain safety
considertions
‘Materials for fermet
2) Formar fo special suet
I) Forma fo special methods of construction
(CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS,
2.4—Netation
concret lateral pressure, Ii? (kPa)
henistycoecen
‘ut iat coefficient
for vibration factor I (kPa)
$ gravitational constant 000981 KN
fh = deh of Bui or plastic concret rm op of place
‘ait point of user in fon, fn)
= rate of placement Uh (nt)
T= empertire of comer af tine of placemat, °F
co
w= wei of care, it
P= density afconcrte kein’
22-Definitions
‘The 2014 ACI Conecte Teminology Qu
«one or/TooluConraeTeminology amps) provides a
«snprevnsive Ist of definition. The definicns provided
Teen camplement ha source
"ackshores—hres let in place o shores placed sy
under a cette ab or stuctral member aftr the rit
femme and shores have ben removed fr a mal rn,
without allowing the etre sab or member to defect or
‘pat its el weight and eenstuetio oa
‘Drace—srctral member usdto provide trl support
for anar menber, generally forthe purpose of ensuing
stabil resting aera ond
‘eatering—faewerk used in the construction of ches,
shells space autres, e any cams suce where
the entre falsework i lowered (tuck or deseiered) aa
‘limbing. form—fom that i raised vetically fe
colina its of concrete ina given sucre.
CHAPTER 6—MATERIALS, p. 18
‘61—General p18
6 2—Propets of materials, p.19
63—Actesories p19
64Fenn outings and release agents p.21
‘CHAPTER 7--ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE, p.21
FA arta
Roe. 21
Free eher 3
74 Devan p 23
1 Coin 21
Fe-Fanreent p.25
(CHAPTER 8-SPECIAL STRUCTURES, p.25
$1—Discusin.p. 25
$ 2—Beidgs ad vist, inclui hh pies, p.25
83 Stuchres designed fr compost action, p 25
8:4—Folded plates, hi shel, and ong rf sr
tures, p26
"ES Mass concrete structs, p.27
86—Undergowmd structs p.28
CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION, p.29
91—Preplacedassrezat concrete, p. 20
92—Sliptoms. p29
93—Pemumen fom p31
9:4 Fans for pesuessed cncrt cnstuction,p. 32
9.5—Fms for siteprcastinap. 32
9.5 Ue al precan concrete fr foma, 38
9:7—Fanms für core placed under wate, p. 23
(CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES, p.34
‘Authredreferencs,p. 35
CHAPTER 1-1
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE.
11—introductión
and companies are usa
desen ofthe facility o be built and in he
‘design and construction ofthe fammwork The facil ear
‘ypialy involves structural einer and architcs who
determine the requirements fü the cone structure 1 be
u. Fo simpliciy, the facil design team will sal
be referred to asthe engince/archiect, alight may
be referred to separately in same siuaticas The form
wal team may include the general contact, Fame
Special mbcontrcir, fome engines, or mate
‘etre, and form suplir. The participan companis
nd fms also have form designers and siled workers
«sectina mary dated tks For splice fonnverk
team il usually be refered toa he fervork gine
ctracir lb they may be refered to separately in
“Tis anid i based en the premise that layout, design.
and construction of formwork shouldbe the responsi
‘tthe fomnverk engine contractor This i belived tobe
naan Core nahe = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
fundamental to the achievement of safety and conan of
mask and ofthe require formes surface quality of the
ere
The pare values sated in inch-pound and SI uns are
sal ot exact equivalents: Therefore, nc system i to
Deus independently ofthe other
12-Scopo
‘This que coves
2) A Tsing of infeematon 10 e inched inthe contact
documents
1) Design cra for horizontal and vial load cn
formwork
€) Design comideratins, including safety actos for
termining the capitis of Fomivoek accesories
D Preparation of fermvork dings
9 Conti and use of foma cain safety
considertions
‘Materials for fermet
2) Formar fo special suet
I) Forma fo special methods of construction
(CHAPTER 2-NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS,
2.4—Netation
concret lateral pressure, Ii? (kPa)
henistycoecen
‘ut iat coefficient
for vibration factor I (kPa)
$ gravitational constant 000981 KN
fh = deh of Bui or plastic concret rm op of place
‘ait point of user in fon, fn)
= rate of placement Uh (nt)
T= empertire of comer af tine of placemat, °F
co
w= wei of care, it
P= density afconcrte kein’
22-Definitions
‘The 2014 ACI Conecte Teminology Qu
«one or/TooluConraeTeminology amps) provides a
«snprevnsive Ist of definition. The definicns provided
Teen camplement ha source
"ackshores—hres let in place o shores placed sy
under a cette ab or stuctral member aftr the rit
femme and shores have ben removed fr a mal rn,
without allowing the etre sab or member to defect or
‘pat its el weight and eenstuetio oa
‘Drace—srctral member usdto provide trl support
for anar menber, generally forthe purpose of ensuing
stabil resting aera ond
‘eatering—faewerk used in the construction of ches,
shells space autres, e any cams suce where
the entre falsework i lowered (tuck or deseiered) aa
‘limbing. form—fom that i raised vetically fe
colina its of concrete ina given sucre.
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) 3
Arop ead shore—shor wäh ahead hat can be lowered
to remove Fonine components without removing the shove
«changing as super re Noor stem.
cngincerlarhiteet—the einer architect, engineering
‘in achtctrl rn, or her agency suing projec plans
and specication othe permit truce niin
he wor under contrat documents, ar both
Talsework—tempoary Sucre ected 10 support work
in the process of contucion; composed of Sharing or
‘atic! posting and tal bracing fer fervor for beans
db
ying forms large prete, mechanical handled
sections of flor system fomvat: designed for multiple
neue. Requet including sapporting truss, beam.
‘ving assemblies completely untized
form—tenporay structure or mol forthe support of
concret wile esti and gang slice sent to
beselesupporing
Tormwork total system of support for freshly placed
“concrete, including dhe mold cr sheathing that contacts the
eme as well as supprting members, hardware, and
neces tracing
Tormmork engincericntracior—enginca of the fm
work sytem e contactor in charge of designated aspect of
over design ad fermork options
ganged forms large mechaneally sted assemblies
wih special iting hardware wsel for farming vertical
ces, ao called gang orm
horizontal lacing horizontal bracing members tached
to shores to reduce ther unnpperted, lena, thereby
increasing load capacity and sb
reshores added shores placed amy under selected
pes ofa deckfomning stan bfire any primary (oi
bal shores ae removed
reses sore placed analy under a srpped concrete
slab or other sirctral menber ae he origi fens and
es have been ranoved fem a fil bay, rung the
new sab or strctral member to detest nd support on
‘Weight and existing construction loads to be ape bre
installation ofthe reshores,
séaffld—temporary tre wih an elevated platform
or support worker, tol, and materials
shore—vatial er clined support member or braced
fame designed to cary the weight of the fomnvork,
eines, and easton Las.
Slpform-—a form that spilled or ried as concrete is.
place,
Surface aie volds—sanall regar or rear eas,
sul not exceting 06 in (15 nu) in dame, resting
from entrapment of ai bubbler in the surface of formed
‘ect ring placement and consolidation
(CHAPTER 9—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.1—Achieving economy in formwork
“The craint cn improve the overall can
ofthe structure y planning otha fornverk costae mint
man Conc ste - Cage came o
sized. The cost of Fon can be gene han hal the
total cost ofthe conecte srctre This investment egies
«rel hong and planning by He engine architecte
‘sighing and specifying the suce and by the Fame
and conti the
sis, prepared the Forme
cuaines/comracte, can idesiffpotatial problems and
shold give projet site employees clear pice of whats
require andhowto chere i
‘The folowing sidelines show hw the enginerarchict
(cm pan the re 0 ha Fm economy may bes
beachieve:
12) To simplify and permit maximum ruse of foot.
the dimensions of footings, columns, and beams should
Ve of standar material mil, andthe number of sizes
shouldbe minimizal
0) When interior cou re the same sd as or smaller
han the girders they supper. te column fer becomes à
simple rectangular or square box ithe bouts, nd he
"ab form does nt have to e et ut at each comer a the
‘ohana.
©) When ll beams are made one depth (beams framing
int girders as well as beans fruning ito columns) the
suppeetnasbucures forte beam Forms ca be cared on.
level plato supporte on shoes,
© ‘Considering avaiable sizes of dresed lunber,
plywood, and ter ready-made font. components and
Kesping beam and joist ies constant wil ede abr con
and improve material we.
"9 The des ofthe structure shoud be based on the use
fone standard depthwherever posible when commercial
aïe farming systems, suchas one. or two Jost,
ns re use
1) The structural design should be prepared simultane
‘nly with the architectural design so hat dimensions can
(better coordinated, Minor changes in plan dimensions to
ter ft Krk yout ean result in significa educ
An fomvok cost.
4) The engineaarchitect should condor rchitechral
eures, depressions and penis for mechanical o lc
tricalwork when deta the ruca sy
of achieving cconemy. Variation inthe sucia! sto
‘assed by such items should be shown cn the structural
ans Wherever possible, depressions i the tps of slabs
Should made witout a coespending beak elevations
‘ofthe sis fab, Beams, ois.
1) Embed for tachment o x panda thigh
the ‘canrete sure should De designed 10 mime
random penetation ofthe formed surface
D Avou octing cohmns or wall, even for av oes,
‘where they would metro with the use of lage formwork
shoring units in otherwise la bays
3) Postiaioning sequence sould be eased out in
stages and planned in a way that will miiiz te need fr
‘diol sora that may be required ue toredistbaton
‘fposttensioning loads
Arop ead shore—shor wäh ahead hat can be lowered
to remove Fonine components without removing the shove
«changing as super re Noor stem.
cngincerlarhiteet—the einer architect, engineering
‘in achtctrl rn, or her agency suing projec plans
and specication othe permit truce niin
he wor under contrat documents, ar both
Talsework—tempoary Sucre ected 10 support work
in the process of contucion; composed of Sharing or
‘atic! posting and tal bracing fer fervor for beans
db
ying forms large prete, mechanical handled
sections of flor system fomvat: designed for multiple
neue. Requet including sapporting truss, beam.
‘ving assemblies completely untized
form—tenporay structure or mol forthe support of
concret wile esti and gang slice sent to
beselesupporing
Tormwork total system of support for freshly placed
“concrete, including dhe mold cr sheathing that contacts the
eme as well as supprting members, hardware, and
neces tracing
Tormmork engincericntracior—enginca of the fm
work sytem e contactor in charge of designated aspect of
over design ad fermork options
ganged forms large mechaneally sted assemblies
wih special iting hardware wsel for farming vertical
ces, ao called gang orm
horizontal lacing horizontal bracing members tached
to shores to reduce ther unnpperted, lena, thereby
increasing load capacity and sb
reshores added shores placed amy under selected
pes ofa deckfomning stan bfire any primary (oi
bal shores ae removed
reses sore placed analy under a srpped concrete
slab or other sirctral menber ae he origi fens and
es have been ranoved fem a fil bay, rung the
new sab or strctral member to detest nd support on
‘Weight and existing construction loads to be ape bre
installation ofthe reshores,
séaffld—temporary tre wih an elevated platform
or support worker, tol, and materials
shore—vatial er clined support member or braced
fame designed to cary the weight of the fomnvork,
eines, and easton Las.
Slpform-—a form that spilled or ried as concrete is.
place,
Surface aie volds—sanall regar or rear eas,
sul not exceting 06 in (15 nu) in dame, resting
from entrapment of ai bubbler in the surface of formed
‘ect ring placement and consolidation
(CHAPTER 9—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.1—Achieving economy in formwork
“The craint cn improve the overall can
ofthe structure y planning otha fornverk costae mint
man Conc ste - Cage came o
sized. The cost of Fon can be gene han hal the
total cost ofthe conecte srctre This investment egies
«rel hong and planning by He engine architecte
‘sighing and specifying the suce and by the Fame
and conti the
sis, prepared the Forme
cuaines/comracte, can idesiffpotatial problems and
shold give projet site employees clear pice of whats
require andhowto chere i
‘The folowing sidelines show hw the enginerarchict
(cm pan the re 0 ha Fm economy may bes
beachieve:
12) To simplify and permit maximum ruse of foot.
the dimensions of footings, columns, and beams should
Ve of standar material mil, andthe number of sizes
shouldbe minimizal
0) When interior cou re the same sd as or smaller
han the girders they supper. te column fer becomes à
simple rectangular or square box ithe bouts, nd he
"ab form does nt have to e et ut at each comer a the
‘ohana.
©) When ll beams are made one depth (beams framing
int girders as well as beans fruning ito columns) the
suppeetnasbucures forte beam Forms ca be cared on.
level plato supporte on shoes,
© ‘Considering avaiable sizes of dresed lunber,
plywood, and ter ready-made font. components and
Kesping beam and joist ies constant wil ede abr con
and improve material we.
"9 The des ofthe structure shoud be based on the use
fone standard depthwherever posible when commercial
aïe farming systems, suchas one. or two Jost,
ns re use
1) The structural design should be prepared simultane
‘nly with the architectural design so hat dimensions can
(better coordinated, Minor changes in plan dimensions to
ter ft Krk yout ean result in significa educ
An fomvok cost.
4) The engineaarchitect should condor rchitechral
eures, depressions and penis for mechanical o lc
tricalwork when deta the ruca sy
of achieving cconemy. Variation inthe sucia! sto
‘assed by such items should be shown cn the structural
ans Wherever possible, depressions i the tps of slabs
Should made witout a coespending beak elevations
‘ofthe sis fab, Beams, ois.
1) Embed for tachment o x panda thigh
the ‘canrete sure should De designed 10 mime
random penetation ofthe formed surface
D Avou octing cohmns or wall, even for av oes,
‘where they would metro with the use of lage formwork
shoring units in otherwise la bays
3) Postiaioning sequence sould be eased out in
stages and planned in a way that will miiiz te need fr
‘diol sora that may be required ue toredistbaton
‘fposttensioning loads
OA
32—Contract documents
"The contact documents should st for the tonces
require in he finshed structure bt should no tt 10
speci) dhemeans and methods by which deferens
escort designs and build he Fonmwark to achieve
‘hereqied tolerances
‘The ajout and design of the fommvork should be a
joint effort of the frmnork engineer and the formar
(rer, The Fo construcion in compliance with
(he fomwark design is he responsible om
tractor: When form design ine by he contractor
fone. design isthe responsibilty of the fomaverk
gines. This approach gives the necessary from to
ses knowledge, and motion Lo safely consi am
‘tonaical strate By reviewing ie Fame dings,
the engine rete can understand how the fomverk
«gines contracte has interprete he ceviret documents
Same local jusidictons have legal requirements define
the specific reponsbiites of the enginerwehteet in
nae design, eves, e appeal
‘321 Indvchal specemons ne specific for
over wil ete overall enemy and quality ofthe
fished werk: thee, it sould betalred foreach pati
la jo, clearly indicate wht i expected of he contact,
nd mire econ and
‘A well fernwork speciation tnd to quai
bids fo the wok. Vague or overly restrictive requirements
m make dic fr bidder to understand excl what
ds expected Bidders can be ove cat and ovabid ct
misntepret requirements and undebid. Using standard
cif sch as ACT 30 hit have many input sources
An development can mitigate these posible problems
velit former speciation is of vale no only
to the mer andthe contactor, ut also 1 Ihe fil ere:
aise of the ongineerchec, approving agency, and
the sbcontcios of other index Some requirements cam
benito allow discretion ofthe contractor were ality
‘of finished concrete work would ot Be impard by the se
‘fallativemstrals and methods
‘Consideration of the applicable genen] requirements
suggested herein are not intended to representa complete
Specification Requirements should De added für acta
material, rises, nd her tans peculiar to and necs-
‘ary fr te individual strate. The enginee/rehteet cm
‘schde cll special tention fo, regen, or make more
Tenia any general requirement 1 best ithe needs he
patil project, Father dtiled informatico sven i
Aspa
322 Formwork materials and accessories A the panic
ar design or desired nish requires special tention the
eat can specify in the contact documents
the formwork materials and any other Faure necessary to
sain the objective I the engineer does not call
For sevi materials or accessories, the Fark engine!
contractor an choose any materials hat meet he cont
remets
‘When structural design is based on the we of comer
cial avale erm uns in sidad size, sich a one or
naan one intro = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
‘wo.ay joist stem, plans shuld be dawn to ake we
of avale shapes and size. Some variation from normal
tolerances should be pemited by the speiiatin: a) fr
‘nections of form nits o other flaming and) tre
normal installation practices and typical used condo of
the fom type anticipated.
32.3 Finish of exposed concret requirements for
concrete fics should be described in measurable ems
‘precisely as practicable Refer to, Cliper, and ACL
SR.
324 Design inspection review. and approval of form.
work — Ah the safety fm. iste resp Dil
the conti the engineer or approving agency
may. under certain crcumstances,decide to review and
gprove the nor, including dawings and calculations.
Ir so, the enpineaarchtet should al for uch review or
spproval in the contract document
"Approral might be required for unusually complicated
stuctrs structures whose designs were based an à parti
lar method e constuction, tres in Which the Toms
“part a desire architectural fish, cert post-tesioned
Structures, folded ple, thin shell or lengespan root
The following items shoul be clarified in the contract
decima
3) Who wil design he fommvork
1) Who will détermine postenionne sequence ani
part noted for rlibibution of Toads reiling om
suesing operations
9 Who wil design shoring andthe resoring tem
D Who wl inpectihe specie fete of artwork and
‘when wil the injection be performed
‘What reviews, approvals, or oth, wil be requited for:
À. Formvork dravings, calculations e bal
di Posttasioning apport
fit Roi design
dv Foamvok preplacement inspection
‘Who will give sich eves, pprovals, obo
325 Contract document The cose. documents
should include linfoma about the ste neces
ar forthe formwork engine to design the Formwork and
Prepare Form drawings and or form contractor
to tld the Foo such ae
3) Nimber location, and detail fal conste joa,
centraction Joint and expansion joins that vil be rule
forte particular job or prs at
1) Sequence ol eee placement, if erlicl (examples
include pour tips and hanging css)
9 Toleances for concrete construction
D Thelve load and superimposed dad lod fo whieh
such is destenol and y lve-ood reduction usd
©) Intenneinte supports under tycimplacefomns, ch
ss metal deck use or forms and permanent forms of ber
materials supports, bracing. er bath, required bythe se
tur engineer's design für composite ation: ad any ber
special suppons
'Thelocation and erro ection and removal shores
{or compote construcion
32—Contract documents
"The contact documents should st for the tonces
require in he finshed structure bt should no tt 10
speci) dhemeans and methods by which deferens
escort designs and build he Fonmwark to achieve
‘hereqied tolerances
‘The ajout and design of the fommvork should be a
joint effort of the frmnork engineer and the formar
(rer, The Fo construcion in compliance with
(he fomwark design is he responsible om
tractor: When form design ine by he contractor
fone. design isthe responsibilty of the fomaverk
gines. This approach gives the necessary from to
ses knowledge, and motion Lo safely consi am
‘tonaical strate By reviewing ie Fame dings,
the engine rete can understand how the fomverk
«gines contracte has interprete he ceviret documents
Same local jusidictons have legal requirements define
the specific reponsbiites of the enginerwehteet in
nae design, eves, e appeal
‘321 Indvchal specemons ne specific for
over wil ete overall enemy and quality ofthe
fished werk: thee, it sould betalred foreach pati
la jo, clearly indicate wht i expected of he contact,
nd mire econ and
‘A well fernwork speciation tnd to quai
bids fo the wok. Vague or overly restrictive requirements
m make dic fr bidder to understand excl what
ds expected Bidders can be ove cat and ovabid ct
misntepret requirements and undebid. Using standard
cif sch as ACT 30 hit have many input sources
An development can mitigate these posible problems
velit former speciation is of vale no only
to the mer andthe contactor, ut also 1 Ihe fil ere:
aise of the ongineerchec, approving agency, and
the sbcontcios of other index Some requirements cam
benito allow discretion ofthe contractor were ality
‘of finished concrete work would ot Be impard by the se
‘fallativemstrals and methods
‘Consideration of the applicable genen] requirements
suggested herein are not intended to representa complete
Specification Requirements should De added für acta
material, rises, nd her tans peculiar to and necs-
‘ary fr te individual strate. The enginee/rehteet cm
‘schde cll special tention fo, regen, or make more
Tenia any general requirement 1 best ithe needs he
patil project, Father dtiled informatico sven i
Aspa
322 Formwork materials and accessories A the panic
ar design or desired nish requires special tention the
eat can specify in the contact documents
the formwork materials and any other Faure necessary to
sain the objective I the engineer does not call
For sevi materials or accessories, the Fark engine!
contractor an choose any materials hat meet he cont
remets
‘When structural design is based on the we of comer
cial avale erm uns in sidad size, sich a one or
naan one intro = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
‘wo.ay joist stem, plans shuld be dawn to ake we
of avale shapes and size. Some variation from normal
tolerances should be pemited by the speiiatin: a) fr
‘nections of form nits o other flaming and) tre
normal installation practices and typical used condo of
the fom type anticipated.
32.3 Finish of exposed concret requirements for
concrete fics should be described in measurable ems
‘precisely as practicable Refer to, Cliper, and ACL
SR.
324 Design inspection review. and approval of form.
work — Ah the safety fm. iste resp Dil
the conti the engineer or approving agency
may. under certain crcumstances,decide to review and
gprove the nor, including dawings and calculations.
Ir so, the enpineaarchtet should al for uch review or
spproval in the contract document
"Approral might be required for unusually complicated
stuctrs structures whose designs were based an à parti
lar method e constuction, tres in Which the Toms
“part a desire architectural fish, cert post-tesioned
Structures, folded ple, thin shell or lengespan root
The following items shoul be clarified in the contract
decima
3) Who wil design he fommvork
1) Who will détermine postenionne sequence ani
part noted for rlibibution of Toads reiling om
suesing operations
9 Who wil design shoring andthe resoring tem
D Who wl inpectihe specie fete of artwork and
‘when wil the injection be performed
‘What reviews, approvals, or oth, wil be requited for:
À. Formvork dravings, calculations e bal
di Posttasioning apport
fit Roi design
dv Foamvok preplacement inspection
‘Who will give sich eves, pprovals, obo
325 Contract document The cose. documents
should include linfoma about the ste neces
ar forthe formwork engine to design the Formwork and
Prepare Form drawings and or form contractor
to tld the Foo such ae
3) Nimber location, and detail fal conste joa,
centraction Joint and expansion joins that vil be rule
forte particular job or prs at
1) Sequence ol eee placement, if erlicl (examples
include pour tips and hanging css)
9 Toleances for concrete construction
D Thelve load and superimposed dad lod fo whieh
such is destenol and y lve-ood reduction usd
©) Intenneinte supports under tycimplacefomns, ch
ss metal deck use or forms and permanent forms of ber
materials supports, bracing. er bath, required bythe se
tur engineer's design für composite ation: ad any ber
special suppons
'Thelocation and erro ection and removal shores
{or compote construcion
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) s
1) Minimum coneeesrensh required before removal of
hing and an project pci resoring requirements
1) Special provisions essential for fons fr special
eonsructon meihod and for special sietues such as
hell and flde pates The baie seomeby of uch Ar
‘ures, as wel as Ihr require ember, should be given in
fiat detal to permit the mou contractor o build
the forms
1) Special requirements for posttensioned. concrete
members. The effet of load tante nd asocinted move:
ts during tensening of posttesioned menbes can be
‘ical andthe conecto shouldbe avis of my special
[Worisons that sould be made in he forme: for his
Somiten
3) Amma of required canber fr sb or other sc
tural members to compensa fr deflection of the structure
Messuranens of canderaaied should be made atthe
sft evel ar inl stand fie removal of farmer.
‘pots
1) Where cafes are required c prod brought
the project at all lement comer, such a door openings,
‘winds penis bes, columns val ends, and eg
Requirements fo ives, watesop, bein ames fr
‘openings and holes though concret similar requirements
‘see the werk o eter ade willbe ached, supported
{yor passed ch formado
11) Size and location of farmed openings through as
‘ual ld wal shouldbe ham an the structural gs
1) Where architectural features, embedded items, e the
work of eter trades could change the locaton oscura
member, such a joists in ane a away jot ye
“such changes or conditions should be coordinated by the
“crane
Locations of and dei fr architectural concrets
re 10 be cas ito sata
once, hey should be so indicated or referenced the
Souctual plans because hey canplay ake ole inthe an
‘url design ofthe form.
CHAPTER 4—DESIGN
4.1—General
4.1.1 Planning A fonmwerk should be well planned
‘etre construction begin The amount lamina retired
vil depend ne size, comple, md importance (con
«ng esse) ofthe form Formwork should be designed fr
strength and seviceabli System stability and member
clin shouldbe investigate ill eases,
4.12 Design methads~Fomnvork is made of many
erent material, ad he comenony wed desen practices
for each material ae to be fllowod (refer to Chapter 9.
For sample, fers are designed by either allowable stress
in (ASD) methods or Ind and resitance factor desi
AFD) mehods. When the conete tre becomes
part ofthe fon support system, as in many mal
Story bilis, is importa fo the former engines
Sure to recognize Uat he conca tre has been
‘designed by the srenath design method. Accordinal in
man Conc nse Cr ann o
‘comunicaton ofthe loads, it shouldbe clear wheter they
‘re eervice lade o fctre load,
“Thowahot thi sde, the tem “sin, “design lad,
and “design capacity” asus to fer to design he Tor
‘work. Where reference is mad to design lod forthe per
rence, ictal design Ind steal dead lod, er
Some similar er i se 1 fr Lo unactored loads (dead
‘ad Iveloads) he sucre Load effets on these tempo
ary structures and ther individual conpanents acl be
“termine by accepted methods of structural nah
“413 Basic objcives-Fermsek should be designed o
that concrete labs, wal, and ober members wil have the
caret dimensions, shape, ligne, elevation, and posi
tin thin estable eerncen Former shoul ah be
designed s hati il sfely supp al vesical and lateral
loads hat might be applied until such Toads can be supporte
by the concrt ste. Vertical and lateral load sould
Ve cae to the ground bythe em system by the
in place construcion that has adequate tenth fr hat
pose. Responsibility forthe design ofthe feo rest
tri the contacto othe Fommvork engine hired by he
tractor to design and be responsible forthe Foe
“AA Design defektes Sue desig deficiencies tat
ead to unacceptable performance ef Structural fae
2) Lack of allovance in desen for loadings such as
concrete pressures, wind, power buses. placing eqtip-
‘men, and temper material storage
Dy Indeque design ofshoring rshorin, or tackshoring
©) adequate provisions t preven rotation of beam fers
whee el ame io than cn aly ene side Fig 1.)
©) Insufficient anchorage against pl due to battered
on faces cevetical component racing fren ingle.
side fos
© Insficient allowance for ccenrie loading due to
placement sequences
‘)Failuetomvestigate bean stresses between individu
on elements and Bening capacity of supporting sis
1) Fail to design proper lateral bracing or lacng of
stewing
1) Fahre to investigate the slendemes rato of compres-
ica menbers
') Inndequte provisions to ie comers of intersecting
cmileverd forms together
") File 10 account For loads nosed on fonn hante
schorages during clout of frm panel gaps when aligning
forme
1) Fahre to account for cle shortening during
posttensioning
1) Faire to account for changing Iad patterns due to
posttensioning transfer
415 Formwork dravings and caleations—Befwe
conducting Tom, the Tom engineer erate muy
ere o suit detal demvings, desanclelatons,
«cr bth, of proposed Krk or review and approval by
the engieeachtet or approving agency. If such draw
ings arnet approved he eogineearhteto approving
suey, the ermvork engineer cntracto shuld make sich
God
1) Minimum coneeesrensh required before removal of
hing and an project pci resoring requirements
1) Special provisions essential for fons fr special
eonsructon meihod and for special sietues such as
hell and flde pates The baie seomeby of uch Ar
‘ures, as wel as Ihr require ember, should be given in
fiat detal to permit the mou contractor o build
the forms
1) Special requirements for posttensioned. concrete
members. The effet of load tante nd asocinted move:
ts during tensening of posttesioned menbes can be
‘ical andthe conecto shouldbe avis of my special
[Worisons that sould be made in he forme: for his
Somiten
3) Amma of required canber fr sb or other sc
tural members to compensa fr deflection of the structure
Messuranens of canderaaied should be made atthe
sft evel ar inl stand fie removal of farmer.
‘pots
1) Where cafes are required c prod brought
the project at all lement comer, such a door openings,
‘winds penis bes, columns val ends, and eg
Requirements fo ives, watesop, bein ames fr
‘openings and holes though concret similar requirements
‘see the werk o eter ade willbe ached, supported
{yor passed ch formado
11) Size and location of farmed openings through as
‘ual ld wal shouldbe ham an the structural gs
1) Where architectural features, embedded items, e the
work of eter trades could change the locaton oscura
member, such a joists in ane a away jot ye
“such changes or conditions should be coordinated by the
“crane
Locations of and dei fr architectural concrets
re 10 be cas ito sata
once, hey should be so indicated or referenced the
Souctual plans because hey canplay ake ole inthe an
‘url design ofthe form.
CHAPTER 4—DESIGN
4.1—General
4.1.1 Planning A fonmwerk should be well planned
‘etre construction begin The amount lamina retired
vil depend ne size, comple, md importance (con
«ng esse) ofthe form Formwork should be designed fr
strength and seviceabli System stability and member
clin shouldbe investigate ill eases,
4.12 Design methads~Fomnvork is made of many
erent material, ad he comenony wed desen practices
for each material ae to be fllowod (refer to Chapter 9.
For sample, fers are designed by either allowable stress
in (ASD) methods or Ind and resitance factor desi
AFD) mehods. When the conete tre becomes
part ofthe fon support system, as in many mal
Story bilis, is importa fo the former engines
Sure to recognize Uat he conca tre has been
‘designed by the srenath design method. Accordinal in
man Conc nse Cr ann o
‘comunicaton ofthe loads, it shouldbe clear wheter they
‘re eervice lade o fctre load,
“Thowahot thi sde, the tem “sin, “design lad,
and “design capacity” asus to fer to design he Tor
‘work. Where reference is mad to design lod forthe per
rence, ictal design Ind steal dead lod, er
Some similar er i se 1 fr Lo unactored loads (dead
‘ad Iveloads) he sucre Load effets on these tempo
ary structures and ther individual conpanents acl be
“termine by accepted methods of structural nah
“413 Basic objcives-Fermsek should be designed o
that concrete labs, wal, and ober members wil have the
caret dimensions, shape, ligne, elevation, and posi
tin thin estable eerncen Former shoul ah be
designed s hati il sfely supp al vesical and lateral
loads hat might be applied until such Toads can be supporte
by the concrt ste. Vertical and lateral load sould
Ve cae to the ground bythe em system by the
in place construcion that has adequate tenth fr hat
pose. Responsibility forthe design ofthe feo rest
tri the contacto othe Fommvork engine hired by he
tractor to design and be responsible forthe Foe
“AA Design defektes Sue desig deficiencies tat
ead to unacceptable performance ef Structural fae
2) Lack of allovance in desen for loadings such as
concrete pressures, wind, power buses. placing eqtip-
‘men, and temper material storage
Dy Indeque design ofshoring rshorin, or tackshoring
©) adequate provisions t preven rotation of beam fers
whee el ame io than cn aly ene side Fig 1.)
©) Insufficient anchorage against pl due to battered
on faces cevetical component racing fren ingle.
side fos
© Insficient allowance for ccenrie loading due to
placement sequences
‘)Failuetomvestigate bean stresses between individu
on elements and Bening capacity of supporting sis
1) Fail to design proper lateral bracing or lacng of
stewing
1) Fahre to investigate the slendemes rato of compres-
ica menbers
') Inndequte provisions to ie comers of intersecting
cmileverd forms together
") File 10 account For loads nosed on fonn hante
schorages during clout of frm panel gaps when aligning
forme
1) Fahre to account for cle shortening during
posttensioning
1) Faire to account for changing Iad patterns due to
posttensioning transfer
415 Formwork dravings and caleations—Befwe
conducting Tom, the Tom engineer erate muy
ere o suit detal demvings, desanclelatons,
«cr bth, of proposed Krk or review and approval by
the engieeachtet or approving agency. If such draw
ings arnet approved he eogineearhteto approving
suey, the ermvork engineer cntracto shuld make sich
God
uno,
. ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Fig, 41.4—Preventon of ration is important Where slab ames imo beam frm on only
one side
«ages as may be require before the star frein
‘ofthe former
“The review. approval, «both, of the om, dan
ings does not reve the cancer ofthe respansity
for adequately comtnucing and mainaining he Forms so
ha they wil function proper. Design values and lading
‘tons should be shown on fennvork drawings. As
‘elated to form se, these clad former dei vas of
sci ive Load allowable vesical or Itral concrete
pressure, maximum equipment load, required sol bearing
«apc. material specification, camer require, nd thr
zine infomation, applicable.
In ation to specifying type of materia sizes. nats,
nd connection details omo demvins should provide
Tor aplicable das, uch as
2) Procedures, sequence, and cri fr removal of
fon, shores, rbores, and backshores and for ect
nd reaugaingdropheod shores to allow lb to det and
0) Design allowance for construction Loads on new labs
sn such allowance wll act development of shoring,
Schemes reshering cames, ce bah fer to Sand 58 for
Shoring and eshoring of mulistry scr)
©) Andes, Form es, sere, lateral bracing and hor
ntl ci
“Means to adjs fons fr alien and grade
9 Watentops,Keyways and insets
D Werking scale andreas
2) Weepols er vibrator holes, Where required
1) Sec and rade sips
"Location of extemal vbratr mountings
Crd plates a wnecking plates where striping ca
image conor
1) Removal o spenders or temporary blocking
D) Clee oles and inpectin peine
1) Const ons, contraction joints, and expansion
joints in accordance with contact documents
1) Sequence of concrete placana and miniman elapse
time between adjacent placements
0) Chater rps or grade sips fr exposed comes and
P) Reveals (sico)
Camber
+) Musi or er Foundation provisions fr Fm
5) Special provisions such as af, Ar, drainage, and
protection from ce and debris we erosings
"Special Fam Face requirements
a Notestofommwork erecto showing size and location of
ents and pipes projecting through forn
*) Temporary opens a atahnent fo climbing crane
or ther material handing int
42-Loads
“421 Mercal ads Vertical loas consis of dea and
tive loads. The weight of fonnver pls the weight of the
reinfarcement nd freshly placed concrete desd lod. The
live Id includes the weight of the werke, equipment,
material tre, runvays, ad impact
man one ine = Copy a cme
. ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Fig, 41.4—Preventon of ration is important Where slab ames imo beam frm on only
one side
«ages as may be require before the star frein
‘ofthe former
“The review. approval, «both, of the om, dan
ings does not reve the cancer ofthe respansity
for adequately comtnucing and mainaining he Forms so
ha they wil function proper. Design values and lading
‘tons should be shown on fennvork drawings. As
‘elated to form se, these clad former dei vas of
sci ive Load allowable vesical or Itral concrete
pressure, maximum equipment load, required sol bearing
«apc. material specification, camer require, nd thr
zine infomation, applicable.
In ation to specifying type of materia sizes. nats,
nd connection details omo demvins should provide
Tor aplicable das, uch as
2) Procedures, sequence, and cri fr removal of
fon, shores, rbores, and backshores and for ect
nd reaugaingdropheod shores to allow lb to det and
0) Design allowance for construction Loads on new labs
sn such allowance wll act development of shoring,
Schemes reshering cames, ce bah fer to Sand 58 for
Shoring and eshoring of mulistry scr)
©) Andes, Form es, sere, lateral bracing and hor
ntl ci
“Means to adjs fons fr alien and grade
9 Watentops,Keyways and insets
D Werking scale andreas
2) Weepols er vibrator holes, Where required
1) Sec and rade sips
"Location of extemal vbratr mountings
Crd plates a wnecking plates where striping ca
image conor
1) Removal o spenders or temporary blocking
D) Clee oles and inpectin peine
1) Const ons, contraction joints, and expansion
joints in accordance with contact documents
1) Sequence of concrete placana and miniman elapse
time between adjacent placements
0) Chater rps or grade sips fr exposed comes and
P) Reveals (sico)
Camber
+) Musi or er Foundation provisions fr Fm
5) Special provisions such as af, Ar, drainage, and
protection from ce and debris we erosings
"Special Fam Face requirements
a Notestofommwork erecto showing size and location of
ents and pipes projecting through forn
*) Temporary opens a atahnent fo climbing crane
or ther material handing int
42-Loads
“421 Mercal ads Vertical loas consis of dea and
tive loads. The weight of fonnver pls the weight of the
reinfarcement nd freshly placed concrete desd lod. The
live Id includes the weight of the werke, equipment,
material tre, runvays, ad impact
man one ine = Copy a cme
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) 7
Vertical loads assumed for shoving and ria design
for mulisory constuction shoul include al ads trans.
ted from the Boers above ax dicted by the proposed
‘onstruction schedule (er 1019)
“The fornvork should be designe far a ive load of not
les than SO DC kPa of horizontal projection, exept
‘wa redactions are allowed in accordance ith ASCESEL
37. When motorized cat are ud, the ive lod shoal ot
LUE
tore design lea for combined dead and ive
Lo hou net be fess ha 100 1D (1.8 Ka). or 12 1/
1 (GOKDa)ifmetonized eat ae used
422 Lateral presure of coneree—The design of verte
onmvok is determined by the leal pres exerted
by the fs concrete, which in tam i detemmined by the
mobility characteristics of the concrete and the meted of
malin the corte. Research (ACI Commitee 622
1987, 1988; Gardner and Ho 1919; Garder 1980, 1981,
1985; Clear and Parco 198; Johnston tal 1985: British
‘Cement Association 1992; Dunston ea. 1901; Bames and
Jansen 1999, 203) has assisted in developing recammen
ins for Ita reses of conventional cera
Methods of consolida concrete include rolling e
sping (no longer used or recommended fo large plac
mes) neal vibration nd extemal vibration. The te
‘hy and deph of tera vibration at he lateral psa
xated by vibrated concrete Ofen, chemical admistures
Ae uned conventional concret o fclite consolidó
In sec years, concrete ecology has evolved withthe
se of supplemental cementos materials and special
Chemical adnitures Coaventioal coeree with np
vales less than 9 in. (25 men) are typically vibrated to
ensure proper consolation With the rene in ship
Beyond 9 in (225 mm), si preferable to determine the
samp Bow spread of the concrete (ASTM C1611 C16IIND
Father hn mp. Concrete mistars ih samp Row spread
eve Sad 24 in (400 nd OS mm) may need vibration
10 consolide sat: his depends on th placement
edition and character ofthe structural lement Sel
anale concrete (SCC) ia class o high perfomance
once tht cm comohat under As om mass Such
‘crete can be placed for beto ofthe foma or em
be punped fom te base without mechanical consolidation
ACT
‘The lateral pressure of concrete in feemwork can be
represented as shown in ig 422 Unless he cantons of
4221 Forconvenionalconrte o 12 > 2 fo SCC ae,
onnverk shouldbe designed for hey drstai presse of
thenevy placed cent given in Eq (122.10)
‘When working wih möcures asin newly introduced
mies that increase set me or crese hung char
Aceites, Eq, (422 1) should be used util he effet on
Tower pressure is derstood by testing, menant,
order
422.18 Mekpound version—The lateral presse of
cence, Ce lb), can be deteind in accorde with
the appropriate equation listed in Table 4.22 a).
man Conc OC een o
Fguñalen
mérosatie
head wh
won,
Mania concrete
pressure rom ta.
2210042240
Fig 42 2—Coneret lateral pressure distribution
Cor wh (422130),
Em cent] ann
ra minum of 600C yt, bt no cse greater hm
sh
iso, 13400, 28008
Gé nn 221960)
wth a minimum of 600€, A, ue in no case greater an
sh bere Cs defined in Table 42.2 ay adC. is defined
in Table 422196).
422.18 I version — The lnea pressure of coreo, Cer
(GP), son be determined in corde withthe appropriate
quin Fisted in ble 4221
comm az
ese an
CS a)
wih a minimum of 30C, KPa, ut in no case rente han
po
CE)
cn parcel]
7
vila minima of 30. kPa, but in no case rente han
eh. whore Cl defined in Table 422190) and C. à
(ined in Table 422 10).
God
Vertical loads assumed for shoving and ria design
for mulisory constuction shoul include al ads trans.
ted from the Boers above ax dicted by the proposed
‘onstruction schedule (er 1019)
“The fornvork should be designe far a ive load of not
les than SO DC kPa of horizontal projection, exept
‘wa redactions are allowed in accordance ith ASCESEL
37. When motorized cat are ud, the ive lod shoal ot
LUE
tore design lea for combined dead and ive
Lo hou net be fess ha 100 1D (1.8 Ka). or 12 1/
1 (GOKDa)ifmetonized eat ae used
422 Lateral presure of coneree—The design of verte
onmvok is determined by the leal pres exerted
by the fs concrete, which in tam i detemmined by the
mobility characteristics of the concrete and the meted of
malin the corte. Research (ACI Commitee 622
1987, 1988; Gardner and Ho 1919; Garder 1980, 1981,
1985; Clear and Parco 198; Johnston tal 1985: British
‘Cement Association 1992; Dunston ea. 1901; Bames and
Jansen 1999, 203) has assisted in developing recammen
ins for Ita reses of conventional cera
Methods of consolida concrete include rolling e
sping (no longer used or recommended fo large plac
mes) neal vibration nd extemal vibration. The te
‘hy and deph of tera vibration at he lateral psa
xated by vibrated concrete Ofen, chemical admistures
Ae uned conventional concret o fclite consolidó
In sec years, concrete ecology has evolved withthe
se of supplemental cementos materials and special
Chemical adnitures Coaventioal coeree with np
vales less than 9 in. (25 men) are typically vibrated to
ensure proper consolation With the rene in ship
Beyond 9 in (225 mm), si preferable to determine the
samp Bow spread of the concrete (ASTM C1611 C16IIND
Father hn mp. Concrete mistars ih samp Row spread
eve Sad 24 in (400 nd OS mm) may need vibration
10 consolide sat: his depends on th placement
edition and character ofthe structural lement Sel
anale concrete (SCC) ia class o high perfomance
once tht cm comohat under As om mass Such
‘crete can be placed for beto ofthe foma or em
be punped fom te base without mechanical consolidation
ACT
‘The lateral pressure of concrete in feemwork can be
represented as shown in ig 422 Unless he cantons of
4221 Forconvenionalconrte o 12 > 2 fo SCC ae,
onnverk shouldbe designed for hey drstai presse of
thenevy placed cent given in Eq (122.10)
‘When working wih möcures asin newly introduced
mies that increase set me or crese hung char
Aceites, Eq, (422 1) should be used util he effet on
Tower pressure is derstood by testing, menant,
order
422.18 Mekpound version—The lateral presse of
cence, Ce lb), can be deteind in accorde with
the appropriate equation listed in Table 4.22 a).
man Conc OC een o
Fguñalen
mérosatie
head wh
won,
Mania concrete
pressure rom ta.
2210042240
Fig 42 2—Coneret lateral pressure distribution
Cor wh (422130),
Em cent] ann
ra minum of 600C yt, bt no cse greater hm
sh
iso, 13400, 28008
Gé nn 221960)
wth a minimum of 600€, A, ue in no case greater an
sh bere Cs defined in Table 42.2 ay adC. is defined
in Table 422196).
422.18 I version — The lnea pressure of coreo, Cer
(GP), son be determined in corde withthe appropriate
quin Fisted in ble 4221
comm az
ese an
CS a)
wih a minimum of 30C, KPa, ut in no case rente han
po
CE)
cn parcel]
7
vila minima of 30. kPa, but in no case rente han
eh. whore Cl defined in Table 422190) and C. à
(ined in Table 422 10).
God
OA
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
nt ne i Sec a mine
un ee RE an
Eee = = “
ae | te 2 3
= =
= en =
a
om
RS
rue
Ha = a. e
» : E
A
“Fei raya re e wr rb rng mann mm og ie ae
‘Table 42.2.1e(¢}-Unit weight eoofiient Cy
TO]
Var loro
‘Table 422:10—ApplicableIteral pressure equations o
y concrete other than SCC
Sm Taal ira eth lest T
et sam E iy T
Leto palo Samm | Core E] I
Er T
Last egute sam | Lermoregaiioizm [Ya guiada]
su E
‘See leer pen da ih
pape nm steed rl Bm id ge
Fo ap dc dra deal ene leat un
4222 When working with slcomoliduing concrete.
‘he tral pressure or design shouldbe he full quid head
unless the let on farmwark pressure is understood by
mensuramen or prior solis and experience. The lateral
pressures developed by SCC are deteminol by consid.
fing the rate of concrete placement relative to the rate of
‘development of concrete stes trength Ary method as
to include a meusue ofthe liffning characteristics of the
‘SCC and shouldbe capable of being esl checked using
A Carr Cop
es eg
caste measrements Ole, lberatery tests ae nected a
precursor o onsite mentoring tests Several methods fr
‘stints aera pressure of nenibrated SCC have bee
proposed (Garder etal 2012; Khayat and Onan 201
Lange etal. 2008; DIN 18218:2010-01; “DIN Standard cn
Form Presures Updated” 2010; Proske and Grabner
2008) andeomumetobe developed ational da became
maille Experience with these meio is presently sume-
‘wt limited Thu, evo of estimated pressure on the
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
nt ne i Sec a mine
un ee RE an
Eee = = “
ae | te 2 3
= =
= en =
a
om
RS
rue
Ha = a. e
» : E
A
“Fei raya re e wr rb rng mann mm og ie ae
‘Table 42.2.1e(¢}-Unit weight eoofiient Cy
TO]
Var loro
‘Table 422:10—ApplicableIteral pressure equations o
y concrete other than SCC
Sm Taal ira eth lest T
et sam E iy T
Leto palo Samm | Core E] I
Er T
Last egute sam | Lermoregaiioizm [Ya guiada]
su E
‘See leer pen da ih
pape nm steed rl Bm id ge
Fo ap dc dra deal ene leat un
4222 When working with slcomoliduing concrete.
‘he tral pressure or design shouldbe he full quid head
unless the let on farmwark pressure is understood by
mensuramen or prior solis and experience. The lateral
pressures developed by SCC are deteminol by consid.
fing the rate of concrete placement relative to the rate of
‘development of concrete stes trength Ary method as
to include a meusue ofthe liffning characteristics of the
‘SCC and shouldbe capable of being esl checked using
A Carr Cop
es eg
caste measrements Ole, lberatery tests ae nected a
precursor o onsite mentoring tests Several methods fr
‘stints aera pressure of nenibrated SCC have bee
proposed (Garder etal 2012; Khayat and Onan 201
Lange etal. 2008; DIN 18218:2010-01; “DIN Standard cn
Form Presures Updated” 2010; Proske and Grabner
2008) andeomumetobe developed ational da became
maille Experience with these meio is presently sume-
‘wt limited Thu, evo of estimated pressure on the
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) .
ass of more than one method is aviable until satisfctry
performance is confirmed for he range of parameters ass.
‘ated wih the projet. Measuring presues during place
{ment and adsting he tte of placament to cel pre
‘res within the capacity ofthe forms canbe a wise prec
I when ina unproven SCC mixture, Researchers and
contacte have used pressure cells inserted dough the
on fe and lad cel on fen tes with presu based en
tributary areas methods of mesawement alte 2010.
SCC placement pressures have the plena to reach fll
liquid head pressures. Generally. concrete teal pressures
wll nt reach fl equivalent liquid head pressure ut ga
tion ofthe already placed concrete inthe form will cause
Don presare o merens. Thee ae se and placement
‘ions at will increase fon pres. St conditions
‘hat can transmit vibrations to he freslyplaed concrete
“accio lve it neal structure andrea) Hey
‘euipmenteperating cose tothe forms, ee cominued work
‘nthe forms, will transmit vibration. Dropping concrete
on the pump hose e plain bucket will lo agitate the
inplace concreto. Contete pumped ino the bottom of a
form will always crete presses higher han ull guid
trad,
1223 Alemaive, a method fo ether conventional
o seliconoldatng concrete based on apprprite exe
mental data con be usd to determin the tral presu
tse fo form design (Gardner and Ho 1979; Gard 1980,
1985; Clear nd Haren 1985; Bish Coment Assocation
1992; Dunstan etal 1994; Bames and Johnston 1999,
2005) e a moectapei procede can be implemented
Lo control feldsmeasied pressure in insrunented fons
16 he maximum pressure for which he fem was designed
Coins 2010,
4224 IF concrete i pumped fom the base of the Fam,
‘he fm should be designed for fill Ios head of
amet wh (or peh) plus à minima allowance of 25
percent foe pump sue presu. Pests ean e s high as
{he face pressure ofthe pump piston this, pressure should
‘be more and conto 3 that the design presse i
ot exceeded
4222 Catton is necessary and ditional allowance for
presu thud be considered when wing eter vibration
‘concrete made wih hrinkage<umpenstig or expansive
mens Presares in excess of the equivalent Iyer
hend cano
422.6 For slipfon tral pressures, refer 1 9224
323 Horizont loade—Broves and shores shouldbe
designed to resist all horizontal loads such as wind, cabe
tensins, incited supports, dumping of concrete. and
stating and sopping of equipment. Win Toads an en
‘nese other wind breaks tached tothe fommwok should
ecole in dition to these load
4234 Formverk expose 1 the elements should be
signed for wind pressures determined in accordance with
FASCE SEX 7 with adjustment as provided in ASCHE 37
{or sherter recurrence interval. Aemaely, fren may
designed forthe local building code required tal wind
encom aha Cee ewe y
pressure bt ot ess than 1S Bit? (072 KPa). Consideration
hold given to posible wind pl on the forme
14232 For elevated flor fonmver, the applied value ol
horizotl load dueto wind, dunpins cone, inlined
placemat of concrt, and equipment acting in any dire
Fin at each oar in should produc effects not es tha he
ct of 100 ines (LS NI) a Boar edge 2 percent
‘fea dnd lo on the fon db asa uniform ond
et linear fot (ete) of lab edge, whichever i rater,
4233. For wall and cola fon tracing design, the
ic vale of horizontal load de 16 wind and eccn-
{he veal loads should produce effects ot less than the
ct of 100 Binear (SEN) of wal lent ar clu
‘with, applied ato
14234 Foro in busicae prone resins should be
sven special consideration im acordance with ASCESEL
E
(424 Special loads—Thefomiverk shouldbe designed
for ay special conditions of coton likely o oct,
such unymundrical placement of concreto, impact of
‘machine-dlivered concrete, li from once presse,
‘lif fem win, concentrated loads of reinfrcemen, form
Handling loads, and rage of constction mates Fam
designers should provide fr special loading conditions, ch
3 walls condmete over spans of abs or beams that exert
3 free loading pate before hardening of concret th
that for which he supporting structresdesianed
"imposi of any constuction Toads on the pally
carpeted structure should ot be allowed, excep as ses
din frmerk dings or with the approval ofthe en
eric Refer to 5 or special conditions persining
Vo mulistay work
428 Ponttendoning loads—Shores, resores, and
‘cores need to be walyze fur bo concrete place
‘ent loads an fr sl lad taste tht takes place during
43—Member capacities
Member space for usein the design formo, exh
sive accessories, ae detained bythe applicable codes
sections listed in Chapter 6, When ibiated fer
Wok, sexing, scaling uns ae wed, manufac
recommendations for working capacities sald be followed
supported by engineering cautions or ts reports of a
quad adrecognizol testing agency The eet of eu
Iie load ton shouldbe consider in accrdane wth
‘he applicable design specication fer the mater
4.4—Satety factors for accessories
Table 44 shows recommended minima facts of
safety, based on comme and industry experince, fr
fener acessories, such fom ties, rm anche, and
fom hanger In selecting es acessories, he Fame
designer shouldbe cran hat materials fished fo the
job meet these minimum lime strength say require
‘mau cmpard othe core lod. Wn manu
«Ss recommended actors of safety ae rene he mam
ern recommended working capacities shouldbe wed.
God
ass of more than one method is aviable until satisfctry
performance is confirmed for he range of parameters ass.
‘ated wih the projet. Measuring presues during place
{ment and adsting he tte of placament to cel pre
‘res within the capacity ofthe forms canbe a wise prec
I when ina unproven SCC mixture, Researchers and
contacte have used pressure cells inserted dough the
on fe and lad cel on fen tes with presu based en
tributary areas methods of mesawement alte 2010.
SCC placement pressures have the plena to reach fll
liquid head pressures. Generally. concrete teal pressures
wll nt reach fl equivalent liquid head pressure ut ga
tion ofthe already placed concrete inthe form will cause
Don presare o merens. Thee ae se and placement
‘ions at will increase fon pres. St conditions
‘hat can transmit vibrations to he freslyplaed concrete
“accio lve it neal structure andrea) Hey
‘euipmenteperating cose tothe forms, ee cominued work
‘nthe forms, will transmit vibration. Dropping concrete
on the pump hose e plain bucket will lo agitate the
inplace concreto. Contete pumped ino the bottom of a
form will always crete presses higher han ull guid
trad,
1223 Alemaive, a method fo ether conventional
o seliconoldatng concrete based on apprprite exe
mental data con be usd to determin the tral presu
tse fo form design (Gardner and Ho 1979; Gard 1980,
1985; Clear nd Haren 1985; Bish Coment Assocation
1992; Dunstan etal 1994; Bames and Johnston 1999,
2005) e a moectapei procede can be implemented
Lo control feldsmeasied pressure in insrunented fons
16 he maximum pressure for which he fem was designed
Coins 2010,
4224 IF concrete i pumped fom the base of the Fam,
‘he fm should be designed for fill Ios head of
amet wh (or peh) plus à minima allowance of 25
percent foe pump sue presu. Pests ean e s high as
{he face pressure ofthe pump piston this, pressure should
‘be more and conto 3 that the design presse i
ot exceeded
4222 Catton is necessary and ditional allowance for
presu thud be considered when wing eter vibration
‘concrete made wih hrinkage<umpenstig or expansive
mens Presares in excess of the equivalent Iyer
hend cano
422.6 For slipfon tral pressures, refer 1 9224
323 Horizont loade—Broves and shores shouldbe
designed to resist all horizontal loads such as wind, cabe
tensins, incited supports, dumping of concrete. and
stating and sopping of equipment. Win Toads an en
‘nese other wind breaks tached tothe fommwok should
ecole in dition to these load
4234 Formverk expose 1 the elements should be
signed for wind pressures determined in accordance with
FASCE SEX 7 with adjustment as provided in ASCHE 37
{or sherter recurrence interval. Aemaely, fren may
designed forthe local building code required tal wind
encom aha Cee ewe y
pressure bt ot ess than 1S Bit? (072 KPa). Consideration
hold given to posible wind pl on the forme
14232 For elevated flor fonmver, the applied value ol
horizotl load dueto wind, dunpins cone, inlined
placemat of concrt, and equipment acting in any dire
Fin at each oar in should produc effects not es tha he
ct of 100 ines (LS NI) a Boar edge 2 percent
‘fea dnd lo on the fon db asa uniform ond
et linear fot (ete) of lab edge, whichever i rater,
4233. For wall and cola fon tracing design, the
ic vale of horizontal load de 16 wind and eccn-
{he veal loads should produce effects ot less than the
ct of 100 Binear (SEN) of wal lent ar clu
‘with, applied ato
14234 Foro in busicae prone resins should be
sven special consideration im acordance with ASCESEL
E
(424 Special loads—Thefomiverk shouldbe designed
for ay special conditions of coton likely o oct,
such unymundrical placement of concreto, impact of
‘machine-dlivered concrete, li from once presse,
‘lif fem win, concentrated loads of reinfrcemen, form
Handling loads, and rage of constction mates Fam
designers should provide fr special loading conditions, ch
3 walls condmete over spans of abs or beams that exert
3 free loading pate before hardening of concret th
that for which he supporting structresdesianed
"imposi of any constuction Toads on the pally
carpeted structure should ot be allowed, excep as ses
din frmerk dings or with the approval ofthe en
eric Refer to 5 or special conditions persining
Vo mulistay work
428 Ponttendoning loads—Shores, resores, and
‘cores need to be walyze fur bo concrete place
‘ent loads an fr sl lad taste tht takes place during
43—Member capacities
Member space for usein the design formo, exh
sive accessories, ae detained bythe applicable codes
sections listed in Chapter 6, When ibiated fer
Wok, sexing, scaling uns ae wed, manufac
recommendations for working capacities sald be followed
supported by engineering cautions or ts reports of a
quad adrecognizol testing agency The eet of eu
Iie load ton shouldbe consider in accrdane wth
‘he applicable design specication fer the mater
4.4—Satety factors for accessories
Table 44 shows recommended minima facts of
safety, based on comme and industry experince, fr
fener acessories, such fom ties, rm anche, and
fom hanger In selecting es acessories, he Fame
designer shouldbe cran hat materials fished fo the
job meet these minimum lime strength say require
‘mau cmpard othe core lod. Wn manu
«Ss recommended actors of safety ae rene he mam
ern recommended working capacities shouldbe wed.
God
OA
o ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
‘Table 4.4—hMinimum safety factors of formwork
30 frame page
30 [ram nor agraire tm agit
Ft ne
"ene ay ered CAP wt tem ee
45—Shores
Shore and res e backsores shoul Le designed
to cay all onde transmitted to than. rational analyse
(ACT 547.28 and ACT SP-4) sold be used to determine
‘he numberof oo tobe shed esored,oxbakshered
dt dtennine the loads wansnited tothe Hoos share.
nd resores or backsores asa est of the conecto
Sequence
“The amas should consi, but should not necessity
belimited to
2) Structural design load ofthe slab er menber including
live lon, partion loads, and oher oad for which he na
near ofthe pena sucre designed the slab, Where
the engineer inchded a reduced live lod fer the design of
(estammenben andallowance fer coton eas, sich
‘alee shuld be shown cathe sutra plans a be taken
into consideration wien perfonming his analysis.
'b) Dead load weight ofthe concrete and foe
©) Censttion live lads, such a the placing erews and
aumento stored materials
Special design stent of concret
9 Gjeletime between the placemat of auccesive Roos
D Siena of carte athe me require to sport
shoving load rom above
2) The dstibutien af lads between floors, shores, and
restores or backshres al the time of placing concrete stp-
pins forma, and removal of ring or backshering
(Grundy and Kabila 1963; Agarval and Gardner 1974
‘Stvaror and Halverse 1950)
1) Span of lab or structural menber between pemanent
spp
3) Type of Rmwork ystems, that span of horizontal
on components and individual shore loads
D Minimum age of concrete when rep deletion i a
1) Loads applied due to post-ensionng transfer
Commercial availble lod cell ean be placed under
selected shores to monitor actual shore lads 1 gue the
Shoving and esoving during construcion (Nabe 1975
Fieldsonsrsted butt or lap splices of über shoring
re not recanmended une thy ae made with fabricated
Fardvrar devices of demonstrated strength and aby. 1
wood ar aber splices are made for tnber sharing, hey
Should be designed prevent bucking and bending of the
shoving
Before construction, an overall plan or scheduling of
shoring and rshoring or backshorig and ealelation of
loads transfered othe suche, shad be prepared by a
aid and expicnced mark designer The sc
lines capacity 10 cay thete lade should be reviewed or
approved bythe agnicencitec The plan and respons
tity Frits execution remain withthe contractor
Toads tothe grund oto completed cui
in ch a mamer ast ensure safety at al times Diagonal
tracing should de provided in vetical and horizontal
planes whee required to resis tera loads and to preven
instal cl individual members. Horizontal ing ca
be considered in design Lo hold in place and increase the
Vicking tenth of individual sos ad rss ar ack
shores. Lacing shuld be provided in whatever directions are
cena to produce the comectslendemese ratio forthe
Toad speed, where Us the unsupported length nd r
the least ads of gratin. The braced system shold be
are aie ab of the ttl stan
47--Foundations for formwork
‘Proper foundations on ground, such as mul, spread
footings, or pie ftings,shauld be provided. Former
footings and bracing anchors shouldbe designe tress the
Load posed witout exceeding the llowable soil bearing
pacity, viva incuring excessive clement affecting
the work tal integráy and stability, and without
deviating frm the specified encre elevation If sol under
Iasi is er may became incapable of supporting per
Snpoved leds witout apreciable seme it should be
Stabilized or ether meas of apart should be provide.
Musi should be protected fen los of soil bearing
sens. Causes might include scour due o muming wate,
rey excavations, e the increase of moistire content
‘used bythe supporting sil becoming wet or satrted No
net shouldbe placed on foma supporte on faze
sound,
48-Settlement
Fonmsok should be designed and constructed so at
tial austnents canbe made Lo compenat fora
Ped ae ap, elastic defomations and selene.
(CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION
5.1-Safety precautions
Fomavork ages and fome conractes should
follow all ste local. and federal codes, ordinances, and
regulations pertaining 1 fering and shoring In addition to
an one nt = Copy a cre
o ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
‘Table 4.4—hMinimum safety factors of formwork
30 frame page
30 [ram nor agraire tm agit
Ft ne
"ene ay ered CAP wt tem ee
45—Shores
Shore and res e backsores shoul Le designed
to cay all onde transmitted to than. rational analyse
(ACT 547.28 and ACT SP-4) sold be used to determine
‘he numberof oo tobe shed esored,oxbakshered
dt dtennine the loads wansnited tothe Hoos share.
nd resores or backsores asa est of the conecto
Sequence
“The amas should consi, but should not necessity
belimited to
2) Structural design load ofthe slab er menber including
live lon, partion loads, and oher oad for which he na
near ofthe pena sucre designed the slab, Where
the engineer inchded a reduced live lod fer the design of
(estammenben andallowance fer coton eas, sich
‘alee shuld be shown cathe sutra plans a be taken
into consideration wien perfonming his analysis.
'b) Dead load weight ofthe concrete and foe
©) Censttion live lads, such a the placing erews and
aumento stored materials
Special design stent of concret
9 Gjeletime between the placemat of auccesive Roos
D Siena of carte athe me require to sport
shoving load rom above
2) The dstibutien af lads between floors, shores, and
restores or backshres al the time of placing concrete stp-
pins forma, and removal of ring or backshering
(Grundy and Kabila 1963; Agarval and Gardner 1974
‘Stvaror and Halverse 1950)
1) Span of lab or structural menber between pemanent
spp
3) Type of Rmwork ystems, that span of horizontal
on components and individual shore loads
D Minimum age of concrete when rep deletion i a
1) Loads applied due to post-ensionng transfer
Commercial availble lod cell ean be placed under
selected shores to monitor actual shore lads 1 gue the
Shoving and esoving during construcion (Nabe 1975
Fieldsonsrsted butt or lap splices of über shoring
re not recanmended une thy ae made with fabricated
Fardvrar devices of demonstrated strength and aby. 1
wood ar aber splices are made for tnber sharing, hey
Should be designed prevent bucking and bending of the
shoving
Before construction, an overall plan or scheduling of
shoring and rshoring or backshorig and ealelation of
loads transfered othe suche, shad be prepared by a
aid and expicnced mark designer The sc
lines capacity 10 cay thete lade should be reviewed or
approved bythe agnicencitec The plan and respons
tity Frits execution remain withthe contractor
Toads tothe grund oto completed cui
in ch a mamer ast ensure safety at al times Diagonal
tracing should de provided in vetical and horizontal
planes whee required to resis tera loads and to preven
instal cl individual members. Horizontal ing ca
be considered in design Lo hold in place and increase the
Vicking tenth of individual sos ad rss ar ack
shores. Lacing shuld be provided in whatever directions are
cena to produce the comectslendemese ratio forthe
Toad speed, where Us the unsupported length nd r
the least ads of gratin. The braced system shold be
are aie ab of the ttl stan
47--Foundations for formwork
‘Proper foundations on ground, such as mul, spread
footings, or pie ftings,shauld be provided. Former
footings and bracing anchors shouldbe designe tress the
Load posed witout exceeding the llowable soil bearing
pacity, viva incuring excessive clement affecting
the work tal integráy and stability, and without
deviating frm the specified encre elevation If sol under
Iasi is er may became incapable of supporting per
Snpoved leds witout apreciable seme it should be
Stabilized or ether meas of apart should be provide.
Musi should be protected fen los of soil bearing
sens. Causes might include scour due o muming wate,
rey excavations, e the increase of moistire content
‘used bythe supporting sil becoming wet or satrted No
net shouldbe placed on foma supporte on faze
sound,
48-Settlement
Fonmsok should be designed and constructed so at
tial austnents canbe made Lo compenat fora
Ped ae ap, elastic defomations and selene.
(CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION
5.1-Safety precautions
Fomavork ages and fome conractes should
follow all ste local. and federal codes, ordinances, and
regulations pertaining 1 fering and shoring In addition to
an one nt = Copy a cre
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) "
the very real moral and legal espns to maintain sae
conditions or workers and the able, sae construction i,
ithe inal anal is, more conomicl an ny rte
«os avis ram tina comer on safety provision
tion o say is particular infin oor
comen hat apporte once during its plat sae
and util the corte becomes stall sc-euppoting
Followegthe design criteria contained inthis guides esse
for ensuing safe performance ofthe fon. AI era
members and connections should be erfuly plamed so
‘hata sou determinate of fads may be acutely made
and roues calculated
In adaton he adequacy ofthe fermer, special se
tures, such ae militry buis, require consideration of
behavior of ney cmpltd ruca me hat ae
eo supper fomverk and other constuction loads. Nate
thatthe strength of ely competed strata elements will
‘eles than ei fal design strength.
Fervor fires on be abe to ubsandard mate
il and equipment, han ee and tadeqey in design
‘Cael person and continuous inpection of farmer.
ring rection. concret placement, and removal cn help
event accident
Construction procedures should be plamed in advance
Lo emure the safety of personel and the imegiy of the
‘ished sure Same ete safeyprotisens at shuld
‘considered include:
12) Erection of safety signs and baricades to keep tna
‘horzed personnel clear areas in which erection, concrete
placing. rstrpping is under way
D) Providing experienced fonmvak percal wäh direct
communication means othe placing crew to cosly watch
ring concrete placement to ensure cal recognition of
possible fam displacement o potential Falles; a supply of
‘era shores o othe atrial and equipment that might be
‘needed an emergency should be rad sable
©) Proisicn for adequate ilunination ofthe fomwark
and work ae
3) Incluio of iting pins inde design ad dating
fall fas that willbe hoisted by cranes ar he iting
‘eminent. This i especial important in Aying fons cc
“lin fon: inde cae of Wal Tomek, consideration
Should be gvento an independent werk platform adequately
fastened tothe previous it
©) Inceporation of scaffolds, working platforms, and
guardas ino form design and al formwod drawings
Incorporation of provisions for anchorage offal pte
tion devices, such as personal fl ares syste, salty net
sans, and personnel positioning device systems
2 ropa flay pectin of ork
Sa Formwork construción définies Same
common comme deficiencies that an Ted former
fie ined
*)AninefTetive inspection proces fr emoving damaged
er wommteril) acessories, or athe forming equipment
ving lower streng than required
Insufficient nina bolting welding or feine,
«Insite ripper lateral rain
AC Conc athe = Carn comm o
«DFoilwetoccmplywahmanfactucrsteccnmelations
+) File o construc fonavork in accordance wil he
form drawings
1 File to tin forme engine's approval fer field
modifications
1) Lack of proper prepa fl inspection by competent
persons 1 ese tt form design has ben repel ate
preted by frm builders
1) Faure to inpect formu ding and after concrete
faa to delet abnormal deletions or ber signs of
tent ex pot ur tht shouldbe coectd
LL Buanples of defines bn veracal formwork —
Construction defies sometimes fund in vesical or
work include
2) Faire to cctv! rat of placement o concrete without
rogar o design parameters
"adequate ahened o secured fonts rada
+) Ferm damage in exavatins resting om embar
men le
1) Use of etemal vibratrs en fans not designed fr
ruso
©) Deep vibrator penetration of exer semidiardned lis
Dimpropar framing of bockouts
9) repel located e constructed potring poches
1) Indequstey mpprted Dlkhend or contraction joint
mode
3) Improper anchored top Fm on sloping ace
4) Fare Lo anses and control concrete
Flr to provide adequate support fr laten] pressures
on mao.
1) Fale to ecogize and resolve forces at Locations in
1 Fano where lateral reste i ot resiste by fom
ie, seh a Tineretins of walls and at ouside comers
‘m) Installation of lateral bracing at step anaes than
designe resulting nan bi Lo malt tral ability
plumb, and alignment of te fonmwak
1) Plcng concrete in such a manmer that unbalanced
forces are applied to wall opening locket, causing dee
tin or displacement of the lockout fan
0)Falreto provide afeqiatebracingresitingin ates
o pla frm against comete weight, wind loads, cr er
Heiz forces
‘Inadequate supported wal om o cok form panels
9) Inadequte string of the fon to previous concrete
placement or foundation
5112 Exampleso/ teneis in horizontal formwork —
constuction deficiencies sometimes found in horizon
fons for elevated rte include:
1) Fail to properly regulate the sequence of placing
concrete avoid unntcp ae loadings on he oem
') Shoring not pmb, ts ining lateral Tod and
reducing vata load pay
©) Locking devices on metal shoring nt locked, ope
tive, or miss Say ols isang on ajtable tos
pose wood shores
1) Fahr o account for vibration from adjacent moving
oad orlnd euren
God
the very real moral and legal espns to maintain sae
conditions or workers and the able, sae construction i,
ithe inal anal is, more conomicl an ny rte
«os avis ram tina comer on safety provision
tion o say is particular infin oor
comen hat apporte once during its plat sae
and util the corte becomes stall sc-euppoting
Followegthe design criteria contained inthis guides esse
for ensuing safe performance ofthe fon. AI era
members and connections should be erfuly plamed so
‘hata sou determinate of fads may be acutely made
and roues calculated
In adaton he adequacy ofthe fermer, special se
tures, such ae militry buis, require consideration of
behavior of ney cmpltd ruca me hat ae
eo supper fomverk and other constuction loads. Nate
thatthe strength of ely competed strata elements will
‘eles than ei fal design strength.
Fervor fires on be abe to ubsandard mate
il and equipment, han ee and tadeqey in design
‘Cael person and continuous inpection of farmer.
ring rection. concret placement, and removal cn help
event accident
Construction procedures should be plamed in advance
Lo emure the safety of personel and the imegiy of the
‘ished sure Same ete safeyprotisens at shuld
‘considered include:
12) Erection of safety signs and baricades to keep tna
‘horzed personnel clear areas in which erection, concrete
placing. rstrpping is under way
D) Providing experienced fonmvak percal wäh direct
communication means othe placing crew to cosly watch
ring concrete placement to ensure cal recognition of
possible fam displacement o potential Falles; a supply of
‘era shores o othe atrial and equipment that might be
‘needed an emergency should be rad sable
©) Proisicn for adequate ilunination ofthe fomwark
and work ae
3) Incluio of iting pins inde design ad dating
fall fas that willbe hoisted by cranes ar he iting
‘eminent. This i especial important in Aying fons cc
“lin fon: inde cae of Wal Tomek, consideration
Should be gvento an independent werk platform adequately
fastened tothe previous it
©) Inceporation of scaffolds, working platforms, and
guardas ino form design and al formwod drawings
Incorporation of provisions for anchorage offal pte
tion devices, such as personal fl ares syste, salty net
sans, and personnel positioning device systems
2 ropa flay pectin of ork
Sa Formwork construción définies Same
common comme deficiencies that an Ted former
fie ined
*)AninefTetive inspection proces fr emoving damaged
er wommteril) acessories, or athe forming equipment
ving lower streng than required
Insufficient nina bolting welding or feine,
«Insite ripper lateral rain
AC Conc athe = Carn comm o
«DFoilwetoccmplywahmanfactucrsteccnmelations
+) File o construc fonavork in accordance wil he
form drawings
1 File to tin forme engine's approval fer field
modifications
1) Lack of proper prepa fl inspection by competent
persons 1 ese tt form design has ben repel ate
preted by frm builders
1) Faure to inpect formu ding and after concrete
faa to delet abnormal deletions or ber signs of
tent ex pot ur tht shouldbe coectd
LL Buanples of defines bn veracal formwork —
Construction defies sometimes fund in vesical or
work include
2) Faire to cctv! rat of placement o concrete without
rogar o design parameters
"adequate ahened o secured fonts rada
+) Ferm damage in exavatins resting om embar
men le
1) Use of etemal vibratrs en fans not designed fr
ruso
©) Deep vibrator penetration of exer semidiardned lis
Dimpropar framing of bockouts
9) repel located e constructed potring poches
1) Indequstey mpprted Dlkhend or contraction joint
mode
3) Improper anchored top Fm on sloping ace
4) Fare Lo anses and control concrete
Flr to provide adequate support fr laten] pressures
on mao.
1) Fale to ecogize and resolve forces at Locations in
1 Fano where lateral reste i ot resiste by fom
ie, seh a Tineretins of walls and at ouside comers
‘m) Installation of lateral bracing at step anaes than
designe resulting nan bi Lo malt tral ability
plumb, and alignment of te fonmwak
1) Plcng concrete in such a manmer that unbalanced
forces are applied to wall opening locket, causing dee
tin or displacement of the lockout fan
0)Falreto provide afeqiatebracingresitingin ates
o pla frm against comete weight, wind loads, cr er
Heiz forces
‘Inadequate supported wal om o cok form panels
9) Inadequte string of the fon to previous concrete
placement or foundation
5112 Exampleso/ teneis in horizontal formwork —
constuction deficiencies sometimes found in horizon
fons for elevated rte include:
1) Fail to properly regulate the sequence of placing
concrete avoid unntcp ae loadings on he oem
') Shoring not pmb, ts ining lateral Tod and
reducing vata load pay
©) Locking devices on metal shoring nt locked, ope
tive, or miss Say ols isang on ajtable tos
pose wood shores
1) Fahr o account for vibration from adjacent moving
oad orlnd euren
God
2 ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Fig, 11,20—Inadequate bearing under musi,
+) Inadequnly tened or secured shores and ros
Inclinghaware oe wedges
D Lomenin or pranatre renal of reshores o back
shores under oars below
{Premature removal of supports, especially under canti
levered sections
1) Inadequate bearing arca or uns
msi Fig 51.1.2)
1) Muss place en rzen grund subject to having
or a sat ground msl placed prior oa large ain
‘rent ring wich water accmltes and ws the 0
‘ut fromm under test
3) Connection of shoes to ots, sings, or wales hat
sxe adequate 1 ress ph or trio joint eter to
Fa S11)
I) Fire to consider effets of load tansfer that cm
‘scr during post eninin eter 5 8 6)
1) Faire to perfam, document, and follow up cn
replacement formwork inspections
"9 Kinked, ben, or lente damaged ein equipment
1) InadequatshorngandUracin o compost consten
+) Inadequate bracing fo horizantal onde dueto wind e
ter cional faces
le soit under
52-—Construction practices and workmanship
‘32 Fabrication and assembly dei The following
we examples af god constuction practice:
a) Propel spliced studs, als, strngbacks, shoes, and
«ther members of wo or mere pieces,
1) Shores should be installed plumb within the allowable
tolerance and with adequate beating al racing,
© Specified size and capacity of fem tes o clamps
shouldbe used
“DA! fortis ee lamps should e installed and propa
ige as specified, A reads should fly engage the
ma coupling À doblem maybe require to develop he
{il capacity ofthe te
+) Fes shoul be sicily ht to minimize Tos of
amet fom the concrete
' Pour windows or pockets may be necessary in wall
forms or other high. narrow forms 10 facilite core
cent aviation,
SO
Fig 5.1120-Upl of formwork. Connection of shores 10
Joists ad singers should hold shore in place when pl
8) Falwicte ganged forme, ale, and colo ns
on a stable plo, horses, or ether mems of support
to asar correct and square geometry «ais fom
lac and de absence a ul warp wäh tolerances
522 Joins in comen
2.21 Conan joints, expansion joints el os,
ccnstucion joins, and satin joint shouldbe installed
x mec m the contract documents (Fi. $2.21) oras
reed by the earractor and apyoved bythe engine
architect
152.22 Buikeads for constuction joints shoo prefer:
ably be made by split the sheathing along the lines of
the reinforcement (ther vesical e hrizntaly) passing
ra the bulked, and talling the sports sich
thatthe sheathing material is supponed along thee cus
and is sopparted Requis eno to limit ts deflection
Construction joint Fomwek shuld be ads such ies
0 tha it sot wapped behind the reinforcing steel. By
doing this the Former cn be removed mee as nd
some ces, reed
52.23 When required by the contract documents, beveled
inserts at contro o entation joints shouldbe Ie und
bed when ferns ae supped, aná hn removed cy ater
the concrete fis been sufi cord,
5224 Wider wood feature strips, evel, or rstistions
inscaol for arhtecral resina canbe Ke cn thet
back sde so st allow for expansion to take place in the
wooden pice a ret of moisture absorto
523 Slopingswfaces—Slped surfaces step than LS
horizontal to Iveta shouldbe proved with a tp form.
10 hote shape ofthe canteen placement aes it
«canbe demonstrated that the ep Forms canbe omitted.
524 Formvork inspection The inpestion sould
be performed by a person cried as an ACT Concrete
Construction Speca Inspector or à person having equiva
ler fomnvork rang and knowledge
a) Femme shouldbe inspected for compliance with the
forme deme
') Fes shold be ispeted and checked beer therein
forcing steel place 10 conf ht the dimensions and
the location of the concrete member will conf othe
seta pla
man one ine = Copy a cme
Fig, 11,20—Inadequate bearing under musi,
+) Inadequnly tened or secured shores and ros
Inclinghaware oe wedges
D Lomenin or pranatre renal of reshores o back
shores under oars below
{Premature removal of supports, especially under canti
levered sections
1) Inadequate bearing arca or uns
msi Fig 51.1.2)
1) Muss place en rzen grund subject to having
or a sat ground msl placed prior oa large ain
‘rent ring wich water accmltes and ws the 0
‘ut fromm under test
3) Connection of shoes to ots, sings, or wales hat
sxe adequate 1 ress ph or trio joint eter to
Fa S11)
I) Fire to consider effets of load tansfer that cm
‘scr during post eninin eter 5 8 6)
1) Faire to perfam, document, and follow up cn
replacement formwork inspections
"9 Kinked, ben, or lente damaged ein equipment
1) InadequatshorngandUracin o compost consten
+) Inadequate bracing fo horizantal onde dueto wind e
ter cional faces
le soit under
52-—Construction practices and workmanship
‘32 Fabrication and assembly dei The following
we examples af god constuction practice:
a) Propel spliced studs, als, strngbacks, shoes, and
«ther members of wo or mere pieces,
1) Shores should be installed plumb within the allowable
tolerance and with adequate beating al racing,
© Specified size and capacity of fem tes o clamps
shouldbe used
“DA! fortis ee lamps should e installed and propa
ige as specified, A reads should fly engage the
ma coupling À doblem maybe require to develop he
{il capacity ofthe te
+) Fes shoul be sicily ht to minimize Tos of
amet fom the concrete
' Pour windows or pockets may be necessary in wall
forms or other high. narrow forms 10 facilite core
cent aviation,
SO
Fig 5.1120-Upl of formwork. Connection of shores 10
Joists ad singers should hold shore in place when pl
8) Falwicte ganged forme, ale, and colo ns
on a stable plo, horses, or ether mems of support
to asar correct and square geometry «ais fom
lac and de absence a ul warp wäh tolerances
522 Joins in comen
2.21 Conan joints, expansion joints el os,
ccnstucion joins, and satin joint shouldbe installed
x mec m the contract documents (Fi. $2.21) oras
reed by the earractor and apyoved bythe engine
architect
152.22 Buikeads for constuction joints shoo prefer:
ably be made by split the sheathing along the lines of
the reinforcement (ther vesical e hrizntaly) passing
ra the bulked, and talling the sports sich
thatthe sheathing material is supponed along thee cus
and is sopparted Requis eno to limit ts deflection
Construction joint Fomwek shuld be ads such ies
0 tha it sot wapped behind the reinforcing steel. By
doing this the Former cn be removed mee as nd
some ces, reed
52.23 When required by the contract documents, beveled
inserts at contro o entation joints shouldbe Ie und
bed when ferns ae supped, aná hn removed cy ater
the concrete fis been sufi cord,
5224 Wider wood feature strips, evel, or rstistions
inscaol for arhtecral resina canbe Ke cn thet
back sde so st allow for expansion to take place in the
wooden pice a ret of moisture absorto
523 Slopingswfaces—Slped surfaces step than LS
horizontal to Iveta shouldbe proved with a tp form.
10 hote shape ofthe canteen placement aes it
«canbe demonstrated that the ep Forms canbe omitted.
524 Formvork inspection The inpestion sould
be performed by a person cried as an ACT Concrete
Construction Speca Inspector or à person having equiva
ler fomnvork rang and knowledge
a) Femme shouldbe inspected for compliance with the
forme deme
') Fes shold be ispeted and checked beer therein
forcing steel place 10 conf ht the dimensions and
the location of the concrete member will conf othe
seta pla
man one ine = Copy a cme
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) »
I
Fig, 522.1—Formnin and shoring restraints at construction jos in supported stabs
Blocks inst sleeves anchors, nd ether embedded
ites shouldbe propel iden, posted, and secured
4) Fonmvok shouldbe checked fer required camber when
specified in he contract documents shown cn the fer
‘werk dass, Forms amber shouldbe measured ater
ain but before post-tesioning and sipping of shores
‘Permanent camber should be measured at soffit bah before
and ar pps.
525 Cleanup and cotingsFoms shuld be cry
‘kane of all dit morta, and foreign mater nd coated
tsa release agent before ach se Where he baton of
{he fo is inecessBle Som win access panel sd be
provides to permit through rental ef estancos materia
cr plain concret 1 fic appearance of the concrete
is importa, Ks should not be rod if damage Sem
previous use would case impairment to concret faces
Form coating shouldbe applied in accordance wth Ue
‘manufactures instructions Before placing of reinforing
el andshouldot be wed in such quanies sto am onto
as or concrete consti jit.
5.26 Construction operations on the formwork-Buiking
materials. including coreo shut be drpped or piled
‘athe fnvorkin uch mar so dam o overload
À Rares fer moving equipment shouldbe provided with
souls or les as required and shouldbe sported dire om
{he fonmver or stuctral meer They shouldnt beara
‘or be supported by the reinfrcing tel unless pesa bar
‘ppt re provid. The Former shouldbe stable fr
{he support of such uvas wit significant defections,
‘batons, o tea movers
522 Laing nw slabs Ovalodin of new slabs by
temporary material stockpiling or by early application of
permanent fade should be avoided. Loads, such as sage.
fate, lanber einfercing steel, masony, cr machnery
Should not be placed on new construction in such a manner
acto damage or overload it
53-Tolerancos
“Tolerance apemmissble variation rom Ines, grades, cr
inensions given in contact documents Suggested ola.
lace for eonerte rte cn be amd ACT 17
Aca Conc OC en o
Table 5:3.1-—Permited abrupt or gradual regular
es In formed surfaces as measured within 5
(15 m) length witha straightedge
Tia Gen | Yan Comp Lie (5 |
Lines
‘The contacter should sa and muinsin concrete forms,
including any specified cab, to ensure completed works
swan the tolerance lint,
534 Recommendations for engineriacnect and
<ontactor—Toleanes shold be seid Wythe einer
choc 0 tha the soo wil iow pei what i
‘ered and can design and maintain he formwork acon
Indy Specs tolerances mov acting han needed ca
nerense consti cots. I shold be noted that tolerances
normal fend in consti specifications, sch as ose
{ACT 117, efor the sui concreto mentes and nthe
fonnvek sed to shape ese member Format shold be
constructed wih such dimensions so the resuling concrete
menbers are within the specified dimensional lence:
“The enginer/rehien should specify tolerances or
require perfomance appropriate tothe ype of consi
tin. Specifying tolerances more string than cormonly
obtained fora specific ype of castración should be
‘voided, sis usally res in date among the paris
involved, For example, spcifing permitted incaico
more sige hm those allowed for a Cas D rice
(Cable 831) is incompatible wi most concrete one
{ip pans) joist construction techniques As amar of ra
tical eonsttien ap pans will nt provide Clas D mal
aes, ptit when subject to ruse ona project
‘Where a projet involves features sense 1 the cum
tive eet tolerances en individual prions, he engineer
chia should anticiat and provide fr this tet by
Sting a cumultivetlerance Whee a particular tin
involves several types of genealy accepted tolerances om
ans sich as concrete location of reinforcanent, and ab
‘ation of reinforcement, which become mal nca
dbl, the engncerarchtet should micipate the dic
and specify Special tolerances o indicate which tolerance
oran. The projet specications sould clay state Ua
permit variation in one part of the conseil or in
God
I
Fig, 522.1—Formnin and shoring restraints at construction jos in supported stabs
Blocks inst sleeves anchors, nd ether embedded
ites shouldbe propel iden, posted, and secured
4) Fonmvok shouldbe checked fer required camber when
specified in he contract documents shown cn the fer
‘werk dass, Forms amber shouldbe measured ater
ain but before post-tesioning and sipping of shores
‘Permanent camber should be measured at soffit bah before
and ar pps.
525 Cleanup and cotingsFoms shuld be cry
‘kane of all dit morta, and foreign mater nd coated
tsa release agent before ach se Where he baton of
{he fo is inecessBle Som win access panel sd be
provides to permit through rental ef estancos materia
cr plain concret 1 fic appearance of the concrete
is importa, Ks should not be rod if damage Sem
previous use would case impairment to concret faces
Form coating shouldbe applied in accordance wth Ue
‘manufactures instructions Before placing of reinforing
el andshouldot be wed in such quanies sto am onto
as or concrete consti jit.
5.26 Construction operations on the formwork-Buiking
materials. including coreo shut be drpped or piled
‘athe fnvorkin uch mar so dam o overload
À Rares fer moving equipment shouldbe provided with
souls or les as required and shouldbe sported dire om
{he fonmver or stuctral meer They shouldnt beara
‘or be supported by the reinfrcing tel unless pesa bar
‘ppt re provid. The Former shouldbe stable fr
{he support of such uvas wit significant defections,
‘batons, o tea movers
522 Laing nw slabs Ovalodin of new slabs by
temporary material stockpiling or by early application of
permanent fade should be avoided. Loads, such as sage.
fate, lanber einfercing steel, masony, cr machnery
Should not be placed on new construction in such a manner
acto damage or overload it
53-Tolerancos
“Tolerance apemmissble variation rom Ines, grades, cr
inensions given in contact documents Suggested ola.
lace for eonerte rte cn be amd ACT 17
Aca Conc OC en o
Table 5:3.1-—Permited abrupt or gradual regular
es In formed surfaces as measured within 5
(15 m) length witha straightedge
Tia Gen | Yan Comp Lie (5 |
Lines
‘The contacter should sa and muinsin concrete forms,
including any specified cab, to ensure completed works
swan the tolerance lint,
534 Recommendations for engineriacnect and
<ontactor—Toleanes shold be seid Wythe einer
choc 0 tha the soo wil iow pei what i
‘ered and can design and maintain he formwork acon
Indy Specs tolerances mov acting han needed ca
nerense consti cots. I shold be noted that tolerances
normal fend in consti specifications, sch as ose
{ACT 117, efor the sui concreto mentes and nthe
fonnvek sed to shape ese member Format shold be
constructed wih such dimensions so the resuling concrete
menbers are within the specified dimensional lence:
“The enginer/rehien should specify tolerances or
require perfomance appropriate tothe ype of consi
tin. Specifying tolerances more string than cormonly
obtained fora specific ype of castración should be
‘voided, sis usally res in date among the paris
involved, For example, spcifing permitted incaico
more sige hm those allowed for a Cas D rice
(Cable 831) is incompatible wi most concrete one
{ip pans) joist construction techniques As amar of ra
tical eonsttien ap pans will nt provide Clas D mal
aes, ptit when subject to ruse ona project
‘Where a projet involves features sense 1 the cum
tive eet tolerances en individual prions, he engineer
chia should anticiat and provide fr this tet by
Sting a cumultivetlerance Whee a particular tin
involves several types of genealy accepted tolerances om
ans sich as concrete location of reinforcanent, and ab
‘ation of reinforcement, which become mal nca
dbl, the engncerarchtet should micipate the dic
and specify Special tolerances o indicate which tolerance
oran. The projet specications sould clay state Ua
permit variation in one part of the conseil or in
God
ve section ofthe specications should ot be constued as
Permitting violin of the more singe requirements or
ny ber par of he construction orin any ber such spec
can section,
"The engineer should be responsible for coor
inating the tolerances for concrete work wih he oe
ce requirements of ther trades whose work adjoins the
erate constuction. Fer example, the connection detail
Ft à bling fade should acccnenodate the talerance
range fr tetera alignment and levain ofthe perimeter
concrete member
5.4—lrregulartios In formed surfaces.
"ACT MAR provides detailed guidance and methods for
producing and ‘evaluating conce formed surface This
Section provides a summary of ways of evalnine surface
"its dueto forming quality ati not intended er eval
ution of surface defects, such as surface voids usos
nd blowholes) and haneycamb atributable o placing and
‘tli deficiencies, These are more fly explained
by ACI MAR and ACI 309 2. Allowable irate
sxe designated eher arpt or gral, Offsets and fins
resalta fom displaced, mismatched, er misplaced fom,
‘sheathing or lines o fom defects fomi miras re
ans ab regularities, Imegalaric resin rom
spin and similar fan vations fam planeness e
true curvature are considered gral regular.
‘Grads regularities should be checked with a tight
las for plane surfaces er à shaped template fer curved
& warped surfaces. In measuring regles of plane
Race, the snightedge can be placed anyere on the
Surface in any ection.
our clases of formed face ae defined in ACT 11710,
183 (Table 531) The engierarchict should indicate
‘wich le is required forthe work being spied or ind
‘ate cher ieglai, mis where need othe concrete
Surface lolaances as specified in ACL 301-10, 8333, wih
fonefacing matruls meting the requirements of ACT
301-10, 22 11, shouldbe flowed.
Clas A i suggested for surfaces prominently exposed
to publi view whee appearance is of special importance.
(Cass B is intended fer couvetesured, concrete fome
surfaces intended 1 receive plaster, ue, or wainscoting
iss © dx a general standard for permanently exposed
ces where ther fies are not pesca Clas D is
minimum quality reqiremen for surfaces where roughness
‘sna objectionable stall applied where faces wl be
peana concealed.
‘Construction methode sich as using metal form pans
provide a Fa unique to el and shouldbe given special
fcoseration by the engineerärchiect Special Tims
Om regalas can be needed for surface continent
yon to own water, drainage r expose permit
‘regulates are different from those iven in Table 5.3.1,
they shouldbe specifi bythe enginerarchitect.
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
55 —Shoring and centering
‘SSA Shoing—The design process and construcion pra
tices should be in accordance wih ACI S17 2R. Shoring
should be supported on stsictary foundations, such as
‘read footings, ils, ben ground, pir, con,
pling a discussed 7
‘Shores esting ca Intermediate sabs or oer construction
already in place need nat be located disc above shores
fr reses below, uns the lab hikes andthe loca
tin of is renfrcement ae inadequate 1 ake the reves
of moments and punching shear The reveal of bending
moment inthe slab over the sore or rs below may
occur as shown in Fig. 5.5 1 reses do ot align with
the shores above, than cat or reversal of moment
Generali, the meat induce by the sab dead lads wi
net be reversed by the effet ofhaving the wpe shore offset
in location om the reo below. Redheres should be
prevea rm ain by such means a spring cis at the
top of reshores and pose attaching perimeter reshores
back ito the interior ofthe sucre with appropriate ac.
cr Waving The rshoring plan shuld be submited to the
“names rhitet forte ee oct en permanent
Sucre: Malte shorins sine pos shor in to or
ner ters a dangerous practice and is not recommended
fete Fig $510)
‘Where a slab lad is supported on one sie of the beam
aly fer to Fi 41.9, cds beam farms shouldbe care
{ly pol to preven stating ofthe bam sie fer due
to unequal loading All ember should be stig and true
wut tists or bends. Special tion should be given
10 beam and sab canswucin or ne. and two joa
cnsbuction to prevent local overloading wen a heavily
loaded shoe rests on a th al.
atic shores sold be acte ao that they cat tit
and should have a fi being, Incline shoes should be
braced securely sit sipping, shin, or buckling The
bering ends of shores shuld De square tothe supported
member. Wedges may be cut and installed to achieve
fil bearing on sloped surfaces ce with incline support
monas. Comections of shore hend to ober framing
should be adequate to prevent the shores frm falling ut
when revaved bending causes upward detection of the
forms fefertoFig 51120)
552 Cemering—WWhen centering e wed, lowing is
severally accomplisied Ly the use of sand jack, jacks, r
‘wedges beneath the pparing members. For the special
problems acc withthe contraction of centering fr
Fold plates, thin shells and ang spa oot ste, reer
esa.
56-Inspection and adjustment o! formwork
epi information about fome before, ding. and afer
ence placement can be found in ACT SP-2 ACT SPL
and ACI LAR.
"56-1 Before concrete placement—Tellale devices should
be installed on shoes or fons to detect formwork move
mens ring concrete placement and wedges wed fer iat
OA
A Armanconcenmun
coy
Permitting violin of the more singe requirements or
ny ber par of he construction orin any ber such spec
can section,
"The engineer should be responsible for coor
inating the tolerances for concrete work wih he oe
ce requirements of ther trades whose work adjoins the
erate constuction. Fer example, the connection detail
Ft à bling fade should acccnenodate the talerance
range fr tetera alignment and levain ofthe perimeter
concrete member
5.4—lrregulartios In formed surfaces.
"ACT MAR provides detailed guidance and methods for
producing and ‘evaluating conce formed surface This
Section provides a summary of ways of evalnine surface
"its dueto forming quality ati not intended er eval
ution of surface defects, such as surface voids usos
nd blowholes) and haneycamb atributable o placing and
‘tli deficiencies, These are more fly explained
by ACI MAR and ACI 309 2. Allowable irate
sxe designated eher arpt or gral, Offsets and fins
resalta fom displaced, mismatched, er misplaced fom,
‘sheathing or lines o fom defects fomi miras re
ans ab regularities, Imegalaric resin rom
spin and similar fan vations fam planeness e
true curvature are considered gral regular.
‘Grads regularities should be checked with a tight
las for plane surfaces er à shaped template fer curved
& warped surfaces. In measuring regles of plane
Race, the snightedge can be placed anyere on the
Surface in any ection.
our clases of formed face ae defined in ACT 11710,
183 (Table 531) The engierarchict should indicate
‘wich le is required forthe work being spied or ind
‘ate cher ieglai, mis where need othe concrete
Surface lolaances as specified in ACL 301-10, 8333, wih
fonefacing matruls meting the requirements of ACT
301-10, 22 11, shouldbe flowed.
Clas A i suggested for surfaces prominently exposed
to publi view whee appearance is of special importance.
(Cass B is intended fer couvetesured, concrete fome
surfaces intended 1 receive plaster, ue, or wainscoting
iss © dx a general standard for permanently exposed
ces where ther fies are not pesca Clas D is
minimum quality reqiremen for surfaces where roughness
‘sna objectionable stall applied where faces wl be
peana concealed.
‘Construction methode sich as using metal form pans
provide a Fa unique to el and shouldbe given special
fcoseration by the engineerärchiect Special Tims
Om regalas can be needed for surface continent
yon to own water, drainage r expose permit
‘regulates are different from those iven in Table 5.3.1,
they shouldbe specifi bythe enginerarchitect.
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
55 —Shoring and centering
‘SSA Shoing—The design process and construcion pra
tices should be in accordance wih ACI S17 2R. Shoring
should be supported on stsictary foundations, such as
‘read footings, ils, ben ground, pir, con,
pling a discussed 7
‘Shores esting ca Intermediate sabs or oer construction
already in place need nat be located disc above shores
fr reses below, uns the lab hikes andthe loca
tin of is renfrcement ae inadequate 1 ake the reves
of moments and punching shear The reveal of bending
moment inthe slab over the sore or rs below may
occur as shown in Fig. 5.5 1 reses do ot align with
the shores above, than cat or reversal of moment
Generali, the meat induce by the sab dead lads wi
net be reversed by the effet ofhaving the wpe shore offset
in location om the reo below. Redheres should be
prevea rm ain by such means a spring cis at the
top of reshores and pose attaching perimeter reshores
back ito the interior ofthe sucre with appropriate ac.
cr Waving The rshoring plan shuld be submited to the
“names rhitet forte ee oct en permanent
Sucre: Malte shorins sine pos shor in to or
ner ters a dangerous practice and is not recommended
fete Fig $510)
‘Where a slab lad is supported on one sie of the beam
aly fer to Fi 41.9, cds beam farms shouldbe care
{ly pol to preven stating ofthe bam sie fer due
to unequal loading All ember should be stig and true
wut tists or bends. Special tion should be given
10 beam and sab canswucin or ne. and two joa
cnsbuction to prevent local overloading wen a heavily
loaded shoe rests on a th al.
atic shores sold be acte ao that they cat tit
and should have a fi being, Incline shoes should be
braced securely sit sipping, shin, or buckling The
bering ends of shores shuld De square tothe supported
member. Wedges may be cut and installed to achieve
fil bearing on sloped surfaces ce with incline support
monas. Comections of shore hend to ober framing
should be adequate to prevent the shores frm falling ut
when revaved bending causes upward detection of the
forms fefertoFig 51120)
552 Cemering—WWhen centering e wed, lowing is
severally accomplisied Ly the use of sand jack, jacks, r
‘wedges beneath the pparing members. For the special
problems acc withthe contraction of centering fr
Fold plates, thin shells and ang spa oot ste, reer
esa.
56-Inspection and adjustment o! formwork
epi information about fome before, ding. and afer
ence placement can be found in ACT SP-2 ACT SPL
and ACI LAR.
"56-1 Before concrete placement—Tellale devices should
be installed on shoes or fons to detect formwork move
mens ring concrete placement and wedges wed fer iat
OA
A Armanconcenmun
coy
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) 6
Pi 55 1a—Resbore installation. Inproper positioning of shore from foor to
Boor create bending stresses or which th slab war ha designed
alignment before concret placement should be seewed in
posi before the nal check
amor shoul be anchored o the shores below so tha
nested movement of any part ofthe fem sem will
e prevented during conce placement, Such anchorages
should be install such ay st low or anticipa
tala, sement, deletion he Fame members.
Additional eat of Tommvak should be provide to
allow for close al om joi, stamens of musi,
hrinkage of lab, and csi shreing and dead oad
¿elections of erm menben Where appropriate he dim.
‘sol value the espece severing fet may be stated
inthe om design drawings
Positive means of adjustment (wedges or jack) should
"eprosidedto pant realignment er eajustnent of heres
if setlement occur Adjustment during afer cenerte
placemat shoul ot be pomme
562 During and afer certe placemeni—Duina
and ar cone placement, Du before nal se of the
‘cree, e clevacns, caber, and planbnese of fern
‘work systems should be checked using ele devices. This
information sf er the nest time he ors are used in
similar cntiawaion,Fosnverk should be continuo
‘watched 5 that amy corrective measures found necessary
nade Fenn wachen shoul always work.
fons and establish in advance nmel of
‘nmuncation wit hepacing crews in case of emesen.
‘Some cometas tha may be possible re stopping exces
leakage, slowing the rte of pour for vertical members that
show sins of stress, ang tes ar brain frame ouside
‘of bulging forms, tistenins bracing, adding Bracing, and
adding shores to prevent addtional dect.
57—Removal of forms and supports
57, Diseusion—ABhoagh the conrctr is generally
responsible for devin, constrain, and safety of omnvork,
acte regi age rei, eal or removal of foams
‘shores shouldbe specified by th engineeacitect. The
Formar engines contracter should comunicate specie
Aca Conc ste = Corona ace en o
Frame Shoring it
ces Towers
‘Stacked Shores
Fig, 53.1b—Tll shoring should be fal braced: stacked
single shores in no or more eri dangerous.
sequences of erection ndremoval of shoring and restoring
‘athe femme mins
572 Recommendations
2.1 Theenginecr wettest should peciftheminimem
eng of the concrete that should be reached before
removal of fans or shores. The stength can be determined
by tet on Reldcured specimens or an mplce concrete
ter concrete tes er procedures rer to ACT 228 ean
eus such asthe matty meted, penetration resistance,
«pullout, ut these methods shouldbe orate o he
cal core mine seine project parol ver
fed by jours specimens, and approve y the engine
chic The engtecancitet sould specify who will
‘ake the specimens and who wil pare hetests Resuks
‘of such tes, inching such values a cylinder compres
‘ive stent, eyinder size, and olinder wei, as well
Ss records of weather conditions and er pertinent info
Ilion should be recorded by the conractr or the person
od
Pi 55 1a—Resbore installation. Inproper positioning of shore from foor to
Boor create bending stresses or which th slab war ha designed
alignment before concret placement should be seewed in
posi before the nal check
amor shoul be anchored o the shores below so tha
nested movement of any part ofthe fem sem will
e prevented during conce placement, Such anchorages
should be install such ay st low or anticipa
tala, sement, deletion he Fame members.
Additional eat of Tommvak should be provide to
allow for close al om joi, stamens of musi,
hrinkage of lab, and csi shreing and dead oad
¿elections of erm menben Where appropriate he dim.
‘sol value the espece severing fet may be stated
inthe om design drawings
Positive means of adjustment (wedges or jack) should
"eprosidedto pant realignment er eajustnent of heres
if setlement occur Adjustment during afer cenerte
placemat shoul ot be pomme
562 During and afer certe placemeni—Duina
and ar cone placement, Du before nal se of the
‘cree, e clevacns, caber, and planbnese of fern
‘work systems should be checked using ele devices. This
information sf er the nest time he ors are used in
similar cntiawaion,Fosnverk should be continuo
‘watched 5 that amy corrective measures found necessary
nade Fenn wachen shoul always work.
fons and establish in advance nmel of
‘nmuncation wit hepacing crews in case of emesen.
‘Some cometas tha may be possible re stopping exces
leakage, slowing the rte of pour for vertical members that
show sins of stress, ang tes ar brain frame ouside
‘of bulging forms, tistenins bracing, adding Bracing, and
adding shores to prevent addtional dect.
57—Removal of forms and supports
57, Diseusion—ABhoagh the conrctr is generally
responsible for devin, constrain, and safety of omnvork,
acte regi age rei, eal or removal of foams
‘shores shouldbe specified by th engineeacitect. The
Formar engines contracter should comunicate specie
Aca Conc ste = Corona ace en o
Frame Shoring it
ces Towers
‘Stacked Shores
Fig, 53.1b—Tll shoring should be fal braced: stacked
single shores in no or more eri dangerous.
sequences of erection ndremoval of shoring and restoring
‘athe femme mins
572 Recommendations
2.1 Theenginecr wettest should peciftheminimem
eng of the concrete that should be reached before
removal of fans or shores. The stength can be determined
by tet on Reldcured specimens or an mplce concrete
ter concrete tes er procedures rer to ACT 228 ean
eus such asthe matty meted, penetration resistance,
«pullout, ut these methods shouldbe orate o he
cal core mine seine project parol ver
fed by jours specimens, and approve y the engine
chic The engtecancitet sould specify who will
‘ake the specimens and who wil pare hetests Resuks
‘of such tes, inching such values a cylinder compres
‘ive stent, eyinder size, and olinder wei, as well
Ss records of weather conditions and er pertinent info
Ilion should be recorded by the conractr or the person
od
© ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
ku
INCORRECT: ous ao som
connect
Fig, 87.2.1—Sripping sequence for owe slabs.
designed in the contract documents. I shouldbe cle.
sata minimum tine after placements a requirement to
‘ip erin ain to the neal minimum compressive
sen requirement
Detemimatin of the time of form removal shout be
based on the resulting eect en the concret. When form
sxe sipped, tee should be no excessive deflection e
sation and no evidence of damage othe einer dto
ler removal of ups rl he upping eperation Fig
3721) me ae removed before the specified curing i
spl, nears should be taken to conte the curing
ad provide adequate themal protection for the concrete
Supporingfomns and shores should net be removed from
ems loss, nd wall ti there srt uns westrong
‘ough to cany dhe own weight and any approved spe
ose oad. bn case should sporting fons and shores
be removed rom horizantal menber before Ihe concrete
Tas achieved the stripping stent specified bythe engines
echec Shores supprting posttensoned constuction
Should nt be removed watt sucias tenon ore i
lit support the dad lead, orme, and anticipated
sucio loads
"As a general ml, th vesical fms für columns, wall,
beam sides, and pias can be removed befor horizontal
fms for Beams ad sabs. Fonmwerk and shore should
cotes at each can be cast and safely removed
wot impact cr dock, and permit the concrete ary is
‘hare ofthe oad sadly and wiry
157.22 The removal of foams, supports, and peottive
lose, and the discontinuation of heating and coring
Should Folio the requirements ofthe contact document
‘When standard beam or eyinde tests are uscdto determine
siping times, et specimens should be cred under condi
tins that are not more favorable tan the most unfavorable
Sendo fr the concrete thatthe test specimens repre
OA
nae Con in
ús. The empate of Ue concrete we cing, no he
Ambient air temperate. a importas cir inthe stent
in of concrete. The caring ime and concrete temperature
rected ca serve ara Bais Lo avis the engine arte
‘wih review o approval offer sipping
57.23 Beca the minima srpping tne is wally
à Función of conce sens, the prefaned method of
dering seiping tine is a comparison of the actual
Streng gained 10 te sength required for sipping the
clement. Wal, columns, and beam sides can usally be
ipped at fy low concrete ren. Sots of bs,
beans, and alter elevated work need greater eng 10
be selbaupporing and cany imposed construction ond.
[ACL 301 his test of jobs cylinder, several tts of
aer in place, nd evaluation bythe matty method as
ceptable methods of determining Ned srta. When the
tract documents Jo ot specify the minimum concret
vena require atte tie of spp. the engine ach
tec shold be consulte nd method discussed ACT 301
should be used fue determing appropriate form removal
«riera The elapsed tines shown in Table 5723 may be
‘ed as guidance for determining stripping ime for general
Planning purposes. The tines ecw represent cantv
number of dys or hours, not nocesariy consecutivo ding
Stich the ompertue ofthe sounding he concrete is
shove SO (10°C) Ifhiheay-straath concret s used,
these period can be reduced as approved bythe engineer
arche Conversely ambien temperatures remain below
SF (100), ori retarding agents are use, then thse
periods should be increased atthe discretion of the ena
erachtet Shoter stripping tines ed fer live Toad
10 dead lod ratios rene than 1.0 ae he result of more
reserve streng being available for dea loadin absence of
live load tthe tine of sipin 1 important o at at
the temperature ofthe concreto is ihe Key o tenth gain,
O Tr
ku
INCORRECT: ous ao som
connect
Fig, 87.2.1—Sripping sequence for owe slabs.
designed in the contract documents. I shouldbe cle.
sata minimum tine after placements a requirement to
‘ip erin ain to the neal minimum compressive
sen requirement
Detemimatin of the time of form removal shout be
based on the resulting eect en the concret. When form
sxe sipped, tee should be no excessive deflection e
sation and no evidence of damage othe einer dto
ler removal of ups rl he upping eperation Fig
3721) me ae removed before the specified curing i
spl, nears should be taken to conte the curing
ad provide adequate themal protection for the concrete
Supporingfomns and shores should net be removed from
ems loss, nd wall ti there srt uns westrong
‘ough to cany dhe own weight and any approved spe
ose oad. bn case should sporting fons and shores
be removed rom horizantal menber before Ihe concrete
Tas achieved the stripping stent specified bythe engines
echec Shores supprting posttensoned constuction
Should nt be removed watt sucias tenon ore i
lit support the dad lead, orme, and anticipated
sucio loads
"As a general ml, th vesical fms für columns, wall,
beam sides, and pias can be removed befor horizontal
fms for Beams ad sabs. Fonmwerk and shore should
cotes at each can be cast and safely removed
wot impact cr dock, and permit the concrete ary is
‘hare ofthe oad sadly and wiry
157.22 The removal of foams, supports, and peottive
lose, and the discontinuation of heating and coring
Should Folio the requirements ofthe contact document
‘When standard beam or eyinde tests are uscdto determine
siping times, et specimens should be cred under condi
tins that are not more favorable tan the most unfavorable
Sendo fr the concrete thatthe test specimens repre
OA
nae Con in
ús. The empate of Ue concrete we cing, no he
Ambient air temperate. a importas cir inthe stent
in of concrete. The caring ime and concrete temperature
rected ca serve ara Bais Lo avis the engine arte
‘wih review o approval offer sipping
57.23 Beca the minima srpping tne is wally
à Función of conce sens, the prefaned method of
dering seiping tine is a comparison of the actual
Streng gained 10 te sength required for sipping the
clement. Wal, columns, and beam sides can usally be
ipped at fy low concrete ren. Sots of bs,
beans, and alter elevated work need greater eng 10
be selbaupporing and cany imposed construction ond.
[ACL 301 his test of jobs cylinder, several tts of
aer in place, nd evaluation bythe matty method as
ceptable methods of determining Ned srta. When the
tract documents Jo ot specify the minimum concret
vena require atte tie of spp. the engine ach
tec shold be consulte nd method discussed ACT 301
should be used fue determing appropriate form removal
«riera The elapsed tines shown in Table 5723 may be
‘ed as guidance for determining stripping ime for general
Planning purposes. The tines ecw represent cantv
number of dys or hours, not nocesariy consecutivo ding
Stich the ompertue ofthe sounding he concrete is
shove SO (10°C) Ifhiheay-straath concret s used,
these period can be reduced as approved bythe engineer
arche Conversely ambien temperatures remain below
SF (100), ori retarding agents are use, then thse
periods should be increased atthe discretion of the ena
erachtet Shoter stripping tines ed fer live Toad
10 dead lod ratios rene than 1.0 ae he result of more
reserve streng being available for dea loadin absence of
live load tthe tine of sipin 1 important o at at
the temperature ofthe concreto is ihe Key o tenth gain,
O Tr
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) ”
‘Table 5723—Guidance for stripping time when contract documents do not specity stripping time or
stripping strength required
ou Geom mieoriar ae sa
One De ede se 4 ie
a ame ele
‘Tarot de ente sr pat Tam
VOD ONE En) darge me scr pets
bra Dm re al appa
"Gade 10403 des pte anc apts
DR OU en darge tr ac pets
re Em cn unten anlage
rosa tt
anaconda nte Ree
Lal nda ss ciclos apor cpm ecole te
In Ir ein dy nd rpg oc barri
ere
sess pty no Cm andre
oe ei au tes tg fa
"ar me eee tel em o dn
‘ot the anit ir temperature. Ambien ir Tampere
is only wed in this case to show minimum ambient ar
temperature that wil sil low concrete temperatures to be
“seque fer proper camas drain. Coneete temperature
id forms cn vay depending a the type o forms used
and any methods at re employe to rece eat ss rom
nfonned surfaces, such as he op ofa wall rip asa.
‘ACT 305K and AC 3068 provide further discusion of how
ambient air tanperatre affects concrete scr in,
5.8-Shorin
structures
“This section discusses methods of shoring and rein
‘fatty structures and provides general zuidance and
‘onseraions ACL 317 2R expands on these concepts and
Should be consulted fr futher gidance on shoring and
reshoring practices
SSRI Discussion Shores flsework are vatial or
inclined support members designed to cany the weight of
Tomar concrete, and construction lads, and reshores re
shes placed ely under a stipped concrt sab ce
‘ural member fe the eiginal forms and shoes fave been
removed mat east fll bays Thisreqtes thenew sla e
Swuchral member to deflect and suport its own weicht and
‘existing conrcticn los applied before the installation of
fheresores is asnned ia te eres cay no oad
the time of instalation Afterward, atonal construction
Id reshoring of multstory
man Conc ste - Cage came o
ads wil be distributed among all members comectd by
restos.
Mulisory werk presents special condi, particulary
inrltiontotheremoval ffs andre. Renee off
material and sores is an obviogsesonony. Furthermore,
the seed of constuction in his typeof work permits ther
trades 0 follow concrete placema operations ram Roco
floor a closely a possible The hrs hat ppt ey
placed and lowstrength erage concrete however, i
"part by lower oor tht were not original designed
specifically for ce loads The lode impoed should not
‘iced the a capaci af exch Roc providing support. For
is res, shoring ce reshoring shouldbe provided ora
suliccntnimber of flocetodstribtetheingoxed cont
tin onde to sever a levels without casing excessive
stresses, excessive slab deletions, or bath (Grundy and
Kai 196% Agarval and Gardner 1974 Staron and
Halvorsen 1990). Reshoring i sed to distrito contre
tio oat the lower floors.
Inacesnmon meh of analysis (ACH 34728; A CSD,
wale reshering remains in place trade level each level of
reshoes cares the weight of only the new sab pls the
sci lie Toads, The weight of interned sabe is.
ot included because each sab cis som weight before
reshores are ptm place
‘Once the ter al ete in contact with grade has been
removed, the asumpion is made hat he system of lbs
God
‘Table 5723—Guidance for stripping time when contract documents do not specity stripping time or
stripping strength required
ou Geom mieoriar ae sa
One De ede se 4 ie
a ame ele
‘Tarot de ente sr pat Tam
VOD ONE En) darge me scr pets
bra Dm re al appa
"Gade 10403 des pte anc apts
DR OU en darge tr ac pets
re Em cn unten anlage
rosa tt
anaconda nte Ree
Lal nda ss ciclos apor cpm ecole te
In Ir ein dy nd rpg oc barri
ere
sess pty no Cm andre
oe ei au tes tg fa
"ar me eee tel em o dn
‘ot the anit ir temperature. Ambien ir Tampere
is only wed in this case to show minimum ambient ar
temperature that wil sil low concrete temperatures to be
“seque fer proper camas drain. Coneete temperature
id forms cn vay depending a the type o forms used
and any methods at re employe to rece eat ss rom
nfonned surfaces, such as he op ofa wall rip asa.
‘ACT 305K and AC 3068 provide further discusion of how
ambient air tanperatre affects concrete scr in,
5.8-Shorin
structures
“This section discusses methods of shoring and rein
‘fatty structures and provides general zuidance and
‘onseraions ACL 317 2R expands on these concepts and
Should be consulted fr futher gidance on shoring and
reshoring practices
SSRI Discussion Shores flsework are vatial or
inclined support members designed to cany the weight of
Tomar concrete, and construction lads, and reshores re
shes placed ely under a stipped concrt sab ce
‘ural member fe the eiginal forms and shoes fave been
removed mat east fll bays Thisreqtes thenew sla e
Swuchral member to deflect and suport its own weicht and
‘existing conrcticn los applied before the installation of
fheresores is asnned ia te eres cay no oad
the time of instalation Afterward, atonal construction
Id reshoring of multstory
man Conc ste - Cage came o
ads wil be distributed among all members comectd by
restos.
Mulisory werk presents special condi, particulary
inrltiontotheremoval ffs andre. Renee off
material and sores is an obviogsesonony. Furthermore,
the seed of constuction in his typeof work permits ther
trades 0 follow concrete placema operations ram Roco
floor a closely a possible The hrs hat ppt ey
placed and lowstrength erage concrete however, i
"part by lower oor tht were not original designed
specifically for ce loads The lode impoed should not
‘iced the a capaci af exch Roc providing support. For
is res, shoring ce reshoring shouldbe provided ora
suliccntnimber of flocetodstribtetheingoxed cont
tin onde to sever a levels without casing excessive
stresses, excessive slab deletions, or bath (Grundy and
Kai 196% Agarval and Gardner 1974 Staron and
Halvorsen 1990). Reshoring i sed to distrito contre
tio oat the lower floors.
Inacesnmon meh of analysis (ACH 34728; A CSD,
wale reshering remains in place trade level each level of
reshoes cares the weight of only the new sab pls the
sci lie Toads, The weight of interned sabe is.
ot included because each sab cis som weight before
reshores are ptm place
‘Once the ter al ete in contact with grade has been
removed, the asumpion is made hat he system of lbs
God
SO
caves clasica: The sbsircemectel y shoes will
elect equal during addition ce removal of loads. Loads
il be distributed among the slabs in proportion to thei
developed sis The deletion of ence slabs can be
‘osifered late, Bat is, neleting hinkage and rep.
Caution should be exercised when a compressible wood
shoring system is used. Such systems tend to sit mos of
the impor construction ond tothe uper Boos, which
hve les strength, Addition or removal fonds may be due
Lo consreton activity oro removing shores cr etes in
the stem Shore loads re determined by equi of
fever ah oor level
582 Advanages of reshoring—Stiping Ferme is
more economia if al he teil can be removed the
ane time and moved fom the area before placing shoes
Slabs ae allowed to per heir own wei reduce the
load in the reshores.Cembiation of shores and rien
sally requis fever levels o intercomectd sabs, tus
cine mor areas fr oe tas.
Tr prete dop-head shores ar wed the thors can
become the resres ia Inge area o shoring is none,
permting the structural member to dect and support
‘hei own weight The droptead shore asa headthat eat be
lowered to remove forming components witout removing
the tore e changing ts support forthe or syste. Later
sore may be retracto and reamged to act a res.
[Rem alsobeused aa backstore or prete.
583 Oner med: Or malo of mppotina new
ceosbuction ae less widely used and involve leaving the
il sheres in place or replacing than individually
(Gsekstorng ad presi), which prevent the sla om
electing and canying its own weight Presores and the
ans hey support remain in place ui he remainder of
‘he complete ay as been stripped and bakshored, a small
sen at atime. These method are not recommended unless
psformed under care sipervison by the foot en
‘eeicoaactor and wath review by the engincer/rchtet
because excessively high lb and shore stress an develop.
"SBA Pacing seshores When Wed in hi section, the
word “tor” refers ocr vere or the ciginal shores
Reshorig ie ne ofthe mos erties operations in fom-
work consegui, the procedure should be planed i
vance by he mr einer contractor and should be
reviewed or approved by the enginevachitet. Operations
Should be prfomed so that areas of new cost will
rot be required o support combined dead and constuction
loads in exces of Weir capacity, as determined by design
loaded developed concrete streng tthe me of ping
sad reborn
Shore should not be located so 3 o alter the pate of
stress deteminad in the sutura analysis o the completed
Schr or induce tle sreses where reinforcing rs
are no provide. Size and munber of hores ad bracing.
require, should provide a supporting system capable of
amine ticipated loe
‘Wherepractial, shoves should be oct inthe same por
tin a ech oo so ta here wll be contes support
fiom ort oo When shores above ae not deel Ove
naan one nahe - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
shoves Below, an analysis should be made to determine
whether oF ot detrimental esse are produced in the
lab, Thi condition selden ec in esorng Deca he
beading ese nomma caused y the ofc ehr are
not large enough o ovrcame the stress reiting fom the
AD comyin ls on dnd Toad. Where slabs ate designed
fa ih ive Toads ron long spans where the Toads nthe
shores are hea. care should be exercised in placing the
Ihre otha the oad nthe hores do not ease excessive
pamching shear or bending tres inthe lb.
‘While resering ds under way. no conduction Loads
should be permit c the new construction unless it as
been determined by the fornwerk engineer orrctr that
the new consacon can safely suport the construction
pe
‘Whenplacingreshoes,creshoul betakennatopreload
the lower or and a to remove he nomal deletion of
the lab above. The rehore is simply à tu and should
be tiges only tothe extent necessary to achieve and
bearing contact wiht traning load between upper and!
lower oor.
‘SAS Removal of reshoring—Shore shuld. not be
removed until the supported sab or manier has ati
Sufficient strength 10 support sl and all applied on
Shores sul be removed or eleated before resore
removal Prematrereshore removal can be dangerous a
(om ret in ovrloafing the sabe above. Removal open
tins should be eased atin accordance wal a planed
Sequence $0 thatthe stueture supported isnot subject 10
“pac or nonsymmetrie load pates
586 Pos sensionng ect an shoring and reshoring —
‘he design and placement o shores and shares fr pos
tensioned constar require more consideration than for
nomal enfrced concrete The stressing of pou tension
Tendons can case valet ocur in shores, reser, or
cher Lenporsy support. The sessing sequence has the
rest ect When a lab is posttensiond, the farce in
thetenon generally produces adware atthe bea.
the bean i shored, the deine shouldbe desinedto cary
this ade Tod The magnitude ofthe oad can approach the
ead load of half th sab span en ba ies ofthe Beam IF
the or sai tensioned before the supporting beams and
sider, a careful analysis ofthe lod transfer tothe beam
er der shores or resheres vil be require. Additonal
special tation shoul be sven to locations where a post
tension beam intersects a pos-tesioed girder with no
Celina the internen. Postenioning forces at thse
ponts ducto accumulated dead load wanser can be substan
tal and should be accounted for inthe reshering devin.
Similar Toad transfer situations occur in postteioned
ride consti,
CHAPTER 6-MATERIALS.
6.1—General
"The section of materials table for fo should
be based on the price, safety rin consti, and the
ai require in ie Anihed product Approval offen
caves clasica: The sbsircemectel y shoes will
elect equal during addition ce removal of loads. Loads
il be distributed among the slabs in proportion to thei
developed sis The deletion of ence slabs can be
‘osifered late, Bat is, neleting hinkage and rep.
Caution should be exercised when a compressible wood
shoring system is used. Such systems tend to sit mos of
the impor construction ond tothe uper Boos, which
hve les strength, Addition or removal fonds may be due
Lo consreton activity oro removing shores cr etes in
the stem Shore loads re determined by equi of
fever ah oor level
582 Advanages of reshoring—Stiping Ferme is
more economia if al he teil can be removed the
ane time and moved fom the area before placing shoes
Slabs ae allowed to per heir own wei reduce the
load in the reshores.Cembiation of shores and rien
sally requis fever levels o intercomectd sabs, tus
cine mor areas fr oe tas.
Tr prete dop-head shores ar wed the thors can
become the resres ia Inge area o shoring is none,
permting the structural member to dect and support
‘hei own weight The droptead shore asa headthat eat be
lowered to remove forming components witout removing
the tore e changing ts support forthe or syste. Later
sore may be retracto and reamged to act a res.
[Rem alsobeused aa backstore or prete.
583 Oner med: Or malo of mppotina new
ceosbuction ae less widely used and involve leaving the
il sheres in place or replacing than individually
(Gsekstorng ad presi), which prevent the sla om
electing and canying its own weight Presores and the
ans hey support remain in place ui he remainder of
‘he complete ay as been stripped and bakshored, a small
sen at atime. These method are not recommended unless
psformed under care sipervison by the foot en
‘eeicoaactor and wath review by the engincer/rchtet
because excessively high lb and shore stress an develop.
"SBA Pacing seshores When Wed in hi section, the
word “tor” refers ocr vere or the ciginal shores
Reshorig ie ne ofthe mos erties operations in fom-
work consegui, the procedure should be planed i
vance by he mr einer contractor and should be
reviewed or approved by the enginevachitet. Operations
Should be prfomed so that areas of new cost will
rot be required o support combined dead and constuction
loads in exces of Weir capacity, as determined by design
loaded developed concrete streng tthe me of ping
sad reborn
Shore should not be located so 3 o alter the pate of
stress deteminad in the sutura analysis o the completed
Schr or induce tle sreses where reinforcing rs
are no provide. Size and munber of hores ad bracing.
require, should provide a supporting system capable of
amine ticipated loe
‘Wherepractial, shoves should be oct inthe same por
tin a ech oo so ta here wll be contes support
fiom ort oo When shores above ae not deel Ove
naan one nahe - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
shoves Below, an analysis should be made to determine
whether oF ot detrimental esse are produced in the
lab, Thi condition selden ec in esorng Deca he
beading ese nomma caused y the ofc ehr are
not large enough o ovrcame the stress reiting fom the
AD comyin ls on dnd Toad. Where slabs ate designed
fa ih ive Toads ron long spans where the Toads nthe
shores are hea. care should be exercised in placing the
Ihre otha the oad nthe hores do not ease excessive
pamching shear or bending tres inthe lb.
‘While resering ds under way. no conduction Loads
should be permit c the new construction unless it as
been determined by the fornwerk engineer orrctr that
the new consacon can safely suport the construction
pe
‘Whenplacingreshoes,creshoul betakennatopreload
the lower or and a to remove he nomal deletion of
the lab above. The rehore is simply à tu and should
be tiges only tothe extent necessary to achieve and
bearing contact wiht traning load between upper and!
lower oor.
‘SAS Removal of reshoring—Shore shuld. not be
removed until the supported sab or manier has ati
Sufficient strength 10 support sl and all applied on
Shores sul be removed or eleated before resore
removal Prematrereshore removal can be dangerous a
(om ret in ovrloafing the sabe above. Removal open
tins should be eased atin accordance wal a planed
Sequence $0 thatthe stueture supported isnot subject 10
“pac or nonsymmetrie load pates
586 Pos sensionng ect an shoring and reshoring —
‘he design and placement o shores and shares fr pos
tensioned constar require more consideration than for
nomal enfrced concrete The stressing of pou tension
Tendons can case valet ocur in shores, reser, or
cher Lenporsy support. The sessing sequence has the
rest ect When a lab is posttensiond, the farce in
thetenon generally produces adware atthe bea.
the bean i shored, the deine shouldbe desinedto cary
this ade Tod The magnitude ofthe oad can approach the
ead load of half th sab span en ba ies ofthe Beam IF
the or sai tensioned before the supporting beams and
sider, a careful analysis ofthe lod transfer tothe beam
er der shores or resheres vil be require. Additonal
special tation shoul be sven to locations where a post
tension beam intersects a pos-tesioed girder with no
Celina the internen. Postenioning forces at thse
ponts ducto accumulated dead load wanser can be substan
tal and should be accounted for inthe reshering devin.
Similar Toad transfer situations occur in postteioned
ride consti,
CHAPTER 6-MATERIALS.
6.1—General
"The section of materials table for fo should
be based on the price, safety rin consti, and the
ai require in ie Anihed product Approval offen
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) »
‘wack material by the enginevarcitec required y the
‘ort documents, hold be based on how the quality of
otra affects the quality of finshed work Where the
cece surface appearance is etal, th engineer chi
tect should define their expectations in the contract doce
‘ments and reference spec locations where the critical
pese) applies. Refer to Chapter 7 for archtecral
‘emcee provisions,
62--Properties of materials
$21 General-ACI SPA, Formwork for Concrete
esribes the feruwark materials commonly used the
‘United Stats and provides extesive related data for form
design. Use speciation nd dein information i ale
aile fram manufacturers and supplies. Table 62.1
indicates speci sources of design and specification data
for formwork material. This ulated information should
tot e interpreted to exe the use of ay ether mateo
{hat ean mec quality and safety requirements established for
the finshed work,
622 Sheathing—Sheahing is the supporting ayer of
{ever closes tothe concrete I ca beim det contact
sa ie como opted fn à si ir
Sheathing consists of wood, plywood, meal, plastic, or
‘ahr antral copo of cafe poes consti
tion loads to supporting members, such a joists ce stds
Lines are made f wood, plastic metal, clothe ther mate
sal selected to ale or enhance the surface of the ished
concrete ACT STR).
In selecting and sing sheshing and ining materials,
importa considrations include:
DS
tes
©) Reese
4) Reine and cost perwe
+) Stifacechractentics pated to he concrete sich as
wood arin wafer, decrative pattems, lose pata
D Absortivenes of ab ein excess water fom the
2) Resistance to mechanical damage, suchas kom vb
tors brain from fermin
1) Wekabie fr ct, dling, ndataching fasteners
5 Adapbiity to weuher and exteme ld conditions,
temperatre, and moire
3) Weisht and case of handling
623 Simeural support Structural suport systems
should meet material Siren, requirements to cary the
imposed construction Toads that have Been tansfered
‘rough the sheathing
Important considero ined
2) Strength
Ses
+) Dimensional aciacy and stability
9) Wrkabiley fr cuting ring, nd ataching fasteners
Weight
D Cost and durability
1) Abily to accommodate required contour and shapes
Aca Conc ste = Orr econ o
63-Aecessori
“63.1 Form tes À form ie ia tensile device wed to
hol concrete forms against spreading par dueto the tera
pressure of conrt. In general, i consists of an inside
tensile member and extemal holding devices Fon ies are
sade to a range of specifications, depending on the man
facture: These momficturrs abo publish recommended
workinglonds on ties for se form design Ther amet
Working lad ange rom 100010 mor than $000 (1.18
10 2240 KN). Manufcters produce mimerous pes of
tis er ferent forming condiions. Refer to AC SA fora
“escapo of common available ue stem
(632 Form anchors—Farm anchors ae devices use o
secure Fommsurk o previously placed concrete of dene
Suena The devices ae nomma embedded in a previous
‘once lacment or die in o fastened to a previous
ancre places x oe suitable structural arb The
cual losing capacity of the anchors depends on
their shape and mate the strength and type of concrete
in whch they re anbedded, the area of contact between
eet nd anche, andthe depth of embedment nd loc
tion in the member When anchorina 10 other ele
whether conecto, timba lagging, set pina, oH
cansertion shuld be given to effects ofthe loads tans
fered to tose element Manufacturers publish design data
and ts formation assis in the selection proper frm
chor devices
(633 Form hangers—Form hangers re devices wed
to supend Former loads fom suuctural ste. precast,
ener, e ther members. They may be fabricatd from
Vr, Hat metal peces, plastic, or combinations of thse
mern
‘63.4 Reinforcing bu spacersAreinforeing bar spacer is
device maintain he deed distance between a Kam
And an tema embedded or case clame. Horizontal
reinfecin bar spacers ae used as enforcing bar supers
Both factory made and jbsitefavicated devices have
been successfully used. Advanages and disadvantages of
the dirt pes ae explained in ACI SPA and in CRSI
009 and Randall and Courtois (1976). Comsideraton
should be given lo ay environmental effets onthe ein
Forcing bar pacer materia, such as ceronion, and vil
on the expored canrete race. Space may afet he
surface fh appearance ofthe concrete
“635 Recommendations The reccnmended factors of
safe fer es, anchos, and hanges are given in 44 The
rodeecbandtype fer ieand aholdina device engagino the
tir of the fon wih supplemental provision for msn
taining the distance between form faces, Is the mest comme
type sed Fr gt construc,
"The endet inemaldiscomectna typeof, tape ie,
or sleeved thrgsod alo called thrush tie) are ote
Used fer building construction as well as heavy consu
tin, such as heavy foundations, bridges, power houses,
Tock, dom, and arhitectiral concrete. Removable portions
ofall es shouldbe of a type that can be readily removed
‘without damage to the conc and tht leave the smallest
practicable oles be filed Removable partons shouldbe
cd
‘wack material by the enginevarcitec required y the
‘ort documents, hold be based on how the quality of
otra affects the quality of finshed work Where the
cece surface appearance is etal, th engineer chi
tect should define their expectations in the contract doce
‘ments and reference spec locations where the critical
pese) applies. Refer to Chapter 7 for archtecral
‘emcee provisions,
62--Properties of materials
$21 General-ACI SPA, Formwork for Concrete
esribes the feruwark materials commonly used the
‘United Stats and provides extesive related data for form
design. Use speciation nd dein information i ale
aile fram manufacturers and supplies. Table 62.1
indicates speci sources of design and specification data
for formwork material. This ulated information should
tot e interpreted to exe the use of ay ether mateo
{hat ean mec quality and safety requirements established for
the finshed work,
622 Sheathing—Sheahing is the supporting ayer of
{ever closes tothe concrete I ca beim det contact
sa ie como opted fn à si ir
Sheathing consists of wood, plywood, meal, plastic, or
‘ahr antral copo of cafe poes consti
tion loads to supporting members, such a joists ce stds
Lines are made f wood, plastic metal, clothe ther mate
sal selected to ale or enhance the surface of the ished
concrete ACT STR).
In selecting and sing sheshing and ining materials,
importa considrations include:
DS
tes
©) Reese
4) Reine and cost perwe
+) Stifacechractentics pated to he concrete sich as
wood arin wafer, decrative pattems, lose pata
D Absortivenes of ab ein excess water fom the
2) Resistance to mechanical damage, suchas kom vb
tors brain from fermin
1) Wekabie fr ct, dling, ndataching fasteners
5 Adapbiity to weuher and exteme ld conditions,
temperatre, and moire
3) Weisht and case of handling
623 Simeural support Structural suport systems
should meet material Siren, requirements to cary the
imposed construction Toads that have Been tansfered
‘rough the sheathing
Important considero ined
2) Strength
Ses
+) Dimensional aciacy and stability
9) Wrkabiley fr cuting ring, nd ataching fasteners
Weight
D Cost and durability
1) Abily to accommodate required contour and shapes
Aca Conc ste = Orr econ o
63-Aecessori
“63.1 Form tes À form ie ia tensile device wed to
hol concrete forms against spreading par dueto the tera
pressure of conrt. In general, i consists of an inside
tensile member and extemal holding devices Fon ies are
sade to a range of specifications, depending on the man
facture: These momficturrs abo publish recommended
workinglonds on ties for se form design Ther amet
Working lad ange rom 100010 mor than $000 (1.18
10 2240 KN). Manufcters produce mimerous pes of
tis er ferent forming condiions. Refer to AC SA fora
“escapo of common available ue stem
(632 Form anchors—Farm anchors ae devices use o
secure Fommsurk o previously placed concrete of dene
Suena The devices ae nomma embedded in a previous
‘once lacment or die in o fastened to a previous
ancre places x oe suitable structural arb The
cual losing capacity of the anchors depends on
their shape and mate the strength and type of concrete
in whch they re anbedded, the area of contact between
eet nd anche, andthe depth of embedment nd loc
tion in the member When anchorina 10 other ele
whether conecto, timba lagging, set pina, oH
cansertion shuld be given to effects ofthe loads tans
fered to tose element Manufacturers publish design data
and ts formation assis in the selection proper frm
chor devices
(633 Form hangers—Form hangers re devices wed
to supend Former loads fom suuctural ste. precast,
ener, e ther members. They may be fabricatd from
Vr, Hat metal peces, plastic, or combinations of thse
mern
‘63.4 Reinforcing bu spacersAreinforeing bar spacer is
device maintain he deed distance between a Kam
And an tema embedded or case clame. Horizontal
reinfecin bar spacers ae used as enforcing bar supers
Both factory made and jbsitefavicated devices have
been successfully used. Advanages and disadvantages of
the dirt pes ae explained in ACI SPA and in CRSI
009 and Randall and Courtois (1976). Comsideraton
should be given lo ay environmental effets onthe ein
Forcing bar pacer materia, such as ceronion, and vil
on the expored canrete race. Space may afet he
surface fh appearance ofthe concrete
“635 Recommendations The reccnmended factors of
safe fer es, anchos, and hanges are given in 44 The
rodeecbandtype fer ieand aholdina device engagino the
tir of the fon wih supplemental provision for msn
taining the distance between form faces, Is the mest comme
type sed Fr gt construc,
"The endet inemaldiscomectna typeof, tape ie,
or sleeved thrgsod alo called thrush tie) are ote
Used fer building construction as well as heavy consu
tin, such as heavy foundations, bridges, power houses,
Tock, dom, and arhitectiral concrete. Removable portions
ofall es shouldbe of a type that can be readily removed
‘without damage to the conc and tht leave the smallest
practicable oles be filed Removable partons shouldbe
cd
a ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
‘Table 6.2.1--Form materials with data sources for design and specification
Nate Der Daun
FESTA Damm PAPE
O, Amn ed Canal COE, AY
ES Femme esting nh ne
Sean ai Bye 600
Dee Fonte EN
mos Faby put O Ds AG AE
Pire née es pie
ay mnt mat
ohn joa es CONEA)
sui aye td ns ra
Shen oo
Sante es aa
Boni ml as riel m ae Emo CD
Fo pnd a fg or
sim! Te Amn Ansan an)
tinct mtv dg mat
Fees Fond ting ETS
EN Tanga minor us
A AS
cats pe ese RE Een
Bene ‘ttre rer pe
eral tm
A RA Er
Ta men)
Cam En sans
Beyond se
Danese pn er eet
Shes rra pie Fans om.)
Guam tete car
coun Fei di an
aps ph
‘ine i aig ABE a | Fo ad Be eee
pa PS ET
se pass at merito ees
Faro ssp lodos an
Tanta msn ademas AT)
o AAA Guru (0
ma em ear cdo PERICO
ri |p rom guie esco
A A
Era
‘Bedtime gag dy pa nt dan tr denn
ue ew mae mp éd pm yo ey eae hen nc mb
A A A cdc Cope fad Ca sta ose
cer Amoran Corr Int - Cony
‘Table 6.2.1--Form materials with data sources for design and specification
Nate Der Daun
FESTA Damm PAPE
O, Amn ed Canal COE, AY
ES Femme esting nh ne
Sean ai Bye 600
Dee Fonte EN
mos Faby put O Ds AG AE
Pire née es pie
ay mnt mat
ohn joa es CONEA)
sui aye td ns ra
Shen oo
Sante es aa
Boni ml as riel m ae Emo CD
Fo pnd a fg or
sim! Te Amn Ansan an)
tinct mtv dg mat
Fees Fond ting ETS
EN Tanga minor us
A AS
cats pe ese RE Een
Bene ‘ttre rer pe
eral tm
A RA Er
Ta men)
Cam En sans
Beyond se
Danese pn er eet
Shes rra pie Fans om.)
Guam tete car
coun Fei di an
aps ph
‘ine i aig ABE a | Fo ad Be eee
pa PS ET
se pass at merito ees
Faro ssp lodos an
Tanta msn ademas AT)
o AAA Guru (0
ma em ear cdo PERICO
ri |p rom guie esco
A A
Era
‘Bedtime gag dy pa nt dan tr denn
ue ew mae mp éd pm yo ey eae hen nc mb
A A A cdc Cope fad Ca sta ose
cer Amoran Corr Int - Cony
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) a
moves contact documents permitir remaining
place A minimum specification fo form e should require
‘hat he bearing arca el ema holding devices be adequate
to prevent excesive being stress he Fam members Iti
potato minime mortar leakage a fois.
Fm hongos should support all constuction loads
inposed on the foma supporte by the hangers. Fo
ages shuld be symmetrical ranged cathe supporting
member and loaded sgarmeticalls, tough proper
Sesuccing of the concrete pleat fo minimize wisin
rotin of the hanger oF sporting members. Form.
Tages should lovely fi the ange or bearing surface of
"supporting member s that applied loads ae trasmite
operas pr he manutention
‘Where the concrete surface is exposed and appearance
is important the prope typeof fom te or hanger wi ot
leave expone metal a the surface Noncorosive materials
should be usd when tic oles a let patched, exposing
thetieto posse comes.
6.4-Form coatings and release agents
GAL Coutines—Fomm coatings or sealers are usally
app in gid foe to contact suce ib daring mano
‘tre or the field to serve one or mor of the following
3) Ale the texture ofthe contact suce
1) Improve the durability ofthe contact surface,
+) Faeitatereeae fom concret during sipping
4) Sel the contact surface ofthe fem fom san of
(8:42 Release gets Fan toka ana ae applied to
ie form contact surface to prevent bond and ts Fc
e ripping. They may be applied permanenly to cin
fonnmatrils during manucure, but are normal applied
tothe fom before each use. When apy inthe fl, be
‘rel avoid contingent conti jon faces
reinen sel
643 Mamfactrers”reconmendatins—Manbicures
recommendations should be followed in he we of cat
ings, sales, and release ag. Independent verification
of product performance is recommended before use When
encre suce color i cal, effets of the coats,
Sealing, and release agents Should be evaluated. Where
Surface treatments such as pain, le adhesive, sealers,
‘ar coatings reto be apple formed concrete surfaces,
be sire that adhesin of such surface eatmente vil ot
be impaired or prevented by use of the contin sealers.
release agent Also consider bonding requirements oF subse
‘quent conert placements Follow the manufacturer reer
‘mendations when applying frm relive agent. À cam
problem is applying too much material, which can nea
tively act the surface ofthe conce
CHAPTER 7-ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
71—Introduction
TA Object The general requirements fo former
presenta in preceding chape forthe most pat also apply
tan Cano haere ewe on
to architectural concrete. Additional information i avaiable
in ACI 301, ACT 303R, md ACT 3473R:
“Tis chape dis and emphasizes atonal fers
that can havea ia luce on Samınwok fr cain
place architectural concrete. Trap. precast architectural
fewer, nd concrete receiving coatings e plasters Ua
hide the fa olor and texte arene considered hein.
{Concrete receiving coatings o pastes hat hide the surface
‘slr and tel not considered checa
7:12 Factors fect formwork Architectural concrete
is carte that wil be permanently expose to view and
therfore requires special care in Ihe selection of the
ancretematials, ferming place, and ni
the desired architectural appearance Architectural concrete
shuld be specifically designated as such inthe cat.
documents Para care should be taken in the nl
tin of materials, design, and constuction ofthe fever,
and placing and consolidation of the concrete 10 eliminate
ges offsets, or other uns features im the ished
rice and o maintain the mtgriy ofthe surface teste
‘configuration The character ofthe concret surface to be
produced should lso be considered he the fer meals
e selected. Special station should be given to close
tecinines, concealment of joints in Tommvak mata,
an tothe sealing offers to minimize mora leakage
7.13 Factors in addon to former Many fates
er tin former act Ihe rhea ect achieved
In concrete surfaces They sat at the design stage and
cary though tothe completed project. Facts aetna
the surface appearance ofthe concret can also include the
mure proportions or agsezte the method of placing the
‘cee the cansolidaton tchniguc, and the urna proce.
re Chemical ca have an effect on te Anal pdt,
‘weer used as additives inthe mist; applied ety
tothe concrete such as ering camped: o applied ind
rectly such asformrelee agers Even aro retire
‘coupled, weather anda palin wil fect the apes
ce of the concrete These and aber infuenein fates
Should be identified and the eects evated ins the
inal design stages. The single most important acto fr
the succes of arcitestral concrete construcion is quality
‘weap,
7.14 Uniform construcion procedures Architectural
concrete should minime colo trations and iTrnces
An sue fish The Dest way fo the contactor to achieve
{his uniformity i to maintain consistency in all cons
tion practices Farming material should remain the sae
threo the project and release agent ould be applied
fem and consistently. Placement and consolidation of
the concret should be standardized so ha fem dei
is achived. Stripping. and cing sequence should be
‘ote hronshouthework to mize color variations,
72—Role of architect
72d Prplanning—Archtectral concret is often rc
tural but the formed concrete surface generally desired or
«chica concrete sor higher quality than what yp
cally satisfactry for structural conerele, and mere cos,
God
moves contact documents permitir remaining
place A minimum specification fo form e should require
‘hat he bearing arca el ema holding devices be adequate
to prevent excesive being stress he Fam members Iti
potato minime mortar leakage a fois.
Fm hongos should support all constuction loads
inposed on the foma supporte by the hangers. Fo
ages shuld be symmetrical ranged cathe supporting
member and loaded sgarmeticalls, tough proper
Sesuccing of the concrete pleat fo minimize wisin
rotin of the hanger oF sporting members. Form.
Tages should lovely fi the ange or bearing surface of
"supporting member s that applied loads ae trasmite
operas pr he manutention
‘Where the concrete surface is exposed and appearance
is important the prope typeof fom te or hanger wi ot
leave expone metal a the surface Noncorosive materials
should be usd when tic oles a let patched, exposing
thetieto posse comes.
6.4-Form coatings and release agents
GAL Coutines—Fomm coatings or sealers are usally
app in gid foe to contact suce ib daring mano
‘tre or the field to serve one or mor of the following
3) Ale the texture ofthe contact suce
1) Improve the durability ofthe contact surface,
+) Faeitatereeae fom concret during sipping
4) Sel the contact surface ofthe fem fom san of
(8:42 Release gets Fan toka ana ae applied to
ie form contact surface to prevent bond and ts Fc
e ripping. They may be applied permanenly to cin
fonnmatrils during manucure, but are normal applied
tothe fom before each use. When apy inthe fl, be
‘rel avoid contingent conti jon faces
reinen sel
643 Mamfactrers”reconmendatins—Manbicures
recommendations should be followed in he we of cat
ings, sales, and release ag. Independent verification
of product performance is recommended before use When
encre suce color i cal, effets of the coats,
Sealing, and release agents Should be evaluated. Where
Surface treatments such as pain, le adhesive, sealers,
‘ar coatings reto be apple formed concrete surfaces,
be sire that adhesin of such surface eatmente vil ot
be impaired or prevented by use of the contin sealers.
release agent Also consider bonding requirements oF subse
‘quent conert placements Follow the manufacturer reer
‘mendations when applying frm relive agent. À cam
problem is applying too much material, which can nea
tively act the surface ofthe conce
CHAPTER 7-ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
71—Introduction
TA Object The general requirements fo former
presenta in preceding chape forthe most pat also apply
tan Cano haere ewe on
to architectural concrete. Additional information i avaiable
in ACI 301, ACT 303R, md ACT 3473R:
“Tis chape dis and emphasizes atonal fers
that can havea ia luce on Samınwok fr cain
place architectural concrete. Trap. precast architectural
fewer, nd concrete receiving coatings e plasters Ua
hide the fa olor and texte arene considered hein.
{Concrete receiving coatings o pastes hat hide the surface
‘slr and tel not considered checa
7:12 Factors fect formwork Architectural concrete
is carte that wil be permanently expose to view and
therfore requires special care in Ihe selection of the
ancretematials, ferming place, and ni
the desired architectural appearance Architectural concrete
shuld be specifically designated as such inthe cat.
documents Para care should be taken in the nl
tin of materials, design, and constuction ofthe fever,
and placing and consolidation of the concrete 10 eliminate
ges offsets, or other uns features im the ished
rice and o maintain the mtgriy ofthe surface teste
‘configuration The character ofthe concret surface to be
produced should lso be considered he the fer meals
e selected. Special station should be given to close
tecinines, concealment of joints in Tommvak mata,
an tothe sealing offers to minimize mora leakage
7.13 Factors in addon to former Many fates
er tin former act Ihe rhea ect achieved
In concrete surfaces They sat at the design stage and
cary though tothe completed project. Facts aetna
the surface appearance ofthe concret can also include the
mure proportions or agsezte the method of placing the
‘cee the cansolidaton tchniguc, and the urna proce.
re Chemical ca have an effect on te Anal pdt,
‘weer used as additives inthe mist; applied ety
tothe concrete such as ering camped: o applied ind
rectly such asformrelee agers Even aro retire
‘coupled, weather anda palin wil fect the apes
ce of the concrete These and aber infuenein fates
Should be identified and the eects evated ins the
inal design stages. The single most important acto fr
the succes of arcitestral concrete construcion is quality
‘weap,
7.14 Uniform construcion procedures Architectural
concrete should minime colo trations and iTrnces
An sue fish The Dest way fo the contactor to achieve
{his uniformity i to maintain consistency in all cons
tion practices Farming material should remain the sae
threo the project and release agent ould be applied
fem and consistently. Placement and consolidation of
the concret should be standardized so ha fem dei
is achived. Stripping. and cing sequence should be
‘ote hronshouthework to mize color variations,
72—Role of architect
72d Prplanning—Archtectral concret is often rc
tural but the formed concrete surface generally desired or
«chica concrete sor higher quality than what yp
cally satisfactry for structural conerele, and mere cos,
God
OA
“Te rite an we e lts information avilable in he
an of forming and concrete technology during the design
process o keep plas inline wih the badge fo hes
fre Invicacies and imegulartes, however, can rave the
be toa point that outweighs the aesthticcentibutions
ofthe architectural concrete. The artet can make far
reuse possible by standardizing building elements such as
ons, beams, and windows, nd y making uninterrupted
om areas the same size wherever potable to file
the se of standard fom ganas ce moles. The increased
sizeof these ninterpte areas wil cotiute o forming
‘enon and seater niet) of appearance. À prb
Sure with quali contrctrs will bring cu many.
pacts convierto before the dena is Amalie
722 Contact devunents and advance pprovals—The
soho should prepare contract documents that fully
‘sve the ide so location and denied appearance
architectural fes, as well as othr specifi require
mens listed in 723 to 7.2.7, Spring apreconstuctic
‘mockup prepare ad fished y contractor or approval
Voy ht arcitctuin proposed Form materials join tech
rues and fon ura treatments such a wating, ii.
a lcqueia should be a requirement for al archicral|
ancre. Once such a mockup has Been competed o the
Satin ofthe achec and ome, shoud remain a
the site forthe duration ofthe work sa stndard with which
there ofthe work should ep.
Design reference samples, which ae smaller specimens
of conerete wil the proposed surface appearance, may also
eee fo approval by the architect that an help define
‘st required or the mockup. Small samples ke these,
ep atthe jb sie for reference,
scalemockap but ae elf
tment The amples shouldbe lage enough to adequately
represent the surface of the concrete dened. The samples
Se tobe wel at a basis forthe mockup nb. Several
Should be made to represent the variations that can occu
‘inthe fol fis. 1 would be helpful fr al architectural
ame 0 include a required mockup so th the contactors
‘a damonsrate they are capable of prodicing the desired
results The mockup shoul be approved in writing by the
‘cite and owner
It can De Dep to speci viewing conditions under
ich the concret surfaces wa be evaluate for compli
ce wih the approved meckip,
"723 Tolerances The arte should specify dimen
somal tlerinces considered sentia lo the cel
«section ofthe desi, Keeping in mind hat tolerances in
‘excess of those speed in ACI 117 need to be necessary,
able, and economically ile ACT 303R and 117
tay be contd for ther discussions conceming tole
ces for architectural concrete
724 Camber—The contacte should canber om
wok o compensate for defection of the foma during
see placement The arhtet shold, however, speci
cy dial camber require compensa for snchral
election or apical ag he Mason tht prety hor
naan Core nahe - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
al ongspan menber i saga) The archi should
be aware tht horizontal members ae checked for compl
ane wit tolerances and caer Defoe the removal a he
fons andres Deteminia te core amount of camber
isn exact science fe calculated ember foca specific
member dosnt est init deflection 103 sal ne, the
rent willbe convex or concave coreo surface
723 Joints and dels Location, mbt, md ais
ofits such a opening, comractin ji, conste
tin joie, and expansion joints shouldbe shown on the
design rawmas the cites shuld mec à review
‘ofthe proposed Location of al ofthese dts a shown on
the former drawings (Some guidance on join locations
canbe fod in ACT 224%, SOBR, and 532 IR) Brae i
is impossible to disguise the presence € joints nthe frm
face itis importa for her positions to be predetermined
and i posible, planed s pat ofthe atta elect
"he architect can plan Join locations between surface
ren on sal and mode sube o the sizeof available
‘material and prevailing construction practices I this à ot
estic satisfactory. dummy joints can be introduced
to give a small pattem. Actual jos betwen sheathing
mils cn be masked by means of rusia strips
tached tothe form fae. Rustico strips a horizontal
and vertical conc joints cm alvo crest rip eles
accented by shadow lies instead o the potential ranged
lee construction joint let exposed fl view: Special
‘ee should take ring placer and vibration omni
mize suce voids usos) and honeycambing that fm
‘when aris tapped beneath horizontal rusticas.
Ste constuction joints in beans can be ences
above the support cous and joints in Boars above thei
parti beans instead fin the more customary regions
‘low scar cams and labs, sally the mide rd of
thespan
726 Tes and insers—Rarm ies nd accompanying
tie holes ean almost inescapable part of wall faces
Arcatsts equ neaattichlesintothe visual design
‘quay ofthe suce Ir this i plamed and ay effets or
aerial ther han those provided in 34 are desired, hey
shouldbe clear specified toba cation and ype
‘Where te holes re to e pated or filed, the acest
should specify the came desired and specify samples
oft patches as pat ofthe moc,
17.27 Cover over ninforcing steel--Adequse cover over
reinfercemant. as required by code, is edel für pre
tin of tel and longe debil of the concrete
Reinfercement that i property Tocated is important in the
ctrl of uric racing, For postive contra of required
ove the architect can ec appropriate side frm spacers
defined in A
‘The architect should specify uen cover to allow
foe any eduction ht wil rest rom the incorporation of
sootes ar nds details and ram surface tretments such
agree exposure ad tooling The maximum tiles
‘of any material to be removed should be added to baie
required cover
“Te rite an we e lts information avilable in he
an of forming and concrete technology during the design
process o keep plas inline wih the badge fo hes
fre Invicacies and imegulartes, however, can rave the
be toa point that outweighs the aesthticcentibutions
ofthe architectural concrete. The artet can make far
reuse possible by standardizing building elements such as
ons, beams, and windows, nd y making uninterrupted
om areas the same size wherever potable to file
the se of standard fom ganas ce moles. The increased
sizeof these ninterpte areas wil cotiute o forming
‘enon and seater niet) of appearance. À prb
Sure with quali contrctrs will bring cu many.
pacts convierto before the dena is Amalie
722 Contact devunents and advance pprovals—The
soho should prepare contract documents that fully
‘sve the ide so location and denied appearance
architectural fes, as well as othr specifi require
mens listed in 723 to 7.2.7, Spring apreconstuctic
‘mockup prepare ad fished y contractor or approval
Voy ht arcitctuin proposed Form materials join tech
rues and fon ura treatments such a wating, ii.
a lcqueia should be a requirement for al archicral|
ancre. Once such a mockup has Been competed o the
Satin ofthe achec and ome, shoud remain a
the site forthe duration ofthe work sa stndard with which
there ofthe work should ep.
Design reference samples, which ae smaller specimens
of conerete wil the proposed surface appearance, may also
eee fo approval by the architect that an help define
‘st required or the mockup. Small samples ke these,
ep atthe jb sie for reference,
scalemockap but ae elf
tment The amples shouldbe lage enough to adequately
represent the surface of the concrete dened. The samples
Se tobe wel at a basis forthe mockup nb. Several
Should be made to represent the variations that can occu
‘inthe fol fis. 1 would be helpful fr al architectural
ame 0 include a required mockup so th the contactors
‘a damonsrate they are capable of prodicing the desired
results The mockup shoul be approved in writing by the
‘cite and owner
It can De Dep to speci viewing conditions under
ich the concret surfaces wa be evaluate for compli
ce wih the approved meckip,
"723 Tolerances The arte should specify dimen
somal tlerinces considered sentia lo the cel
«section ofthe desi, Keeping in mind hat tolerances in
‘excess of those speed in ACI 117 need to be necessary,
able, and economically ile ACT 303R and 117
tay be contd for ther discussions conceming tole
ces for architectural concrete
724 Camber—The contacte should canber om
wok o compensate for defection of the foma during
see placement The arhtet shold, however, speci
cy dial camber require compensa for snchral
election or apical ag he Mason tht prety hor
naan Core nahe - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
al ongspan menber i saga) The archi should
be aware tht horizontal members ae checked for compl
ane wit tolerances and caer Defoe the removal a he
fons andres Deteminia te core amount of camber
isn exact science fe calculated ember foca specific
member dosnt est init deflection 103 sal ne, the
rent willbe convex or concave coreo surface
723 Joints and dels Location, mbt, md ais
ofits such a opening, comractin ji, conste
tin joie, and expansion joints shouldbe shown on the
design rawmas the cites shuld mec à review
‘ofthe proposed Location of al ofthese dts a shown on
the former drawings (Some guidance on join locations
canbe fod in ACT 224%, SOBR, and 532 IR) Brae i
is impossible to disguise the presence € joints nthe frm
face itis importa for her positions to be predetermined
and i posible, planed s pat ofthe atta elect
"he architect can plan Join locations between surface
ren on sal and mode sube o the sizeof available
‘material and prevailing construction practices I this à ot
estic satisfactory. dummy joints can be introduced
to give a small pattem. Actual jos betwen sheathing
mils cn be masked by means of rusia strips
tached tothe form fae. Rustico strips a horizontal
and vertical conc joints cm alvo crest rip eles
accented by shadow lies instead o the potential ranged
lee construction joint let exposed fl view: Special
‘ee should take ring placer and vibration omni
mize suce voids usos) and honeycambing that fm
‘when aris tapped beneath horizontal rusticas.
Ste constuction joints in beans can be ences
above the support cous and joints in Boars above thei
parti beans instead fin the more customary regions
‘low scar cams and labs, sally the mide rd of
thespan
726 Tes and insers—Rarm ies nd accompanying
tie holes ean almost inescapable part of wall faces
Arcatsts equ neaattichlesintothe visual design
‘quay ofthe suce Ir this i plamed and ay effets or
aerial ther han those provided in 34 are desired, hey
shouldbe clear specified toba cation and ype
‘Where te holes re to e pated or filed, the acest
should specify the came desired and specify samples
oft patches as pat ofthe moc,
17.27 Cover over ninforcing steel--Adequse cover over
reinfercemant. as required by code, is edel für pre
tin of tel and longe debil of the concrete
Reinfercement that i property Tocated is important in the
ctrl of uric racing, For postive contra of required
ove the architect can ec appropriate side frm spacers
defined in A
‘The architect should specify uen cover to allow
foe any eduction ht wil rest rom the incorporation of
sootes ar nds details and ram surface tretments such
agree exposure ad tooling The maximum tiles
‘of any material to be removed should be added to baie
required cover
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) a
73—Materils and accessories
TAL Sheathing or for facing—~Achtectaa concrete
‘nm sheathing should be of appropriate quality to main
tain the specied unifomáy of conce race tush
‘multiples wat control defection within specif nits
Pywood see, gs Iberscifoced plat, lumi, and
‘ter table atria an alle used ar shea cr facing
‘materials. Select the grade or cas of material needed fr
pressure, Gaming, and defection requirements, Be are tht
‘he chosen material mecs the specification requirements fr
the concrete surface teste Procedures fr ceiving the
‘sting of tel fos should e careful followed.
7.32 Suural framing Form facing can be supported
sv embar, sta x almimam menor sig ad id
‘hough tomet the architectural speciation
733 Form liners form tne is a material attached
Lo the ide face ofthe fam to aller or improve surface
texture or quai ofthe concrete It not required sie
turaly Wood, iid plot, elastomeric materi, nd los
‘erseinfeced pastes arc al sabe liner materials when
el detailed and fabricated Plastic shouldbe handled
‘an asbl with caret avoid soto cased by diy
temperature cycles at job site
7,34 Form rer—Fonttic assemblies for arten
einer should permit tightening of fs and leave no
mal loser tothe surface than 1/2 in, (38 man) fr steel
tiesand Tn. CS man) fo sans steel ies Theis sould
ot be ited with his, comes, washers, or tir devices hat
‘weave depressions in th concret ess than the diameter
‘ofthe device ules specified. Ties shouldbe il iting e
{choles in the form should be sald to minimiz leakage a
the hole If tested surfaces are o be formed, es shuld
e care erahited th regard to fi, pati, meta
leakage, and aesthetics.
TAS Sie fom spacers—Sie form spaces, a defined
in 634, are particular important in architectural ener
16 maimain adequate cover over rinfrcig sel and to
rev development of rst sresking o concrete ces.
Plate, plc protect, rubbertipped, or eher noner
roding spacers shouldbe tacho A rnfreing bar so
that they do not became dislodged during concrete plac
ment and vr, The nner and lotion of the side
nm spacers shouldbe adequate fo jb conditions
À conributing acto to reinfercing spacers bein visible
a posed coreo surface isthe anount of Lead that
¿its Between the reinforcing sel, the spacer, and the
form fine. I he reinforcing ste is installed pnb
sil, and wih the cora spacing whee it prouudes
fom previous castings, tee should not be an extaerdinary
amount of face required between thee elements the
acer sould be thre only to prevent the enforcing bar
rom beina displaced during conert placement operations
Me the other hand, the foot and spaces are being
‘we to forcibly push the enforcing ba into postion, here
isa chance that the legs fe spacers an eve impr
fhe sheathing that wil yeu in viele paces. There is also
‘chance that the fonrvork sel canbe dort by these
forces. With architectural fome is adusble not to
ten Can hae ewe on
stat erecting or closing formwork uni be enforcing see
Sin as came location in a eased state, o Uat docs
ot rely cn the former 10 push it into cot poston
Contractors are encouraged to experiment wäh fren
types of pacers fü dirt exposed elements 1 determine
‘which re bes forthe vars applications ona projet The
Same spaces that will be used onthe finshed werk sould
be incerporated in the mockup.
7.16 Reinforcing accessories and ie wire—Nencomonve
types oft wire and acessories sould be used for ac
tectral concrete, especial when close oor in ent ith
the fans Suitable materials include saines ec, pos
rated material or plsti-coated material use ofthese tens
reads tobe specified Stainless stcli fen the bes choice
a ire nipping often flint the fons and are it
remove befre placing concrete
74—Design
TA Special consdertions—The general design proce.
¿are will follow the principes outind in Chapter The
Tonmvark engineerceactr, however, will equ
ee 10 wrk wi imitations impose bythe architectural
‘design, Some of these considerations include tie spacing
nd se form facing preferences location and special reat
‘ait of form joints, special tleaces, and une of ai:
tires, Because se factor an nue form design, they
shoul be fly reviewed at he beginning ofthe fom design
proces.
A2 Lateral presse of concrese—Archietral concrete
can be sbjected o external vibration, reibration. set
reins admits, hishange walredicing adi
fares, and slumps greater than those assuned for dete
‘mining the lateral pressure as noted in 2 2 Particular cre
cule esse in these cases o design the fons forthe
‘ners tral peer tt may ral from thse effets,
igh rate of po, oom ser effects ted 122
7.43 Siucural considratons—Because deflections in
the contact surface of the fommwark direct influence the
peace aie mces viewed under varyin light
os, foams for architectural concret shouldbe al
lated and evahintedcarefily to mimimize dect. In
mos cases, destionssover design rather than bending
(lesa ses) or shear Deletions of sheathing, studs,
nd ales shouldbe designed so tht the finshed surface
‘eas the achicar! specifications Limiting these dele:
tins 1 1400, where isthe clear span between supports, is
‘atsatory for most architect formwork (eer to ACT
SOL and ACI 3038) Fam Dow wih ese therefore, more
ole will occur nthe formed surface afer several uses
ofthe same fo. This effet shuld De considered when
dessine fons
‘When ie size and spacing ae ited by the architect,
the former engine oncle may have to revere he
usa procedure o amve at a balanced form design. Given
the capacity ofthe availabe ie and he aen support, he
wa enginecntacter can find the allowable pres
sure, design supporting mener, and establish ate of
conce placing
God
73—Materils and accessories
TAL Sheathing or for facing—~Achtectaa concrete
‘nm sheathing should be of appropriate quality to main
tain the specied unifomáy of conce race tush
‘multiples wat control defection within specif nits
Pywood see, gs Iberscifoced plat, lumi, and
‘ter table atria an alle used ar shea cr facing
‘materials. Select the grade or cas of material needed fr
pressure, Gaming, and defection requirements, Be are tht
‘he chosen material mecs the specification requirements fr
the concrete surface teste Procedures fr ceiving the
‘sting of tel fos should e careful followed.
7.32 Suural framing Form facing can be supported
sv embar, sta x almimam menor sig ad id
‘hough tomet the architectural speciation
733 Form liners form tne is a material attached
Lo the ide face ofthe fam to aller or improve surface
texture or quai ofthe concrete It not required sie
turaly Wood, iid plot, elastomeric materi, nd los
‘erseinfeced pastes arc al sabe liner materials when
el detailed and fabricated Plastic shouldbe handled
‘an asbl with caret avoid soto cased by diy
temperature cycles at job site
7,34 Form rer—Fonttic assemblies for arten
einer should permit tightening of fs and leave no
mal loser tothe surface than 1/2 in, (38 man) fr steel
tiesand Tn. CS man) fo sans steel ies Theis sould
ot be ited with his, comes, washers, or tir devices hat
‘weave depressions in th concret ess than the diameter
‘ofthe device ules specified. Ties shouldbe il iting e
{choles in the form should be sald to minimiz leakage a
the hole If tested surfaces are o be formed, es shuld
e care erahited th regard to fi, pati, meta
leakage, and aesthetics.
TAS Sie fom spacers—Sie form spaces, a defined
in 634, are particular important in architectural ener
16 maimain adequate cover over rinfrcig sel and to
rev development of rst sresking o concrete ces.
Plate, plc protect, rubbertipped, or eher noner
roding spacers shouldbe tacho A rnfreing bar so
that they do not became dislodged during concrete plac
ment and vr, The nner and lotion of the side
nm spacers shouldbe adequate fo jb conditions
À conributing acto to reinfercing spacers bein visible
a posed coreo surface isthe anount of Lead that
¿its Between the reinforcing sel, the spacer, and the
form fine. I he reinforcing ste is installed pnb
sil, and wih the cora spacing whee it prouudes
fom previous castings, tee should not be an extaerdinary
amount of face required between thee elements the
acer sould be thre only to prevent the enforcing bar
rom beina displaced during conert placement operations
Me the other hand, the foot and spaces are being
‘we to forcibly push the enforcing ba into postion, here
isa chance that the legs fe spacers an eve impr
fhe sheathing that wil yeu in viele paces. There is also
‘chance that the fonrvork sel canbe dort by these
forces. With architectural fome is adusble not to
ten Can hae ewe on
stat erecting or closing formwork uni be enforcing see
Sin as came location in a eased state, o Uat docs
ot rely cn the former 10 push it into cot poston
Contractors are encouraged to experiment wäh fren
types of pacers fü dirt exposed elements 1 determine
‘which re bes forthe vars applications ona projet The
Same spaces that will be used onthe finshed werk sould
be incerporated in the mockup.
7.16 Reinforcing accessories and ie wire—Nencomonve
types oft wire and acessories sould be used for ac
tectral concrete, especial when close oor in ent ith
the fans Suitable materials include saines ec, pos
rated material or plsti-coated material use ofthese tens
reads tobe specified Stainless stcli fen the bes choice
a ire nipping often flint the fons and are it
remove befre placing concrete
74—Design
TA Special consdertions—The general design proce.
¿are will follow the principes outind in Chapter The
Tonmvark engineerceactr, however, will equ
ee 10 wrk wi imitations impose bythe architectural
‘design, Some of these considerations include tie spacing
nd se form facing preferences location and special reat
‘ait of form joints, special tleaces, and une of ai:
tires, Because se factor an nue form design, they
shoul be fly reviewed at he beginning ofthe fom design
proces.
A2 Lateral presse of concrese—Archietral concrete
can be sbjected o external vibration, reibration. set
reins admits, hishange walredicing adi
fares, and slumps greater than those assuned for dete
‘mining the lateral pressure as noted in 2 2 Particular cre
cule esse in these cases o design the fons forthe
‘ners tral peer tt may ral from thse effets,
igh rate of po, oom ser effects ted 122
7.43 Siucural considratons—Because deflections in
the contact surface of the fommwark direct influence the
peace aie mces viewed under varyin light
os, foams for architectural concret shouldbe al
lated and evahintedcarefily to mimimize dect. In
mos cases, destionssover design rather than bending
(lesa ses) or shear Deletions of sheathing, studs,
nd ales shouldbe designed so tht the finshed surface
‘eas the achicar! specifications Limiting these dele:
tins 1 1400, where isthe clear span between supports, is
‘atsatory for most architect formwork (eer to ACT
SOL and ACI 3038) Fam Dow wih ese therefore, more
ole will occur nthe formed surface afer several uses
ofthe same fo. This effet shuld De considered when
dessine fons
‘When ie size and spacing ae ited by the architect,
the former engine oncle may have to revere he
usa procedure o amve at a balanced form design. Given
the capacity ofthe availabe ie and he aen support, he
wa enginecntacter can find the allowable pres
sure, design supporting mener, and establish ate of
conce placing
God
OA
Where wood forms are used, sresgraded hanber (or
ia) free of twists and aps sould be used or
social mbes Form material cal be size and pos
Tid to limit defections win the requirements of the
projet specification. Joint of sheathing materials shouldbe
backed wal sul mener to minimize ls
744 Tie and reonchor design Ti yout should be
plamed the holes are o be exposed as pat ofthe ach
tectual euere, e plocanant should be syrmetical
wah respect 1 he member formed. If tie holes ae na 10
be exposed, ties should be located at rusia marks.
sol ois, roe points where te vis effect wl be
minimize.
Extemally braced forms can be used insted o any of the
ferementioned methods to avoid objectionable blemishes
in the finshed surface. Extemaly braced fans, however,
m bemere diet nd more con to build
(Consideration sald be given to reancheing fus in
precede ee adjacent placement achieve aus and
nnimize gro leakage a five points. Tes should be
located cos aspossbleto e constuction joint ile
ae re-nichoringth om 10 adjacnt placement
AS Joints and details In architects court, joints
should, where Fensible, be located at he Junction of he
fonaverk panels AU coacon or conte jis,
rustico rip should be provided and fastened to deface
racked tothe Fons,
‘Comes should be careful died Lo minimiz sro
leakage Sharp comes should, wherever posible, e eli
rated by thus of chamfer strips excep when prohibited y.
projet pecas
746. Tolerances—Tbe fomuwsk. enginsricnracior
should check for dimensional tolerances specified by the
‘cits that can have à bearing en the design ofthe om
no special tolerances are give, the fonnverk engines
sont canuse ACI 11 tolerances fe strata concrete
T5_Construction
734 General Fons she Le careful bu to resist
the pests to which they wil be subjected and to ni
elections toa practicable minima within the tolerances
specie Joint structural menber shuld be kept toa
‘inna and, where necessary, sould be suitably spliced
dei constructed o mantam conti
Pour pockets fr vibrating o plain concrete should be
planed to facilite call placement and consolidation of
the concret Lo minimize sereaton honeycomb, sanding.
‘of cold joins inthe concrete. should be need that po
Pockets are require onthe fons fr architectural concrete
they wil normaly Leave a mark on the finished concrte
‘The locaton of pour pockets shouldbe coordinated wih the
actes
"Ataiment of ines, natation strip, and omamaalı
relief sould be planed so that fonns can be removed
witht exating pres on these atachments cr causing
nage tothe os
‘Where peca fonnin systems ae specified bythe cgi
ear ofthe projet fr ta purposes sich a nes and
naan Core tt - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
two.way jit system) in areas hat are considered arch
testa, the archi nd einer should coordinate thei
requirements tobe eth architectural effet consent
‘wa fomi method and material specified
Fons that wil be reed shold be carey inspect
and cleaned aller each use to ee tht they have not
become damaged, dstated, déassembled, of otherwise
able to perform as designed,
752 Sething and jointing Contact suce of the
fonaveck shouldbe carly instale to produce neat and
symneral joint patterns unless thers pei Joins
should be ihe vical or horizontal and, where posible,
Should be stagacred to maintain sucural cnt
Nailing should be done with care using hamımes ith
soo and well-dressed heads to prevent mating of the
form surfaces. When required, box nails should be used cn
the contact surface and shouldbe placed in a neat pat
Screwsareofanusedtofestenthe sheathing Back tng
shouldbe used if the imprint ram mil rsrew heads re
ecionable
Wherever possible, sheathing or panel joints should be
positioned at utication strip e oer eee features
that can eoncel or minimize the ji.
‘Construction joints should be formed with a grade rip
attache tothe Fr to define clean straight Im cn the
joint ofthe formed surface. Fennverk should be igen
a consti joint before the nest placement to mize
Seepage of water nd mortar between the foam and prev
‘uly placed concretesurfce.
"Architect concret forms shoul be designed o min
nize wate leakage and avoid dincleaic. One mod to
ini water Jose from he concrete a the jos between
sections ofthe fernvork and at construction joints sto
‘Macha gasket of flee material tothe edge ofeach panel
“The gaskets compressed when the fommwak is assembler
cr pce against the existing concrete Caulk, tape, joint
fentpaund, e combinations of these can be used to seal
joins In all cases, unsupported jets between sheathing
Sheets shoul be backed by framing. Tit ferns require
mere cre ding vibration to remove etape sr hat can
‘use fice void Go)
"Teed meaces on multi conanction shold be
separated with mustctin sips or broad reveals because
sccumulatin of sonsruction tolerances, random testes,
fr bth, prevents texture matching, Furtermere the grout
‘eal between the bat ofa texte liner nd the top of
"previos placement is impratical the herutication
sup.
3 Cleaning. coaing. and release agens-—Fon coat
ings oreleing agents shouldbe applied before reinforing
Stel is placed and should be applied careful to avoid
San adjacent canton joints or renforcement
‘The oom coats o be une should nt stain Be conecte cr
pai the adhesin of pains o ater surface treatment and
shouldbe submit tothe acts fo approval
nm sealers sould bette to enue that they will no
versely ae the estar when form ining materi
we
Where wood forms are used, sresgraded hanber (or
ia) free of twists and aps sould be used or
social mbes Form material cal be size and pos
Tid to limit defections win the requirements of the
projet specification. Joint of sheathing materials shouldbe
backed wal sul mener to minimize ls
744 Tie and reonchor design Ti yout should be
plamed the holes are o be exposed as pat ofthe ach
tectual euere, e plocanant should be syrmetical
wah respect 1 he member formed. If tie holes ae na 10
be exposed, ties should be located at rusia marks.
sol ois, roe points where te vis effect wl be
minimize.
Extemally braced forms can be used insted o any of the
ferementioned methods to avoid objectionable blemishes
in the finshed surface. Extemaly braced fans, however,
m bemere diet nd more con to build
(Consideration sald be given to reancheing fus in
precede ee adjacent placement achieve aus and
nnimize gro leakage a five points. Tes should be
located cos aspossbleto e constuction joint ile
ae re-nichoringth om 10 adjacnt placement
AS Joints and details In architects court, joints
should, where Fensible, be located at he Junction of he
fonaverk panels AU coacon or conte jis,
rustico rip should be provided and fastened to deface
racked tothe Fons,
‘Comes should be careful died Lo minimiz sro
leakage Sharp comes should, wherever posible, e eli
rated by thus of chamfer strips excep when prohibited y.
projet pecas
746. Tolerances—Tbe fomuwsk. enginsricnracior
should check for dimensional tolerances specified by the
‘cits that can have à bearing en the design ofthe om
no special tolerances are give, the fonnverk engines
sont canuse ACI 11 tolerances fe strata concrete
T5_Construction
734 General Fons she Le careful bu to resist
the pests to which they wil be subjected and to ni
elections toa practicable minima within the tolerances
specie Joint structural menber shuld be kept toa
‘inna and, where necessary, sould be suitably spliced
dei constructed o mantam conti
Pour pockets fr vibrating o plain concrete should be
planed to facilite call placement and consolidation of
the concret Lo minimize sereaton honeycomb, sanding.
‘of cold joins inthe concrete. should be need that po
Pockets are require onthe fons fr architectural concrete
they wil normaly Leave a mark on the finished concrte
‘The locaton of pour pockets shouldbe coordinated wih the
actes
"Ataiment of ines, natation strip, and omamaalı
relief sould be planed so that fonns can be removed
witht exating pres on these atachments cr causing
nage tothe os
‘Where peca fonnin systems ae specified bythe cgi
ear ofthe projet fr ta purposes sich a nes and
naan Core tt - Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
two.way jit system) in areas hat are considered arch
testa, the archi nd einer should coordinate thei
requirements tobe eth architectural effet consent
‘wa fomi method and material specified
Fons that wil be reed shold be carey inspect
and cleaned aller each use to ee tht they have not
become damaged, dstated, déassembled, of otherwise
able to perform as designed,
752 Sething and jointing Contact suce of the
fonaveck shouldbe carly instale to produce neat and
symneral joint patterns unless thers pei Joins
should be ihe vical or horizontal and, where posible,
Should be stagacred to maintain sucural cnt
Nailing should be done with care using hamımes ith
soo and well-dressed heads to prevent mating of the
form surfaces. When required, box nails should be used cn
the contact surface and shouldbe placed in a neat pat
Screwsareofanusedtofestenthe sheathing Back tng
shouldbe used if the imprint ram mil rsrew heads re
ecionable
Wherever possible, sheathing or panel joints should be
positioned at utication strip e oer eee features
that can eoncel or minimize the ji.
‘Construction joints should be formed with a grade rip
attache tothe Fr to define clean straight Im cn the
joint ofthe formed surface. Fennverk should be igen
a consti joint before the nest placement to mize
Seepage of water nd mortar between the foam and prev
‘uly placed concretesurfce.
"Architect concret forms shoul be designed o min
nize wate leakage and avoid dincleaic. One mod to
ini water Jose from he concrete a the jos between
sections ofthe fernvork and at construction joints sto
‘Macha gasket of flee material tothe edge ofeach panel
“The gaskets compressed when the fommwak is assembler
cr pce against the existing concrete Caulk, tape, joint
fentpaund, e combinations of these can be used to seal
joins In all cases, unsupported jets between sheathing
Sheets shoul be backed by framing. Tit ferns require
mere cre ding vibration to remove etape sr hat can
‘use fice void Go)
"Teed meaces on multi conanction shold be
separated with mustctin sips or broad reveals because
sccumulatin of sonsruction tolerances, random testes,
fr bth, prevents texture matching, Furtermere the grout
‘eal between the bat ofa texte liner nd the top of
"previos placement is impratical the herutication
sup.
3 Cleaning. coaing. and release agens-—Fon coat
ings oreleing agents shouldbe applied before reinforing
Stel is placed and should be applied careful to avoid
San adjacent canton joints or renforcement
‘The oom coats o be une should nt stain Be conecte cr
pai the adhesin of pains o ater surface treatment and
shouldbe submit tothe acts fo approval
nm sealers sould bette to enue that they will no
versely ae the estar when form ining materi
we
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) =
‘ies hat are tobe pled ren the wall shuld be coated
with nnstaining bon breaker or encased in sleeves to faci
fate removal.
Fam should be careful cleaned and repaired between
usestopreven deterioration ofthe quality of face formed.
Film o plat of hardened conste shcul be completely
removed,
7.54 Onameta ners and detat—Omannntl concrete
is ually Tamed by lastmeric molds wood, plas,
‘ce plas waste molds Members making up wood mols
should be kefed on the back wherever uch members cm
Become wedged between projections he omamant Mods
should be consucted o hat joints will ot be opened by
sight movement or selig ofthe wood Joa inthe mols
Shouldbemade inenspicucus by sealing
“Themolds should be careful sein the fonnsand securely
ni in position to reproduce he dein shown ete plane
‘Whee wood ons adjoin mol, the Wood shouldbe neatly
fito the profi ofthe mold and al ois should be cre
filly sale” Te mods andthe adjacent wood Fons should
‘be dae so atthe wood forms canbe ripped witha
“starts mods. The edge of te mold or pate strip
shouldbe tapered 1 salda to pant removing the
sil metal without damaging the concrete Special
provision should be made for ey fom removal, rar
sin, or bath, when sandbsting. wir bushing, er ler
treatments re required.
Form Inn shouldbe attached securely with tener e
‘lve recammended by dhe manufacturer. The foam behind
{he ine should hold the fastener. The maces should be
‘leased and dried rough so the alu wil bond Do
nat use gue at temperatures lower tan tos recommended
by he manufacturer,
26-Form removal
“Avoiding damage—When concreto fice aeto be
left as cas important not to damage or sear the concrete
face during tipping Form should be suppated so that,
‘hey do nat altace gast the achiral surface The
we of py bars and athe tipping tools should be sit
supervised. In no case should pry bars be placed directly
‘anne the concrete Even the se of wood er pati wedges
‘oes not sure that damage wll no oc. Once former
ie removed, the asitctral surfaces should be protected
Som cts constuction operations as specified in the
otr documents
7.2 Comer eng is desirable for artes:
url concret 10 have à higher campresive suena han
normal for stpping This ca be acomplia y ating
‘he mitre proportions or leaving form in place lenge
IE conecto not strong enough to overcame the adeson
evene form surface math concret, eoneeteca sale
ral Therefore, 5004 quay suce mi require te
os to ty in place longer The longer the forms tay in
place, however the der the conc wil become The
incre should sped what conecto sath i
required before sipping an take place
Ameca Conca wate a)
7.63 Uniformity —To masimize surface quai, uni
iy in sipping tne and curing practices re eset
‘Whee the objective so produce as consistent an appear
acess posible e beneficia! o protect the cancel by
Leman the om in place some at longer than normal
arly expone el concrete 0 he ar acts ihe manner in
which e surface des Ambient conditions and sunlight
‘exposure ca influence the venta! olor af the concrete.
7.04 Avoiding thermal shock -Coldweiher conctele
Placement requires that special attention be paid to the
‘en temperature change of concrete To avoid Ihamal
Shock and consequent crazing ofthe concrete suface, the
‘ng in temperature of the concrete should be coated
‘within the fms tind in ACT 308K. This an be econ
lise by Hating the werk ra, evi he fms in place
to contain he ea hy rt, or by sulting the core
ler the forms Dave been removed (refer to ACI SR).
Postive steps should e akon o impot record and doc
me the procedures se to cre the concrete. It should be
‘ted that is the temperature e tbe concret at impor
an toprope curing ot Ihe ambient a tempera
(CHAPTER 8—SPECIAL STRUCTURES
81—Discusslon
Femme fur all sauces should be designed,
‘coaxed and maintained in accordance with resonar
‘din in Chapters 110 6 This chapter dels withthe ad
tinal requirements for fommvok fr several special less
‘of werk, ACT 372K and 373R contain information on design
nd consti of eur prsrel.conreo scr
8.2-Bridges and viaduets, including high pers.
"821 Diseusion The construction and removal fm
wa shouldbe planed in advance. Ferns and supers
shold be suit igi to nse that the finished suc
ture wil full As intended structural Anton and that
‘exposed concret ashes wll present a pleasing appearance
tothe publ
822 Shoring and cenering—Recommened practice in
55 and 5 for erection and removal should be followed.
In contimows ruhe, support sel et be released in
a spa nl the frst nd second adjiing spa cn each
side lave reached the specified strength. Fer postensoned
nids, the se design should consider the resulting
redistition of lod onthe shores similar tothe effect
sense in 586.
823 Forms—Feoms can be of ay of à large unter
of materials but the most common are Wood or métal
They shoud e bil atest of sound material ro
rh et tron dig pc al cuits
83-Structures designed for composite action
‘BAM Recommendations Sete or menber tae
signed so da the concrete sets composily wit aber
material o with dhe par ofthe ante presen special
Toning problems ha shouldbe spa inthe drin of
God
‘ies hat are tobe pled ren the wall shuld be coated
with nnstaining bon breaker or encased in sleeves to faci
fate removal.
Fam should be careful cleaned and repaired between
usestopreven deterioration ofthe quality of face formed.
Film o plat of hardened conste shcul be completely
removed,
7.54 Onameta ners and detat—Omannntl concrete
is ually Tamed by lastmeric molds wood, plas,
‘ce plas waste molds Members making up wood mols
should be kefed on the back wherever uch members cm
Become wedged between projections he omamant Mods
should be consucted o hat joints will ot be opened by
sight movement or selig ofthe wood Joa inthe mols
Shouldbemade inenspicucus by sealing
“Themolds should be careful sein the fonnsand securely
ni in position to reproduce he dein shown ete plane
‘Whee wood ons adjoin mol, the Wood shouldbe neatly
fito the profi ofthe mold and al ois should be cre
filly sale” Te mods andthe adjacent wood Fons should
‘be dae so atthe wood forms canbe ripped witha
“starts mods. The edge of te mold or pate strip
shouldbe tapered 1 salda to pant removing the
sil metal without damaging the concrete Special
provision should be made for ey fom removal, rar
sin, or bath, when sandbsting. wir bushing, er ler
treatments re required.
Form Inn shouldbe attached securely with tener e
‘lve recammended by dhe manufacturer. The foam behind
{he ine should hold the fastener. The maces should be
‘leased and dried rough so the alu wil bond Do
nat use gue at temperatures lower tan tos recommended
by he manufacturer,
26-Form removal
“Avoiding damage—When concreto fice aeto be
left as cas important not to damage or sear the concrete
face during tipping Form should be suppated so that,
‘hey do nat altace gast the achiral surface The
we of py bars and athe tipping tools should be sit
supervised. In no case should pry bars be placed directly
‘anne the concrete Even the se of wood er pati wedges
‘oes not sure that damage wll no oc. Once former
ie removed, the asitctral surfaces should be protected
Som cts constuction operations as specified in the
otr documents
7.2 Comer eng is desirable for artes:
url concret 10 have à higher campresive suena han
normal for stpping This ca be acomplia y ating
‘he mitre proportions or leaving form in place lenge
IE conecto not strong enough to overcame the adeson
evene form surface math concret, eoneeteca sale
ral Therefore, 5004 quay suce mi require te
os to ty in place longer The longer the forms tay in
place, however the der the conc wil become The
incre should sped what conecto sath i
required before sipping an take place
Ameca Conca wate a)
7.63 Uniformity —To masimize surface quai, uni
iy in sipping tne and curing practices re eset
‘Whee the objective so produce as consistent an appear
acess posible e beneficia! o protect the cancel by
Leman the om in place some at longer than normal
arly expone el concrete 0 he ar acts ihe manner in
which e surface des Ambient conditions and sunlight
‘exposure ca influence the venta! olor af the concrete.
7.04 Avoiding thermal shock -Coldweiher conctele
Placement requires that special attention be paid to the
‘en temperature change of concrete To avoid Ihamal
Shock and consequent crazing ofthe concrete suface, the
‘ng in temperature of the concrete should be coated
‘within the fms tind in ACT 308K. This an be econ
lise by Hating the werk ra, evi he fms in place
to contain he ea hy rt, or by sulting the core
ler the forms Dave been removed (refer to ACI SR).
Postive steps should e akon o impot record and doc
me the procedures se to cre the concrete. It should be
‘ted that is the temperature e tbe concret at impor
an toprope curing ot Ihe ambient a tempera
(CHAPTER 8—SPECIAL STRUCTURES
81—Discusslon
Femme fur all sauces should be designed,
‘coaxed and maintained in accordance with resonar
‘din in Chapters 110 6 This chapter dels withthe ad
tinal requirements for fommvok fr several special less
‘of werk, ACT 372K and 373R contain information on design
nd consti of eur prsrel.conreo scr
8.2-Bridges and viaduets, including high pers.
"821 Diseusion The construction and removal fm
wa shouldbe planed in advance. Ferns and supers
shold be suit igi to nse that the finished suc
ture wil full As intended structural Anton and that
‘exposed concret ashes wll present a pleasing appearance
tothe publ
822 Shoring and cenering—Recommened practice in
55 and 5 for erection and removal should be followed.
In contimows ruhe, support sel et be released in
a spa nl the frst nd second adjiing spa cn each
side lave reached the specified strength. Fer postensoned
nids, the se design should consider the resulting
redistition of lod onthe shores similar tothe effect
sense in 586.
823 Forms—Feoms can be of ay of à large unter
of materials but the most common are Wood or métal
They shoud e bil atest of sound material ro
rh et tron dig pc al cuits
83-Structures designed for composite action
‘BAM Recommendations Sete or menber tae
signed so da the concrete sets composily wit aber
material o with dhe par ofthe ante presen special
Toning problems ha shouldbe spa inthe drin of
God
uno,
the mere Requirements for shoring or ir defection
ctrl ofthe fontverk Should be leary presented by he
“rames archiet in the specifications. Where successive
placements ar o act composely in he completed sre:
tur, detection control becomes erica
Shoring witha without canbering potions of the nic
tare during placement and cui of the concrete, shouldbe
smalyzed separately forthe effets of dead Toad of newly
Placed concrete ad or te lc o eter consi las
that canbe posed before the concret attains its design
stent
532 Design —Fomwrk members and shores sul be
designed to limit deflections toa practical minimum ce
tent with the structural member being constructed, Where
canbe is specie fr previously instale components of
the structure, allowance should be made for the rest
preloading ofthe shore efe application a the dad load
Concrete
members constructed a several css placement,
such as bax girder ucts, Tomo components should
be size, position, supported, all hee, to minimize
progresive incrasesndefection ofthe cire at would
"Sees preload hereinfreing stele alr portion a
compose member.
In istry work where shoring of composite members,
is require, consideration shouldbe given tothe number of
Stories of shores necessary in conjunction withthe speed of
action and concrete en, ombre deflections
ue to successive loading. Disicio should be made in
such analyses been shores pote torelatvely urine
supra, such as foundations, and shox peste 1 suce
tures or member that are already clasica apporte (er
D
Compost constuction can incaporte Deans of el.
tively ah cross sections tat are ily adequte when
cusco e complete. During construction, however,
{hese Deans may require lateral support fom te over.
‘The eningerchest should alert the contractor to thi
cmon in general notes onthe Structural drawings o in
foes on applicable drawings where this cation exists,
‘The formvork engineerconractr shuld be alert o this
possibilty and provide shoring er Ine suppet where
eed
833 Enetin--Contructon of pement elements,
sesion of fervor, or both, fer comport conti.
tin follows base recommendations contained in Chapter
$ Shoring of members tht will ct compone wi he
conecto be placed should be done wit seat cate to
sure sufiient bearing, rs. and gines to prevent
Selen o defections beyond allowable mis. Weiser,
Shims, and jack shouldbe provided to permit ajuste 4
required before or during cnert placement as wel aso
permi removal ih Jain or impact th completed
enetuction Provision shouldbe made for realy checking,
the accuracy of poston and grade during placement. Even
‘hh just of fens may be posible during rar
Placing, it i ot recommended and may only be tepid
Prior to il et ofthe concrete
man Core tt = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Where camber i required, a distinction shouldbe made
‘between the pa that isanallowance fr stem or dele:
tion of former sheng andthe portion of ener at
is provided fr desig loadings. The Famer shoud generally
be the repens ofthe formwork engineerionrator
who design the forms and supports unless such camber it
Stipulated bythe engine architect. Measurement of camber
provided for sta design loadings shouldbe made afer
arden ofthe concreto bt before removal fe appart
(tele 2.23), This is because the smuchral deflection
cuina upon renova ofthe supports isa faction of the
Suctural design and camote controlled by the contactor
834 Remoral-—Feams, spas, or Vath, should be
removed only afer tests and speed euing operations
indie, 10 the station of the engineer, that
the most recently placed concrete has atind the strength
eed o develop composite actin, and hen eal afer
approval of the engince/achiet The sequence of such
‘Femoral shouldbe approved by the engineer rele,
8.4-Folded plates, thin shell, and long-span root
structures
SAL Discusion—For longspan and space sches
requiring a comple, co «damensicna! design analysis, and
presenti thre dimensioal problems in forme evan
{retin and femal, emo planing should be done
by mms engineers having the necessary special qual
fictions aná experience. These Kamnrk cine sould
consult and cooperate withthe enaince/archtet to make
«senti resting urfaces wl confer tothe engineer
rete desi,
842 Design—The following ae items that should be
inched in he contrat documen:
5) The enginerlitect should speci lating values
and dircis ofthe reactive forces he the faeces
apporte by the permanent tre
D) When applicable, he engine arcitet should include
a déceein sequence plan withthe bidding documents as
à basis fü te design ol he fomi and super emo.
Deuse by the conrctr
©) In determining the Itral forces acting on the erm
war, the wid lod shouldbe calculated onthe basi fa
‘minimum of LS AR (0.72 KPa) of projected vertical ar.
A sec for wal form in 423. For stes such as
dons negative forces de o suction created by the wind
‘onthe leoward side of the imite shoud be consider.
“D The recommendation of 4.1 and 43 sould be
followed in fonnwerk planning
Former sin Toads should shown on he emm
ravis. Complete ren analyse shoul! be prepared by
Ssouctual engines experienced in these types of cae,
nd the maman and minime vales el ress, chang
ever of tee, hold be shown foreach member for
the mos severe loading conditions. Consideration should
be give to ungmnmetical er eccentric loadings that might
‘ecu din concrete placement and during rection, deca
Hein, or moving traveler The vera or tera dec
tin ofthe moving forms or traversa els tb stability
the mere Requirements for shoring or ir defection
ctrl ofthe fontverk Should be leary presented by he
“rames archiet in the specifications. Where successive
placements ar o act composely in he completed sre:
tur, detection control becomes erica
Shoring witha without canbering potions of the nic
tare during placement and cui of the concrete, shouldbe
smalyzed separately forthe effets of dead Toad of newly
Placed concrete ad or te lc o eter consi las
that canbe posed before the concret attains its design
stent
532 Design —Fomwrk members and shores sul be
designed to limit deflections toa practical minimum ce
tent with the structural member being constructed, Where
canbe is specie fr previously instale components of
the structure, allowance should be made for the rest
preloading ofthe shore efe application a the dad load
Concrete
members constructed a several css placement,
such as bax girder ucts, Tomo components should
be size, position, supported, all hee, to minimize
progresive incrasesndefection ofthe cire at would
"Sees preload hereinfreing stele alr portion a
compose member.
In istry work where shoring of composite members,
is require, consideration shouldbe given tothe number of
Stories of shores necessary in conjunction withthe speed of
action and concrete en, ombre deflections
ue to successive loading. Disicio should be made in
such analyses been shores pote torelatvely urine
supra, such as foundations, and shox peste 1 suce
tures or member that are already clasica apporte (er
D
Compost constuction can incaporte Deans of el.
tively ah cross sections tat are ily adequte when
cusco e complete. During construction, however,
{hese Deans may require lateral support fom te over.
‘The eningerchest should alert the contractor to thi
cmon in general notes onthe Structural drawings o in
foes on applicable drawings where this cation exists,
‘The formvork engineerconractr shuld be alert o this
possibilty and provide shoring er Ine suppet where
eed
833 Enetin--Contructon of pement elements,
sesion of fervor, or both, fer comport conti.
tin follows base recommendations contained in Chapter
$ Shoring of members tht will ct compone wi he
conecto be placed should be done wit seat cate to
sure sufiient bearing, rs. and gines to prevent
Selen o defections beyond allowable mis. Weiser,
Shims, and jack shouldbe provided to permit ajuste 4
required before or during cnert placement as wel aso
permi removal ih Jain or impact th completed
enetuction Provision shouldbe made for realy checking,
the accuracy of poston and grade during placement. Even
‘hh just of fens may be posible during rar
Placing, it i ot recommended and may only be tepid
Prior to il et ofthe concrete
man Core tt = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Where camber i required, a distinction shouldbe made
‘between the pa that isanallowance fr stem or dele:
tion of former sheng andthe portion of ener at
is provided fr desig loadings. The Famer shoud generally
be the repens ofthe formwork engineerionrator
who design the forms and supports unless such camber it
Stipulated bythe engine architect. Measurement of camber
provided for sta design loadings shouldbe made afer
arden ofthe concreto bt before removal fe appart
(tele 2.23), This is because the smuchral deflection
cuina upon renova ofthe supports isa faction of the
Suctural design and camote controlled by the contactor
834 Remoral-—Feams, spas, or Vath, should be
removed only afer tests and speed euing operations
indie, 10 the station of the engineer, that
the most recently placed concrete has atind the strength
eed o develop composite actin, and hen eal afer
approval of the engince/achiet The sequence of such
‘Femoral shouldbe approved by the engineer rele,
8.4-Folded plates, thin shell, and long-span root
structures
SAL Discusion—For longspan and space sches
requiring a comple, co «damensicna! design analysis, and
presenti thre dimensioal problems in forme evan
{retin and femal, emo planing should be done
by mms engineers having the necessary special qual
fictions aná experience. These Kamnrk cine sould
consult and cooperate withthe enaince/archtet to make
«senti resting urfaces wl confer tothe engineer
rete desi,
842 Design—The following ae items that should be
inched in he contrat documen:
5) The enginerlitect should speci lating values
and dircis ofthe reactive forces he the faeces
apporte by the permanent tre
D) When applicable, he engine arcitet should include
a déceein sequence plan withthe bidding documents as
à basis fü te design ol he fomi and super emo.
Deuse by the conrctr
©) In determining the Itral forces acting on the erm
war, the wid lod shouldbe calculated onthe basi fa
‘minimum of LS AR (0.72 KPa) of projected vertical ar.
A sec for wal form in 423. For stes such as
dons negative forces de o suction created by the wind
‘onthe leoward side of the imite shoud be consider.
“D The recommendation of 4.1 and 43 sould be
followed in fonnwerk planning
Former sin Toads should shown on he emm
ravis. Complete ren analyse shoul! be prepared by
Ssouctual engines experienced in these types of cae,
nd the maman and minime vales el ress, chang
ever of tee, hold be shown foreach member for
the mos severe loading conditions. Consideration should
be give to ungmnmetical er eccentric loadings that might
‘ecu din concrete placement and during rection, deca
Hein, or moving traveler The vera or tera dec
tin ofthe moving forms or traversa els tb stability
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) a
der varius loads, shouldbe investigated to confi that
the formo wil function sisfctrly and that he spc
Fed olrances val be met
Particular care should be taken inthe dsin nd eta
of individual members and comete. Where ts
‘tans are used, comics should be designed to keep
‘eee as smal as posse o minimize deflections
‘editions
Because the weight ofthe feanwvork can be equal to ce
greater than the dsin ive lod ft tte, form deal
‘Should be designed to avoid the formwork ing ıp and
‘overloading the sucre ring dcenting.
Dueto he special shapes involved tolerances shouldbe
cid the engine architecte bids documents
18:43 Drawings When require, the fome: engines
contacte sold submit detailed denvngs of the former.
Tor opprora ofthe engine anche.
"These drmvins shoud show the proposed concrte
placing sequence andthe reiting lod. To ensure tat he
suce can atte its elected spe without damage, the
<decenteringo handling sequence ofthe frmwork should
‘bestow en the ravings. The form design, dings,
and procedure should comply with Federal a local safe)
Tn, swell the contrat document
Dellection ofthese sinne can css binding between
‘he form and he concrete ding decetering Font
“eins and form details shoal be planed to preven
Binding and it stepping of form, Drawing should
show such deals as the type of insets and joints in
sheathing whee spreading of the form an result he form.
exo Keyed into the concrete
844 Approval—The engineerhrchitect should review
the design and drawings forthe formar and the pre
(res for constuction ensue he strat ei ofthe
permanent sect. The engine rca should approve
in ringe lod imposed y the femavork. e sequence
‘tthe concrete placing operations, andthe timing and proce
res of decentring and striping
BAS Consincin—In plaming and rectng formo.
protons cha be made or adequate mess o adjustment
rin placa where necessary Tellals sod installed
to check alguna nd grade dr place. Wher the
omg syst is based on a etai placing sequen, th
sequen shuld be clearly defined bythe formverk ng
wann and adhered tothe fl
846 Removal of formwork-Fonmwork should. be
removed and decntered in accordance wa he procure
and sequence specified nthe fam drawings or cu the
‘cit documents. Decntring methods used should be
planed so as to prevent unmtcpatel concntaed rec.
ties on the permanent structure Due 1 the lage dec
ns andthe high dead loto load ratio common to
‘his type oct, decetering and form removal should
tot be permite until specified tests demonstrate that the
once eth and the mods of elasticity specified in
entra! documents have been reached. AMough required
compresive strengths may already have been atained,
modal of clasico can Control time of desemering (fer
Ameca one wate = Ga
Lo ACI 834K, $23) Decetring shuld begin at pins
‘f maximum detection and progres tovard pois of
rime defection, wit he decentring of ce members
proceeding simultaneously wah the adjoins shell,
85-—Mass concrete structures
851 Discussion Mass concrete occurs in heavy ehil
rameging construction, such as in savy dan, ach
‘hans, gravity-retaining Wal ock wall, powerplan sue
tars, and large building fumdatons (ACI 207 1) Special
provision are usally made to control the temperature ise
fn the mass by the use of cement o canenttious mater
cambinatian possessing low ce moderate het gceraling
«laracteiis, y posteooing (ooking the fresh concrete)
‘ry placing sequence. Heat ise sn mass concrete is most
‘en controled by replacement of cement with pozzobs,
particular Ay ash
Formnvrk formas concrete fils int two distinct ago
is ow it sd high i. Lowi fonmvor, for cas
‘oS 108 Sto 3 m) usally conse of mulas see
«tiles form units that ncopeat ther own work plat
os and on occasion iting devices. Hi former
is comparablto the snigleuse ood fom wedesensively
Dr cal conte
1852 Lateral pressure of concrte— Th Ita prenne
omas fr concrete placed in wall can be sed für mass
eme (eter to 42 2) The formerk engineer needs to
‘rely review the canerete misture proportion to deter.
mine the appropiate formula ram 422 Concrete adios
cement mbtiuts can improvehea generation characte
‘tes, Dut the same materials cn increas concrete ct ine
And inrease tel pressure:
‘Consideration sheild e sven 1 placing sequence in he
mitin of pressure. Frequent, concrete is yer in
‘a way tha the fresh concrete rt of placement ally
is mnt gene than the average rte of placement
Local lateral pressures can be greater than woul be est
mated on the bass ofthe average rat of placement. In ad
tin, he une of large concret buckets wih rpid charge
‘of concrete ca cause high impactos nea the forms
1853 Desi conseraions — Moss concrete Femina cn
require special form cad anchos des Fonning ping
‘faces requires es o anchors o esi pressure tht re
particular to he ac of the form Therefore, nly usina
Perizntl is val ave te vertical component of presa
uti. Vertical hold down) ances shouldbe used Forms
tied oranchoredtoa rock face require particular are. Often,
rock anchors ae placed before the ferns re ected. This
requires the form designer to accommodse te and anchr
‘misalignment. The fomverk enginefcnrater Should
he o sure ht loads resulting rom thee spacings Jo
nt exceed the working capacity o the rock anchos
Bandi and welding of hivtenilestengh sel ie
rods should na be permitted without the approval the e
manufacturer Any approved welding shoul be by a elder
‘ated by the American Welding Sociy (AWS) using
Spproved writen welding provers
God
der varius loads, shouldbe investigated to confi that
the formo wil function sisfctrly and that he spc
Fed olrances val be met
Particular care should be taken inthe dsin nd eta
of individual members and comete. Where ts
‘tans are used, comics should be designed to keep
‘eee as smal as posse o minimize deflections
‘editions
Because the weight ofthe feanwvork can be equal to ce
greater than the dsin ive lod ft tte, form deal
‘Should be designed to avoid the formwork ing ıp and
‘overloading the sucre ring dcenting.
Dueto he special shapes involved tolerances shouldbe
cid the engine architecte bids documents
18:43 Drawings When require, the fome: engines
contacte sold submit detailed denvngs of the former.
Tor opprora ofthe engine anche.
"These drmvins shoud show the proposed concrte
placing sequence andthe reiting lod. To ensure tat he
suce can atte its elected spe without damage, the
<decenteringo handling sequence ofthe frmwork should
‘bestow en the ravings. The form design, dings,
and procedure should comply with Federal a local safe)
Tn, swell the contrat document
Dellection ofthese sinne can css binding between
‘he form and he concrete ding decetering Font
“eins and form details shoal be planed to preven
Binding and it stepping of form, Drawing should
show such deals as the type of insets and joints in
sheathing whee spreading of the form an result he form.
exo Keyed into the concrete
844 Approval—The engineerhrchitect should review
the design and drawings forthe formar and the pre
(res for constuction ensue he strat ei ofthe
permanent sect. The engine rca should approve
in ringe lod imposed y the femavork. e sequence
‘tthe concrete placing operations, andthe timing and proce
res of decentring and striping
BAS Consincin—In plaming and rectng formo.
protons cha be made or adequate mess o adjustment
rin placa where necessary Tellals sod installed
to check alguna nd grade dr place. Wher the
omg syst is based on a etai placing sequen, th
sequen shuld be clearly defined bythe formverk ng
wann and adhered tothe fl
846 Removal of formwork-Fonmwork should. be
removed and decntered in accordance wa he procure
and sequence specified nthe fam drawings or cu the
‘cit documents. Decntring methods used should be
planed so as to prevent unmtcpatel concntaed rec.
ties on the permanent structure Due 1 the lage dec
ns andthe high dead loto load ratio common to
‘his type oct, decetering and form removal should
tot be permite until specified tests demonstrate that the
once eth and the mods of elasticity specified in
entra! documents have been reached. AMough required
compresive strengths may already have been atained,
modal of clasico can Control time of desemering (fer
Ameca one wate = Ga
Lo ACI 834K, $23) Decetring shuld begin at pins
‘f maximum detection and progres tovard pois of
rime defection, wit he decentring of ce members
proceeding simultaneously wah the adjoins shell,
85-—Mass concrete structures
851 Discussion Mass concrete occurs in heavy ehil
rameging construction, such as in savy dan, ach
‘hans, gravity-retaining Wal ock wall, powerplan sue
tars, and large building fumdatons (ACI 207 1) Special
provision are usally made to control the temperature ise
fn the mass by the use of cement o canenttious mater
cambinatian possessing low ce moderate het gceraling
«laracteiis, y posteooing (ooking the fresh concrete)
‘ry placing sequence. Heat ise sn mass concrete is most
‘en controled by replacement of cement with pozzobs,
particular Ay ash
Formnvrk formas concrete fils int two distinct ago
is ow it sd high i. Lowi fonmvor, for cas
‘oS 108 Sto 3 m) usally conse of mulas see
«tiles form units that ncopeat ther own work plat
os and on occasion iting devices. Hi former
is comparablto the snigleuse ood fom wedesensively
Dr cal conte
1852 Lateral pressure of concrte— Th Ita prenne
omas fr concrete placed in wall can be sed für mass
eme (eter to 42 2) The formerk engineer needs to
‘rely review the canerete misture proportion to deter.
mine the appropiate formula ram 422 Concrete adios
cement mbtiuts can improvehea generation characte
‘tes, Dut the same materials cn increas concrete ct ine
And inrease tel pressure:
‘Consideration sheild e sven 1 placing sequence in he
mitin of pressure. Frequent, concrete is yer in
‘a way tha the fresh concrete rt of placement ally
is mnt gene than the average rte of placement
Local lateral pressures can be greater than woul be est
mated on the bass ofthe average rat of placement. In ad
tin, he une of large concret buckets wih rpid charge
‘of concrete ca cause high impactos nea the forms
1853 Desi conseraions — Moss concrete Femina cn
require special form cad anchos des Fonning ping
‘faces requires es o anchors o esi pressure tht re
particular to he ac of the form Therefore, nly usina
Perizntl is val ave te vertical component of presa
uti. Vertical hold down) ances shouldbe used Forms
tied oranchoredtoa rock face require particular are. Often,
rock anchors ae placed before the ferns re ected. This
requires the form designer to accommodse te and anchr
‘misalignment. The fomverk enginefcnrater Should
he o sure ht loads resulting rom thee spacings Jo
nt exceed the working capacity o the rock anchos
Bandi and welding of hivtenilestengh sel ie
rods should na be permitted without the approval the e
manufacturer Any approved welding shoul be by a elder
‘ated by the American Welding Sociy (AWS) using
Spproved writen welding provers
God
OA
“The capacity o anchors and fo is enbedded in revi
ously placed concrete s dependent on the stent Of the
nce, wich vey low al cry ages. The embedded
wen shouldbe fein to ita desig loadings from
‘henew placement and intl ling stresses.
86—Underground structures
861 Discusion—Underground stuctres dr fm
(eresponding surface installations in that the constr
tin as place inside an excavation stead of in the open,
presenting unique problems in handing and suppsting
Tome and ie associated placement of cance. AS
resul. four fates usally make the design of fever
for underground states entirely diferent than for thie
ahove ground comer. Fit, concret to Al oerwise
inaccessible areas cn De placed prenatal e by post
tive diplacemes pump and pipeline Second, rock e some.
times used a à form backing, pemitin the use of rock
ches and ie ods insend o een bracing md shoes
This the ants ofthe excavation demand special handling
‘pment hat adds particular emphasis to he removal and
re of fons Fourth, rock surfaces can sometimes be used
Tor ataching hosting devices.
‘Whenplacemest is done by poeunatc postive displace:
ma pimp and pipeline methode, the plastic ener x
forced under pressure ino a voi, suchas the rom ela
‘wel nin. Fr moe information che pnp process,
velero ACT SOIR.
862 Design loads
862.1 Verto! Ins Vertikal and constuction Toads
sumed inthe design of frmwork für underground rc
tures ae similar to Uhse fr surface sucres, ith the
‘exception of unis! vertical la occuring near he crown
‘of ach or ane Fame and tation or buoyancy effect
‘eet tunel oon
Tn placing concrete in the crowns of tunel ferns res
sures up o 3000 A (14 kPa) have been induced aras
of ovrbrik and near veia! bulkheads om conrae
placed preamatcally cr by postive displacanent pump
(ACI SPD, Overbteak is the excess removal of tock
oF ater excavated material above the forme beyond the
required tunel ining che. Until more definite reco
‘mendations can e made, the magnitude and distribution of
pressure should be determined by the formerk engineer
‘The assumed pres sould net eles than 1500 1b (72
Ka) actina normal tthe form pls the dead weight ofthe
ane place prenatal e by pump (ACT SP),
"8622 Later! loads—For safe md exter walls
inst rock the vals He 4.22 sould apps
‘When the sat fom res on the single seat valve of
embedded anchors in he previous placement as à means
of apport. the minimum tine lapse between successive
cames (e minima concrt stent) and maxima
lovable odin in ati tothe dead weight ofthe form
shouldbe specified
Fer arch Toms and partons of une fms above the
mum horizontal dimension ce spring line ofthe foam,
naan Core tt = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
the presare should be compatible with the presses
“ise under vertical oad in 8621
1863 Drawings In addon tothe provisions Chapters
3, and % the folowing daa should be included eo the
awings for specialized formvork and formwork. for
tunnel
2) Al pres diagrams used in the design ofthe fom,
inching digrans fo ul unbalanced aera or vertical
Toads, presarized enert, ea oe load aplicable 10
the particular installation
1) Recommended method of sopplemenal sting or
‘acing tobe employed in areas where fom press can
‘exceed thor sted ducto abnormal conditions
© Handling digrans and procedures showing the
proposed med of handling the form during erection oe
Installation Tor concrete placement plus the method of
‘acing nd anchorage during normal operation
“ Concrete placement method and fr incl arch fos,
whether the desen based on the bulkiead system of
one placement or the contimouly advancing slope
method
2) The capacity and working presur ofthe pump and
‘ze lng and masi anbeiment ofthe discharge ie
‘when placement by pumping is ntcipated
864 Constueñon The Wo basi methods of pacing
“tunel arch eta problems in Be censtuction
‘ofthe formwork that require special provision to permit
Preperrane Thesetwobasiemathods re como know
ss the ble method andthe continuo advancing
Slopemahod
Te mer is used exclusively where poor round condi:
tions exist, reusing he lining o be placed concurenly
wäh tunel driving operations te alo wed when some
Factor such seize of te tne, introduction of en
cing see ce the location of construction joint prechudes
theadvanchglopemeahod. The advancing slope method
a cutimous method of placanent—is sualy prefere fr
tunel driven rough cope rock, ranging between 10
and 25 (Sand Sn) in dieters at east mn (Lan)
Slaw
“The arch form fr the blkhesd method is say Fabi
cated it à singe wait between 50 and 1501 (18 and 45
Im) long, whichis stripped, moved aed, and re-rected
ting sre jacks ry raul ans. These are permanently
Maced tothe form and supporting traveling gantry. The
tech fon forthe cotimotsly advancing slope method
tually consis of eit or more sets that range betwee
1S ad 30 (S and 9) in eng. Those ae cesse
sipped er cllpsed, telescoped thrush the be sections,
tau yecrected ing afer traveler
Although the minima stipping tine for tunnel arch
forms ily estable onthe bass ol experience. em
caf predetnninedby et A he stat ofatumelarch
cea placment operan, the recommended minimum.
sipping ime is 12 hour fo exposed surfaces and 8 us
for cost joint. 1 te sections provide fer à
reduced minimum sipping te based on ste experience
‘ch editions should be in me ierement of Omen
“The capacity o anchors and fo is enbedded in revi
ously placed concrete s dependent on the stent Of the
nce, wich vey low al cry ages. The embedded
wen shouldbe fein to ita desig loadings from
‘henew placement and intl ling stresses.
86—Underground structures
861 Discusion—Underground stuctres dr fm
(eresponding surface installations in that the constr
tin as place inside an excavation stead of in the open,
presenting unique problems in handing and suppsting
Tome and ie associated placement of cance. AS
resul. four fates usally make the design of fever
for underground states entirely diferent than for thie
ahove ground comer. Fit, concret to Al oerwise
inaccessible areas cn De placed prenatal e by post
tive diplacemes pump and pipeline Second, rock e some.
times used a à form backing, pemitin the use of rock
ches and ie ods insend o een bracing md shoes
This the ants ofthe excavation demand special handling
‘pment hat adds particular emphasis to he removal and
re of fons Fourth, rock surfaces can sometimes be used
Tor ataching hosting devices.
‘Whenplacemest is done by poeunatc postive displace:
ma pimp and pipeline methode, the plastic ener x
forced under pressure ino a voi, suchas the rom ela
‘wel nin. Fr moe information che pnp process,
velero ACT SOIR.
862 Design loads
862.1 Verto! Ins Vertikal and constuction Toads
sumed inthe design of frmwork für underground rc
tures ae similar to Uhse fr surface sucres, ith the
‘exception of unis! vertical la occuring near he crown
‘of ach or ane Fame and tation or buoyancy effect
‘eet tunel oon
Tn placing concrete in the crowns of tunel ferns res
sures up o 3000 A (14 kPa) have been induced aras
of ovrbrik and near veia! bulkheads om conrae
placed preamatcally cr by postive displacanent pump
(ACI SPD, Overbteak is the excess removal of tock
oF ater excavated material above the forme beyond the
required tunel ining che. Until more definite reco
‘mendations can e made, the magnitude and distribution of
pressure should be determined by the formerk engineer
‘The assumed pres sould net eles than 1500 1b (72
Ka) actina normal tthe form pls the dead weight ofthe
ane place prenatal e by pump (ACT SP),
"8622 Later! loads—For safe md exter walls
inst rock the vals He 4.22 sould apps
‘When the sat fom res on the single seat valve of
embedded anchors in he previous placement as à means
of apport. the minimum tine lapse between successive
cames (e minima concrt stent) and maxima
lovable odin in ati tothe dead weight ofthe form
shouldbe specified
Fer arch Toms and partons of une fms above the
mum horizontal dimension ce spring line ofthe foam,
naan Core tt = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
the presare should be compatible with the presses
“ise under vertical oad in 8621
1863 Drawings In addon tothe provisions Chapters
3, and % the folowing daa should be included eo the
awings for specialized formvork and formwork. for
tunnel
2) Al pres diagrams used in the design ofthe fom,
inching digrans fo ul unbalanced aera or vertical
Toads, presarized enert, ea oe load aplicable 10
the particular installation
1) Recommended method of sopplemenal sting or
‘acing tobe employed in areas where fom press can
‘exceed thor sted ducto abnormal conditions
© Handling digrans and procedures showing the
proposed med of handling the form during erection oe
Installation Tor concrete placement plus the method of
‘acing nd anchorage during normal operation
“ Concrete placement method and fr incl arch fos,
whether the desen based on the bulkiead system of
one placement or the contimouly advancing slope
method
2) The capacity and working presur ofthe pump and
‘ze lng and masi anbeiment ofthe discharge ie
‘when placement by pumping is ntcipated
864 Constueñon The Wo basi methods of pacing
“tunel arch eta problems in Be censtuction
‘ofthe formwork that require special provision to permit
Preperrane Thesetwobasiemathods re como know
ss the ble method andthe continuo advancing
Slopemahod
Te mer is used exclusively where poor round condi:
tions exist, reusing he lining o be placed concurenly
wäh tunel driving operations te alo wed when some
Factor such seize of te tne, introduction of en
cing see ce the location of construction joint prechudes
theadvanchglopemeahod. The advancing slope method
a cutimous method of placanent—is sualy prefere fr
tunel driven rough cope rock, ranging between 10
and 25 (Sand Sn) in dieters at east mn (Lan)
Slaw
“The arch form fr the blkhesd method is say Fabi
cated it à singe wait between 50 and 1501 (18 and 45
Im) long, whichis stripped, moved aed, and re-rected
ting sre jacks ry raul ans. These are permanently
Maced tothe form and supporting traveling gantry. The
tech fon forthe cotimotsly advancing slope method
tually consis of eit or more sets that range betwee
1S ad 30 (S and 9) in eng. Those ae cesse
sipped er cllpsed, telescoped thrush the be sections,
tau yecrected ing afer traveler
Although the minima stipping tine for tunnel arch
forms ily estable onthe bass ol experience. em
caf predetnninedby et A he stat ofatumelarch
cea placment operan, the recommended minimum.
sipping ime is 12 hour fo exposed surfaces and 8 us
for cost joint. 1 te sections provide fer à
reduced minimum sipping te based on ste experience
‘ch editions should be in me ierement of Omen
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) =
e es and shouldbe estable by beats tests, visu
inspection, and face scratching of sample ares exposed
Voy opening the form access coves. Arch ons should na be
sipped prematurely when unented groundwater seqage
cul became trapped betwee the rock surface and the
emer ining
HAS Materials —The choice of materials for underground
omar is typically predicated on the shape, degree a
use and mobili ofthe oa, ad he magnitude of pun
e pnaumate press to wich ds subjected Usual,
{el and shalt forms are made of sel or a compost of
‘Wood and ste. Experience is important i the design and
bat ofa saisfctry tame fan dueto te mate of
the pressures developed by the concret, placing techniques,
a the ih degree mobil regie
‘When rese de not a facto, plywood and tonaue-and
groove liber ae sometimes used for exposed surface
Finis High unity in undegound construction usally
alleviates normal erinkage and warping of wood form
inate
CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION
9: Prplacesaggregae conte
9.11 Discussion “Preplaced agrega covert ie made
boy injeting (radin) mora ito the voids a preplced
mass af cla, graded agregate. For oral construction,
the prelacd agregate are vbratdthrouahy nto foams
and around reinforcing and then weted and kept wet vail
the injection af mora so he vids à completed. In under-
water constuction, he mora displaces the water and ls
the void In both types of constuction, this process can
eat concrete with a igh content of come agreste
"The jected mortar contains wate, fine sand, prand
ean, poezoin, and à chemical admite desen to
Increase the encraton and pumpabily ofthe marta. The
structural course agregate s similar to coarse agregate for
enveiona comerte Is Wel vase and rade rom 12
in (13 m) tothe lags size practicable After compaction
ne ons, tusally has avoid content angina fom 3510
45 percent (ACT 30118)
3.12 Design considerations tothe mod of plac
men, the lateral pressures cn fommvork are considerably
een fom those developed fr conventional conato,
ts described in 122. The formwork enginerconrcter
‘hou be late to the unique problems tht may occur in
replace agregate placements In mas placement, heat
fof hydration and drying shrinkage ar important consider
tions Dire pressures may occtrinth em site
‘wn orar injection varies seal fram ene fon face o
other For additional information. rfertoACI207 Rand
ACISP-34 Bere ofthepresireceateddring area
Pocking and mortar pumpina os Bat moras injected
lr shouldbe anchored and braced far mae scurly
than for ordinary conce. Puticulr atico shuld be
ait uli press created in ater forms. Provisions
should be made to prcibit even the slightest pl of the
naan Conc nate = Can comm o
fon. Injection pipes spaced $ to 6 (. to 180 apar
pera the face of the foam, require ht the fon be
‘hooked fo metal ter a wel a a means of plo:
in cr shuting ofthe opens when the section pipes
are removed. Some ofthese problems ae reduced where
nora ean be injected verts in pen top fers
Forms is and bracing shouldbe designed fer the sun of:
2) The lateral pres ofthe coarse agrege as dee
mind fom the equivalent Mud seal prensa ofthe dry
gara sing the Rankine or Coulomb theories fr gran.
lr materials, ra reliable bin action theory Greer oto.
is and references presented in ACL 313)
6) The lateral and pli pressure ofthe injected mora
san equivalent Au, the mortar normal weighs LOT
(GLEN), bt an weich a much a 200 BR (32 EN’)
for high density mona
"The me required for he nl e of he died mora
and the rato of rte should be ascertained. The maxima
Feit Hoi toe assed in determining the lta pre
streofthemataristhe product oftherat rise UF)
nd ie ime of titi se in hous. The lateral presse or
the design of formwork a any points the sum ofthe pres
sare determine! fom Stes (A) and) fete given hi.
913 Contruction-—In_ addition lo. the information
resent Chapter S, forms should be metaright and
<ecively vented because prepace-asarnate conce
tn forcing mortar into the vols around the couse
reso.
9.14 Materials for fomork—For unesposed surfaces,
mortal forms of dee or plywood are acceptable
Alpe fonn linings ate net recommended Decase
they permit the coane aggregate to inet the lining and
finn an regular surface Form lina, such as Hardboard
«a commen sheahing, re net sucesfl because they do
‘ot transit he extemal for vibration normal used or
“suis a voice finished ce Fonnwork shoul! be
designed fr the effects ofetemal vibration
9.2-Sliptorms
924 Disussin—Refer to ACT 313 fr silo conse
tin. Slipferming isa quacsentinucs fomine process in
‘which a special fon any lips or moves in the apro
prit direction, leaving the fered concrete in place The
process is, in some ways, similar o an exon process
Plastic concrete i placed in the fono andthe ans can be
ight of as moving dis toshapethe concrete Therate of
movement ofthe forms is ete othe fers eave he
amet only afer its if enough retain shape while
Supesting is own weight andthe Intra feces caused by
‘wind and equipment
"The vical or horizontal movement of fame can be a
eins proces er à planned sequence of ie place
nens. Stplorms used en sure such s tue and
has shoul flow 8.6 Slipfanms used on mas concrete
ctr, ich ans, shold fallow 85,
9.22 Vertical farm
922.1 Slips can be used For vesical structures, such
as sos, storage bins. building cores, Dearing wall bil
God
e es and shouldbe estable by beats tests, visu
inspection, and face scratching of sample ares exposed
Voy opening the form access coves. Arch ons should na be
sipped prematurely when unented groundwater seqage
cul became trapped betwee the rock surface and the
emer ining
HAS Materials —The choice of materials for underground
omar is typically predicated on the shape, degree a
use and mobili ofthe oa, ad he magnitude of pun
e pnaumate press to wich ds subjected Usual,
{el and shalt forms are made of sel or a compost of
‘Wood and ste. Experience is important i the design and
bat ofa saisfctry tame fan dueto te mate of
the pressures developed by the concret, placing techniques,
a the ih degree mobil regie
‘When rese de not a facto, plywood and tonaue-and
groove liber ae sometimes used for exposed surface
Finis High unity in undegound construction usally
alleviates normal erinkage and warping of wood form
inate
CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION
9: Prplacesaggregae conte
9.11 Discussion “Preplaced agrega covert ie made
boy injeting (radin) mora ito the voids a preplced
mass af cla, graded agregate. For oral construction,
the prelacd agregate are vbratdthrouahy nto foams
and around reinforcing and then weted and kept wet vail
the injection af mora so he vids à completed. In under-
water constuction, he mora displaces the water and ls
the void In both types of constuction, this process can
eat concrete with a igh content of come agreste
"The jected mortar contains wate, fine sand, prand
ean, poezoin, and à chemical admite desen to
Increase the encraton and pumpabily ofthe marta. The
structural course agregate s similar to coarse agregate for
enveiona comerte Is Wel vase and rade rom 12
in (13 m) tothe lags size practicable After compaction
ne ons, tusally has avoid content angina fom 3510
45 percent (ACT 30118)
3.12 Design considerations tothe mod of plac
men, the lateral pressures cn fommvork are considerably
een fom those developed fr conventional conato,
ts described in 122. The formwork enginerconrcter
‘hou be late to the unique problems tht may occur in
replace agregate placements In mas placement, heat
fof hydration and drying shrinkage ar important consider
tions Dire pressures may occtrinth em site
‘wn orar injection varies seal fram ene fon face o
other For additional information. rfertoACI207 Rand
ACISP-34 Bere ofthepresireceateddring area
Pocking and mortar pumpina os Bat moras injected
lr shouldbe anchored and braced far mae scurly
than for ordinary conce. Puticulr atico shuld be
ait uli press created in ater forms. Provisions
should be made to prcibit even the slightest pl of the
naan Conc nate = Can comm o
fon. Injection pipes spaced $ to 6 (. to 180 apar
pera the face of the foam, require ht the fon be
‘hooked fo metal ter a wel a a means of plo:
in cr shuting ofthe opens when the section pipes
are removed. Some ofthese problems ae reduced where
nora ean be injected verts in pen top fers
Forms is and bracing shouldbe designed fer the sun of:
2) The lateral pres ofthe coarse agrege as dee
mind fom the equivalent Mud seal prensa ofthe dry
gara sing the Rankine or Coulomb theories fr gran.
lr materials, ra reliable bin action theory Greer oto.
is and references presented in ACL 313)
6) The lateral and pli pressure ofthe injected mora
san equivalent Au, the mortar normal weighs LOT
(GLEN), bt an weich a much a 200 BR (32 EN’)
for high density mona
"The me required for he nl e of he died mora
and the rato of rte should be ascertained. The maxima
Feit Hoi toe assed in determining the lta pre
streofthemataristhe product oftherat rise UF)
nd ie ime of titi se in hous. The lateral presse or
the design of formwork a any points the sum ofthe pres
sare determine! fom Stes (A) and) fete given hi.
913 Contruction-—In_ addition lo. the information
resent Chapter S, forms should be metaright and
<ecively vented because prepace-asarnate conce
tn forcing mortar into the vols around the couse
reso.
9.14 Materials for fomork—For unesposed surfaces,
mortal forms of dee or plywood are acceptable
Alpe fonn linings ate net recommended Decase
they permit the coane aggregate to inet the lining and
finn an regular surface Form lina, such as Hardboard
«a commen sheahing, re net sucesfl because they do
‘ot transit he extemal for vibration normal used or
“suis a voice finished ce Fonnwork shoul! be
designed fr the effects ofetemal vibration
9.2-Sliptorms
924 Disussin—Refer to ACT 313 fr silo conse
tin. Slipferming isa quacsentinucs fomine process in
‘which a special fon any lips or moves in the apro
prit direction, leaving the fered concrete in place The
process is, in some ways, similar o an exon process
Plastic concrete i placed in the fono andthe ans can be
ight of as moving dis toshapethe concrete Therate of
movement ofthe forms is ete othe fers eave he
amet only afer its if enough retain shape while
Supesting is own weight andthe Intra feces caused by
‘wind and equipment
"The vical or horizontal movement of fame can be a
eins proces er à planned sequence of ie place
nens. Stplorms used en sure such s tue and
has shoul flow 8.6 Slipfanms used on mas concrete
ctr, ich ans, shold fallow 85,
9.22 Vertical farm
922.1 Slips can be used For vesical structures, such
as sos, storage bins. building cores, Dearing wall bil
God
OA
= ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Fis, 92.2.1-Tspical vertical sp with deck and work
laos supported on wales.
ines. pias, chimes, af nis, communication and
bent Lovers, clear shield wel, nd i
tures. Veta slo, wit concrete placed while ring,
ul moved in small remet by jacks that propel
elves on sm ee ode or big embedded in or
‘ache to Ihe hard concret
A vesical slipfonm system (refer to Fig 9.221) has ive
‘main components: sheathing, wales, yokes, jacks, a Jack
rods, and woking or storage decks and safeing The
sheathing or vera ems can be wood saves, plywood.
meal ls hertenfrced plastic, wood, a combination
fuese material The ition ofthesheathing o contain
‘ae shape the concrete,
‘Wales have tree mai functions
2) Support nd old the sheathing in place
Dy rame ing fee ron theyokes othe sheathing
nd te ter clement of he orm
+) Provide sup or various plaforns and sao.
‘Yokes support the wale a regular intervals wih her es,
transit the iting force om the jacks tothe wale, and
resin the Intra ore of plate concret whi he form.
‘The jack, installed on the yokes Bean, clan up the ja
rode and providetheforceneede oras th entire sperm
‘stan. Varios pt, decks, and scans complete
esipfermsystem The provide space fr string contre,
enforcing sel, md enbeiment, md serve m a working
ca For ping and fishing
9222 Design and contruction considérations —
Slips shouldbe designed by engines familiar a
siplom construction. Construcion of he ailonn and
tipping should be carie cut unde the immediate super
vision oa person experienced in slipfonn work. Drag
shouldbe prepared bya lipfrm engineer retained bythe
«tractor. The drawings should show te jack layout font
wa, win decks and seaffols À developed elevation
‘ofthe ste should be prepared, showing the octin of
Allopanings and ambedas The if naine sould
be espere inthe use ofthe exact brand of equipment 0
eed by he contacto bee thre re significant vr.
tins in equipment between mama.
9223 ‘erica los In addition to deal lads, Hive
loads assumed forthe design of deck should not De Less
‘han te following
‘Sheathing and jits, concentrated buggy whet lod,
whichever is enter 7STD 6kPa)
‘Bens, tx and wales SOMA GK)
Light fes scaffolding 28 BA (.2Pa)
9224 Lateral pressure of concrete —The lateral pres
fies conrete tobe used in dsining forms racing. ad
‘wales can be caleulted as follows.
(US cuonay wits)
where = 10016?
sur
Co
whee cs = 48 Pa,
‘The value = 100 A (48 Po) ie justified becas
ation i iat in lipfam work the once is placed
in shallow layers of 6 to 10 in (150 to 250 nm) wi no
revibration. For same applications, such as aaa or
Samen cies, addtional vibration can be rn
density ofthe concrete In such eases,
kPa)
9225 Tolerunces- Preseribed teleranes fr sim
construction of building elements ae lied in AC 17
9226 Sing operation The musimn rate of side
she be limited by {he rate for whi the foms are
“designed I adden, both maman and minimum ates of
Slideshoulbedetaminedby anexpanencedsipfomnsupa-
‘visor to accommodate changes
nil set of comerte, wrkabilt, and the mary demands
that rive during aside and cant be accurately predict
beforehand A person experience in sipfom construction
“ol be present onthe dec a al ines during the slide
‘penton
‘Dring the initia placing of the concrete in the sip.
he plains rate shold not exceed that or wich the fon
‘was designed, den concrete shouldbe placed in appr
‘mately 6108 (15010 200 mn) il usa the ship.
{orm operate.
“The level of hardened conecte in the form shoul! be
‘hecho frequently y the use of a probing rod to tab.
twit)
man one ine = Copy a cme
= ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Fis, 92.2.1-Tspical vertical sp with deck and work
laos supported on wales.
ines. pias, chimes, af nis, communication and
bent Lovers, clear shield wel, nd i
tures. Veta slo, wit concrete placed while ring,
ul moved in small remet by jacks that propel
elves on sm ee ode or big embedded in or
‘ache to Ihe hard concret
A vesical slipfonm system (refer to Fig 9.221) has ive
‘main components: sheathing, wales, yokes, jacks, a Jack
rods, and woking or storage decks and safeing The
sheathing or vera ems can be wood saves, plywood.
meal ls hertenfrced plastic, wood, a combination
fuese material The ition ofthesheathing o contain
‘ae shape the concrete,
‘Wales have tree mai functions
2) Support nd old the sheathing in place
Dy rame ing fee ron theyokes othe sheathing
nd te ter clement of he orm
+) Provide sup or various plaforns and sao.
‘Yokes support the wale a regular intervals wih her es,
transit the iting force om the jacks tothe wale, and
resin the Intra ore of plate concret whi he form.
‘The jack, installed on the yokes Bean, clan up the ja
rode and providetheforceneede oras th entire sperm
‘stan. Varios pt, decks, and scans complete
esipfermsystem The provide space fr string contre,
enforcing sel, md enbeiment, md serve m a working
ca For ping and fishing
9222 Design and contruction considérations —
Slips shouldbe designed by engines familiar a
siplom construction. Construcion of he ailonn and
tipping should be carie cut unde the immediate super
vision oa person experienced in slipfonn work. Drag
shouldbe prepared bya lipfrm engineer retained bythe
«tractor. The drawings should show te jack layout font
wa, win decks and seaffols À developed elevation
‘ofthe ste should be prepared, showing the octin of
Allopanings and ambedas The if naine sould
be espere inthe use ofthe exact brand of equipment 0
eed by he contacto bee thre re significant vr.
tins in equipment between mama.
9223 ‘erica los In addition to deal lads, Hive
loads assumed forthe design of deck should not De Less
‘han te following
‘Sheathing and jits, concentrated buggy whet lod,
whichever is enter 7STD 6kPa)
‘Bens, tx and wales SOMA GK)
Light fes scaffolding 28 BA (.2Pa)
9224 Lateral pressure of concrete —The lateral pres
fies conrete tobe used in dsining forms racing. ad
‘wales can be caleulted as follows.
(US cuonay wits)
where = 10016?
sur
Co
whee cs = 48 Pa,
‘The value = 100 A (48 Po) ie justified becas
ation i iat in lipfam work the once is placed
in shallow layers of 6 to 10 in (150 to 250 nm) wi no
revibration. For same applications, such as aaa or
Samen cies, addtional vibration can be rn
density ofthe concrete In such eases,
kPa)
9225 Tolerunces- Preseribed teleranes fr sim
construction of building elements ae lied in AC 17
9226 Sing operation The musimn rate of side
she be limited by {he rate for whi the foms are
“designed I adden, both maman and minimum ates of
Slideshoulbedetaminedby anexpanencedsipfomnsupa-
‘visor to accommodate changes
nil set of comerte, wrkabilt, and the mary demands
that rive during aside and cant be accurately predict
beforehand A person experience in sipfom construction
“ol be present onthe dec a al ines during the slide
‘penton
‘Dring the initia placing of the concrete in the sip.
he plains rate shold not exceed that or wich the fon
‘was designed, den concrete shouldbe placed in appr
‘mately 6108 (15010 200 mn) il usa the ship.
{orm operate.
“The level of hardened conecte in the form shoul! be
‘hecho frequently y the use of a probing rod to tab.
twit)
man one ine = Copy a cme
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) a
Hs safe iting ates. Forms should be leveled before they
axe file and shold be maintained level west avi
required fr cuftleance corrections Cae shuld be
lan o prevent ding of the fms Som alignment e
designed dimensions and to prevent tesional movement,
Experience hs own that plan ine pial planer,
laser or combination of thee win coton water
level system is elective in maintain he fer on ine and
‘ade an fr poi openings ad embeded ans
“The alignment and plambness ef structure shel prefer
ab be checked every 2 hours ut at minimum once during.
vay 4 ous atthe lid iin operation. In werk that
one in separate nenn slipping operations, check of
ment and planes should be made atthe begin
‘oF each sipping operation.
More ffequet relings should be taken cu sinle tll
sorties with relatively small plan sections, a the fom
‘System in these strates ted twist and o u of pen
more reais
Sue checks of plunbness shoul be provided to
readily detest and cvalut movement of the fom fe ll
iphone structures so ha appropriate ajusten canbe
‘made in suce tine by expenenced perse
Detailed recorde of ba vera and tera! frm move
js shouldbe maintained voushou the spl
operation
923 Horizontal. sjoms—Horicaalsitormina
lend slo concrete siucures such ar nmel ining,
water conduits, drinage chamel, precast deme,
‘anal linings. May median bares, pavements, curbs,
shoulder Baier, and retaining walls Horizontal slipfoons|
‘aceraly move cn al system, tractor ads, whees and
‘ter similar meas resting cn a shaped bern. Working and
orge decks and fisher’ scaffolding ae stachod to and
‘ie by the moving forme.
“The general provisions of 1 should De met and the
enna engieeconrator should sb drawings of
the life for review and approval by the engine ach
tect These deawings shuld sow the handling diras, the
placing procedure, and the provisions for ning alain
met ofthe required concrete sues
92-Permanent forms
331 Discusion Permanent ferns, cr ain place
ons, ar ms eft in place that may cr muy ot become
integral part of the scr! fame. These foms can be
id as metal deck, precast concrete wood plastics,
and varics ype o fibebeard— the Beale peu
35 reinforced, waterepeln, comugated paper, e wire
‘meh with ataproof paper backing
When the pomancn form i used a a deck fon, ii
supported fom the main stra frame with or without
item stem oftenperary supports [temporary
“pots ar required unde, ro provide Sucursal
for the sta fame member Lo support weight of
the fies concrete without casing excessive detection e
member instability, such information should e specific by
the nginerinchtect
Ameca Conca wate a)
922 Des consideration oy inlet
nat covered in he contact cations beast hs no
fiction nthe fished str, he Rem mater à
‘peccations shold be tue: the manufac rece
tended practice shuld be flowed fa ze an, I
‘ies andor seal estes panels pect erm,
fh at Ding Merle nd preted aga cha
ial atk rom we sere (fa 1 Copie à nd 9)
Far cecal bean the dso ch fms
ty the arma mec ice to minnie din
€ defomation a he fom oppor ment und the
nie bate
“The eng archi who specifies heuscofpermanent
sah fos sold comer the staal sai ath
the conten dead ane lads on De fon a wal
the metre ability ring conti nen
ds comet of the fon’ perfomance the Anh
‘Whe mal dec i wed a pemanan m ad he
deck bee tral pat othe str the decks
Ship. dp ae, etn pa dimensions, pop
tc md nant tarpory port eld bes cl
arica document is amunst
in the dein of the em. he anne of de pement
sic hot pci he regie miner of parma
‘pats ovr which he fan natal shouldbe conto
‘When compost mel dc egies ring o mime
‘deletion dt e cer place, the cbr of
tc member prin the comple comporte ab and
ck sould be eure be pen member ae
{erred forthe dead ond f the contri nd ht ad is
prevea rumbo pple totic npparing rib de
{othe presence ofthe shorn. thee may be excess car
lea inthe apporte menti Te cer who
sind me shal cor ftw ad
ane propre
SA ae
SAM Sp drovings—The foam gin
ont sau sit ily deed hop rng fer all
emanan desk foms toe anew ec fare.
pro obo a pica ote projet. Shop mins
Maa iow al Town idos, mea gag, psa)
mesone and prpatis accesses fies, matods of
Stain tothe vaio css of he work tempo
Shera requirements
9.332 Fastening —The pean deck frm hold be
rope fate to supporting tans ad 10 ae
Seton of deck fom an prope ppd in score
Nr mme recemment to provide 8 ih
jon tha wil prevent fw of mtr ring he placement
comte Where reed cd lone fr comte or
htc foma should be provided ehe wi fl piece
ce tht requ To prevent bucking, low for
spain ot man de fee ar Tuning nd ee
nero cone
Freue pes aan (be at depend cn spp
men fo tra lee) old be tay jel for
operation, Adequate temporary bring nce
God
Hs safe iting ates. Forms should be leveled before they
axe file and shold be maintained level west avi
required fr cuftleance corrections Cae shuld be
lan o prevent ding of the fms Som alignment e
designed dimensions and to prevent tesional movement,
Experience hs own that plan ine pial planer,
laser or combination of thee win coton water
level system is elective in maintain he fer on ine and
‘ade an fr poi openings ad embeded ans
“The alignment and plambness ef structure shel prefer
ab be checked every 2 hours ut at minimum once during.
vay 4 ous atthe lid iin operation. In werk that
one in separate nenn slipping operations, check of
ment and planes should be made atthe begin
‘oF each sipping operation.
More ffequet relings should be taken cu sinle tll
sorties with relatively small plan sections, a the fom
‘System in these strates ted twist and o u of pen
more reais
Sue checks of plunbness shoul be provided to
readily detest and cvalut movement of the fom fe ll
iphone structures so ha appropriate ajusten canbe
‘made in suce tine by expenenced perse
Detailed recorde of ba vera and tera! frm move
js shouldbe maintained voushou the spl
operation
923 Horizontal. sjoms—Horicaalsitormina
lend slo concrete siucures such ar nmel ining,
water conduits, drinage chamel, precast deme,
‘anal linings. May median bares, pavements, curbs,
shoulder Baier, and retaining walls Horizontal slipfoons|
‘aceraly move cn al system, tractor ads, whees and
‘ter similar meas resting cn a shaped bern. Working and
orge decks and fisher’ scaffolding ae stachod to and
‘ie by the moving forme.
“The general provisions of 1 should De met and the
enna engieeconrator should sb drawings of
the life for review and approval by the engine ach
tect These deawings shuld sow the handling diras, the
placing procedure, and the provisions for ning alain
met ofthe required concrete sues
92-Permanent forms
331 Discusion Permanent ferns, cr ain place
ons, ar ms eft in place that may cr muy ot become
integral part of the scr! fame. These foms can be
id as metal deck, precast concrete wood plastics,
and varics ype o fibebeard— the Beale peu
35 reinforced, waterepeln, comugated paper, e wire
‘meh with ataproof paper backing
When the pomancn form i used a a deck fon, ii
supported fom the main stra frame with or without
item stem oftenperary supports [temporary
“pots ar required unde, ro provide Sucursal
for the sta fame member Lo support weight of
the fies concrete without casing excessive detection e
member instability, such information should e specific by
the nginerinchtect
Ameca Conca wate a)
922 Des consideration oy inlet
nat covered in he contact cations beast hs no
fiction nthe fished str, he Rem mater à
‘peccations shold be tue: the manufac rece
tended practice shuld be flowed fa ze an, I
‘ies andor seal estes panels pect erm,
fh at Ding Merle nd preted aga cha
ial atk rom we sere (fa 1 Copie à nd 9)
Far cecal bean the dso ch fms
ty the arma mec ice to minnie din
€ defomation a he fom oppor ment und the
nie bate
“The eng archi who specifies heuscofpermanent
sah fos sold comer the staal sai ath
the conten dead ane lads on De fon a wal
the metre ability ring conti nen
ds comet of the fon’ perfomance the Anh
‘Whe mal dec i wed a pemanan m ad he
deck bee tral pat othe str the decks
Ship. dp ae, etn pa dimensions, pop
tc md nant tarpory port eld bes cl
arica document is amunst
in the dein of the em. he anne of de pement
sic hot pci he regie miner of parma
‘pats ovr which he fan natal shouldbe conto
‘When compost mel dc egies ring o mime
‘deletion dt e cer place, the cbr of
tc member prin the comple comporte ab and
ck sould be eure be pen member ae
{erred forthe dead ond f the contri nd ht ad is
prevea rumbo pple totic npparing rib de
{othe presence ofthe shorn. thee may be excess car
lea inthe apporte menti Te cer who
sind me shal cor ftw ad
ane propre
SA ae
SAM Sp drovings—The foam gin
ont sau sit ily deed hop rng fer all
emanan desk foms toe anew ec fare.
pro obo a pica ote projet. Shop mins
Maa iow al Town idos, mea gag, psa)
mesone and prpatis accesses fies, matods of
Stain tothe vaio css of he work tempo
Shera requirements
9.332 Fastening —The pean deck frm hold be
rope fate to supporting tans ad 10 ae
Seton of deck fom an prope ppd in score
Nr mme recemment to provide 8 ih
jon tha wil prevent fw of mtr ring he placement
comte Where reed cd lone fr comte or
htc foma should be provided ehe wi fl piece
ce tht requ To prevent bucking, low for
spain ot man de fee ar Tuning nd ee
nero cone
Freue pes aan (be at depend cn spp
men fo tra lee) old be tay jel for
operation, Adequate temporary bring nce
God
uno,
should be provided in the plane of the op chord of the
patine members to prevent ea! buckling and rotation
‘ofthese support nd o maintain the required tension in he
exible for,
Paper or metal ferme wed to form voids in concrete
«contusion should be properly placed and anchre to the
‘infercement and t side or deck foms with wire is or
‘ther approved method t prevent displacement ar Noa.
Yin ding placing of concrete. Water sould be prevented
om entering voids. Where wate itusons possible, weep
holes shouldbe provide o reduce etrapment of water
9.34 Defketons—The vertical and ral detections of
(he permancn frmbawean mppart under the load of fies
aer should be investigated by the engineer rie.
Tampa supports, such shoring and singer, should
tbe specified, if necessary 10 keep deflection within desired
tolerances
9.4—Forms for prestressed concrete construction
9a Discusion The enginerärchiect should ind
cate in the contact document ny special requirements fe
prestressed concrete conduction
TE may Le necessary to provide appropriate mens of
Jowerng ce removing the frmvork before fl press is.
pli to prevent damage Pretensioning o posesion
‘strand, cables, rds an be done with or witht side
forms of the member in place as discussed in 942 Boton
forms and sporting hores or falso should remain in
place unt the manberis capable of spportingis dead oad
nd anal consti foods, as wel as any fome
Cried y hemenber
“The concrete placement sequence for cran sucres
shoul lo be plnned so that concrete snot jected lo
ending rss casedby defection o fono
942 Design
942.1 Where the side forms cannot be convenienly
removed fom the boton or soft fon ater crete has
Set such forms shoud be designed wat ip joints or with
‘del panel and connection strength Far addaonal aa or
ending Toad that canbe superimposed an than durin the
pressing open
‘9.4.2.2 Sie om hat remain in place during the wafer
ofprestresing force shouldbe designed tale fer vertical
nd horzntl movement of the cat manber during he
pressing operation. The form shad be designed to
ize the rotin o elastic shrtning in the prestressing
operation. For example, sal farming component should
Ve planed or removal to relieve Load on side Forms as
well a 1 ciminate thir restant during pers In
Al ses, ih restant to sige of concret shold be
kept toa minimum, and the defections of members dueto
presrssing force ad the elastic deformation of forms oe
Fils should be considered inthe design ad removal
ofthe forms.
94.23 For reson of say when using postiensinel.
since elevated sabs, the contracter should be careful
do ensure that supporting shores donot ll out due 1 iting
ofthe lb during tensioning For large structures where the
man Core nahe = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
ead load of the manber remains onthe fw ding
protresine, diplaement of the dead lead toward end
parts should be considered in design of the forms and
Shoring including sil ce hr Foundation suport
943 Construction accessories —Holdowm or pt
dou devices for deleted cables ce strands should be
provided in the casting bed or foms. All opens, fe,
tracks, and all ter tens required inthe contre werk
should be provided for inthe formwork. Bering pls,
Ancheage assemblies, pretresing ste, condi, tube
ecos, and lina devices show or specified 1 be st
in eonerte sould be accurately located with fome
templates and anchored remain within the tolerance
ven on contract documents. Quality and stent of thse
Acoustics should beas specified,
944 Toerances-Preseribed ranges of tolerances for
jobsite precast and patemanufsctured preca-prentenl
are members are given in ACT 117 and PCI MN.
135.00.
9AS Caring—Where necetary Lo allow cal tee of
forms, provisions should De mode t we acchemted ui
processes such as steam uring wean processing other
proved metals
9.46 Worker sfay Say shields shoud be provid
at end anchorages of prestesing eds a where necessary
forthe prtetin of workers a equipment apa possible
enge of presea strands, cables, o other asbl
ing pri or eating operation
3:5—Forms for site precasting
951 Dicuston-Fonm fo ste pecasing ae used fe
precas concrete ns at can be eier lal er nn-ond
Being member fe ruca er achitecural ses
982 Consrcton Eva races ay shuld be wed
when exposed metal e lin pocas resulting fom the
"i of metal es would present a objectionable appearance.
To ensure unie of appearances he cast members
cr units, particulary in adjacent uns where differences
eure, color, or both, would be visible, cre should be
taken tha tbe contact surfaces of forms or form ier at of
ifm qual and texte.
Fm oil Constan if requzed) should be split
uniformly and in accordance with manufacture” econ
mendations for his particular elas of werk.
98.3 AccessorienIipariclcy importas inthis class
‘of wok that positive and raid devices be used to sre
proper location a reinfreement All openings. cos,
fs, inserts, hi sings, and connection device regret
beset in concrete shoo be accurately located and such,
anche in the mur
"The fished surfaces of manbars should be fee of lit
rings and oler erection tame where will be exposed,
interes fe proper plains pres members o er
material, er De subject 10 comosin. Such tems should
be removed o that no remaining metal willbe subject 10
The quality and strength of these acessories should be as
required by the contract documents, bt he ing ences
should be provided in the plane of the op chord of the
patine members to prevent ea! buckling and rotation
‘ofthese support nd o maintain the required tension in he
exible for,
Paper or metal ferme wed to form voids in concrete
«contusion should be properly placed and anchre to the
‘infercement and t side or deck foms with wire is or
‘ther approved method t prevent displacement ar Noa.
Yin ding placing of concrete. Water sould be prevented
om entering voids. Where wate itusons possible, weep
holes shouldbe provide o reduce etrapment of water
9.34 Defketons—The vertical and ral detections of
(he permancn frmbawean mppart under the load of fies
aer should be investigated by the engineer rie.
Tampa supports, such shoring and singer, should
tbe specified, if necessary 10 keep deflection within desired
tolerances
9.4—Forms for prestressed concrete construction
9a Discusion The enginerärchiect should ind
cate in the contact document ny special requirements fe
prestressed concrete conduction
TE may Le necessary to provide appropriate mens of
Jowerng ce removing the frmvork before fl press is.
pli to prevent damage Pretensioning o posesion
‘strand, cables, rds an be done with or witht side
forms of the member in place as discussed in 942 Boton
forms and sporting hores or falso should remain in
place unt the manberis capable of spportingis dead oad
nd anal consti foods, as wel as any fome
Cried y hemenber
“The concrete placement sequence for cran sucres
shoul lo be plnned so that concrete snot jected lo
ending rss casedby defection o fono
942 Design
942.1 Where the side forms cannot be convenienly
removed fom the boton or soft fon ater crete has
Set such forms shoud be designed wat ip joints or with
‘del panel and connection strength Far addaonal aa or
ending Toad that canbe superimposed an than durin the
pressing open
‘9.4.2.2 Sie om hat remain in place during the wafer
ofprestresing force shouldbe designed tale fer vertical
nd horzntl movement of the cat manber during he
pressing operation. The form shad be designed to
ize the rotin o elastic shrtning in the prestressing
operation. For example, sal farming component should
Ve planed or removal to relieve Load on side Forms as
well a 1 ciminate thir restant during pers In
Al ses, ih restant to sige of concret shold be
kept toa minimum, and the defections of members dueto
presrssing force ad the elastic deformation of forms oe
Fils should be considered inthe design ad removal
ofthe forms.
94.23 For reson of say when using postiensinel.
since elevated sabs, the contracter should be careful
do ensure that supporting shores donot ll out due 1 iting
ofthe lb during tensioning For large structures where the
man Core nahe = Cony
‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
ead load of the manber remains onthe fw ding
protresine, diplaement of the dead lead toward end
parts should be considered in design of the forms and
Shoring including sil ce hr Foundation suport
943 Construction accessories —Holdowm or pt
dou devices for deleted cables ce strands should be
provided in the casting bed or foms. All opens, fe,
tracks, and all ter tens required inthe contre werk
should be provided for inthe formwork. Bering pls,
Ancheage assemblies, pretresing ste, condi, tube
ecos, and lina devices show or specified 1 be st
in eonerte sould be accurately located with fome
templates and anchored remain within the tolerance
ven on contract documents. Quality and stent of thse
Acoustics should beas specified,
944 Toerances-Preseribed ranges of tolerances for
jobsite precast and patemanufsctured preca-prentenl
are members are given in ACT 117 and PCI MN.
135.00.
9AS Caring—Where necetary Lo allow cal tee of
forms, provisions should De mode t we acchemted ui
processes such as steam uring wean processing other
proved metals
9.46 Worker sfay Say shields shoud be provid
at end anchorages of prestesing eds a where necessary
forthe prtetin of workers a equipment apa possible
enge of presea strands, cables, o other asbl
ing pri or eating operation
3:5—Forms for site precasting
951 Dicuston-Fonm fo ste pecasing ae used fe
precas concrete ns at can be eier lal er nn-ond
Being member fe ruca er achitecural ses
982 Consrcton Eva races ay shuld be wed
when exposed metal e lin pocas resulting fom the
"i of metal es would present a objectionable appearance.
To ensure unie of appearances he cast members
cr units, particulary in adjacent uns where differences
eure, color, or both, would be visible, cre should be
taken tha tbe contact surfaces of forms or form ier at of
ifm qual and texte.
Fm oil Constan if requzed) should be split
uniformly and in accordance with manufacture” econ
mendations for his particular elas of werk.
98.3 AccessorienIipariclcy importas inthis class
‘of wok that positive and raid devices be used to sre
proper location a reinfreement All openings. cos,
fs, inserts, hi sings, and connection device regret
beset in concrete shoo be accurately located and such,
anche in the mur
"The fished surfaces of manbars should be fee of lit
rings and oler erection tame where will be exposed,
interes fe proper plains pres members o er
material, er De subject 10 comosin. Such tems should
be removed o that no remaining metal willbe subject 10
The quality and strength of these acessories should be as
required by the contract documents, bt he ing ences
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) =
(er accesories no called for inthe contrac document are
"responsible contractor
9:54 Tolerances—Preseibed. tolerances fer precast.
concret construcion ae lied in ACT 17.
9.55 Removal of forms Prec membre ens should
removed fem Fans only afer the concrete has reached
‘specified strength, as dtemincd bythe el-cured tert
‘nds or beams and job history of concrete curing
Where required o allow ea reuse of om, provi
sions canbe made to use acccerated cing processes such
as steam cing o oir approved methods. Methods of
iting preas units from fome shoul be approved by the
engines architect
9.5—Use of precast concrete for forms
3:64 Discussion —Preas concrete panes or mods have
‘en used as forms for eastanplace and precast coreo,
ihr as pamanentfomns integrated fers, o a remor
able eusable fom. They have ben use for bth si
Wal and arditectral concrete, designed as stuctually
compost withthe catinplace material or to provide a
‘esd quality of outer surface and, in some cases. to save
‘ath ofthese purposes Concrete farm uns can be plain.
reinfeced, ar prestressed, and ether cat in the factory or
‘at the jb site The most common use of precast concrete
Ton units has been Fr clevated sabs ating composta
whopping concret, sin bridge and commercial e nt
‘onl euren. Precast ais are also common as
round holding systems in tunneling and as say-iplce
Fons for rehabilitation of navigation lock vall Match
‘ting à proces where a previously cast elemen sed
as ie ulead fr the casting ofa subsequent leman to
‘seta fit Match esting is en used inthe proses of
‘sting unis for segmental ride construcion
9462 Design
9462.1 Responsibly for design-—Where the iterated
fom sto at compost wilh the snuchre carte, the
om pare should be designed by the engineer.
‘who should ao india what ational etemal support
À required for the permanent foams. For pennanet forms
intended to achieve a dested wehtechral fest, the
isinsirchieet can speci surface fish and desired
mine thickness of achtectral material. Design and
layout of temporary forms ad supporting systems should
normal Le the responsibility af the fomnvork engines
9422 Connections Comet dei should. be
planed to overcome problems o mating precast members
Lo eachother and tothe existing er est-nplacestocture
3.623 Honing concrete fom to concrete structure —
"fective Bond betwech precast frm unit and ie concrete
niche is essential and cm be achieved by 1) peca
eat, such ar arooving or soushenis the fom face
in conte wit he structure concrete, 2) use o anchoring
devices estenlin aros he interface between fer panel
and structure conecte 3) à combination of ems 1 and
2 and 4) use of pain-on cr spray-on bending chemical
ten Cano haere ewe on
Lifting hooks ina frm uit cn be designed o serve also as
ches or shear coms
9.524 Code reguiromener—Precst einer ers wed
in composite design wih casi place conca in buildings
shouldbe designed in accordance wh ACT S13.
9.63 During and er concrete placement
9.631 Vibraion—Thoxough consolidation of stas
concrete regret preven vols ta would inter he
band ofthe frm to sure concrete, but sufi cre
should be used to prevent damage of concret panes by
sit with bte.
9632 Protection of aclatectra insh Cure should be
taken to ave iling frech conce on exposed suface,
nd any spilled or leaked concrete should be thorohly
removed befre it has hardened. Mtr concrete placement,
protein of precast architectural concret form acings
may need to be idee
8:7--Forms for concrete placed under water
"92.1 Discussion The are two basic agpronches tothe
problem of placing concrete under wate the corte can
be mixed in the cnventioal manner and then placed by
special methods, rte replaced agree malo canbe
wen
Th the Bist approach, plement can be made by either
pump. indanvater Duck, cr mie The wie ia see
Pipe upended vertically inthe water wih hopper attached
to the upper end above the wer face. The lower end of
‘he pipe, wii an gjetable pl, extends 10 th baton af
the are where concrete is toe placed. This pipe scared
wil conree rm the suce Once the pipe i fled
wih concrete iis kept A and its Batam shuld be kept
immense inthe fresh cone
In the seco approach, the forms are filed with couse
“gara, which then grate otha the void round the
“sarge ar led, as dncued in 9 1, The re tro
Ace ot hebt and the waters pc pad asthe
rout rise.
972 Underwater bucket and temic
9.72.1 Design Forms for underwater concrete place
ment are designed with the same consideration as
her forms covered in 2, excep thatthe day o the
‘uber concrete can be reduce by the weit of the
‘water placed, Because offre loca reses that can
develop de tothe head of oncrt in the wie, ie ca
tin af the temic and posible resting Toads onthe form
should be evaluate by experienced personne. Ignoring the
cts ofsulmergene vil result in a practical conservative
design that is sturdy enough to withstand he extra ges of
ndenvatr conditions
ln tial zones, fons shouldbe designed for the lowest
posible water level. Changes in constuction schedules
an transfonn a plamed submerged placement to one made
hove water, tus lsingthe fing water resi
97.22 Contracion -Underwaer forms should be bit
on te suce in age wits because al posting and
fing when done under water by divers is slow and co
For his rensn, Foundations shuld be Kept spe shape,
God
(er accesories no called for inthe contrac document are
"responsible contractor
9:54 Tolerances—Preseibed. tolerances fer precast.
concret construcion ae lied in ACT 17.
9.55 Removal of forms Prec membre ens should
removed fem Fans only afer the concrete has reached
‘specified strength, as dtemincd bythe el-cured tert
‘nds or beams and job history of concrete curing
Where required o allow ea reuse of om, provi
sions canbe made to use acccerated cing processes such
as steam cing o oir approved methods. Methods of
iting preas units from fome shoul be approved by the
engines architect
9.5—Use of precast concrete for forms
3:64 Discussion —Preas concrete panes or mods have
‘en used as forms for eastanplace and precast coreo,
ihr as pamanentfomns integrated fers, o a remor
able eusable fom. They have ben use for bth si
Wal and arditectral concrete, designed as stuctually
compost withthe catinplace material or to provide a
‘esd quality of outer surface and, in some cases. to save
‘ath ofthese purposes Concrete farm uns can be plain.
reinfeced, ar prestressed, and ether cat in the factory or
‘at the jb site The most common use of precast concrete
Ton units has been Fr clevated sabs ating composta
whopping concret, sin bridge and commercial e nt
‘onl euren. Precast ais are also common as
round holding systems in tunneling and as say-iplce
Fons for rehabilitation of navigation lock vall Match
‘ting à proces where a previously cast elemen sed
as ie ulead fr the casting ofa subsequent leman to
‘seta fit Match esting is en used inthe proses of
‘sting unis for segmental ride construcion
9462 Design
9462.1 Responsibly for design-—Where the iterated
fom sto at compost wilh the snuchre carte, the
om pare should be designed by the engineer.
‘who should ao india what ational etemal support
À required for the permanent foams. For pennanet forms
intended to achieve a dested wehtechral fest, the
isinsirchieet can speci surface fish and desired
mine thickness of achtectral material. Design and
layout of temporary forms ad supporting systems should
normal Le the responsibility af the fomnvork engines
9422 Connections Comet dei should. be
planed to overcome problems o mating precast members
Lo eachother and tothe existing er est-nplacestocture
3.623 Honing concrete fom to concrete structure —
"fective Bond betwech precast frm unit and ie concrete
niche is essential and cm be achieved by 1) peca
eat, such ar arooving or soushenis the fom face
in conte wit he structure concrete, 2) use o anchoring
devices estenlin aros he interface between fer panel
and structure conecte 3) à combination of ems 1 and
2 and 4) use of pain-on cr spray-on bending chemical
ten Cano haere ewe on
Lifting hooks ina frm uit cn be designed o serve also as
ches or shear coms
9.524 Code reguiromener—Precst einer ers wed
in composite design wih casi place conca in buildings
shouldbe designed in accordance wh ACT S13.
9.63 During and er concrete placement
9.631 Vibraion—Thoxough consolidation of stas
concrete regret preven vols ta would inter he
band ofthe frm to sure concrete, but sufi cre
should be used to prevent damage of concret panes by
sit with bte.
9632 Protection of aclatectra insh Cure should be
taken to ave iling frech conce on exposed suface,
nd any spilled or leaked concrete should be thorohly
removed befre it has hardened. Mtr concrete placement,
protein of precast architectural concret form acings
may need to be idee
8:7--Forms for concrete placed under water
"92.1 Discussion The are two basic agpronches tothe
problem of placing concrete under wate the corte can
be mixed in the cnventioal manner and then placed by
special methods, rte replaced agree malo canbe
wen
Th the Bist approach, plement can be made by either
pump. indanvater Duck, cr mie The wie ia see
Pipe upended vertically inthe water wih hopper attached
to the upper end above the wer face. The lower end of
‘he pipe, wii an gjetable pl, extends 10 th baton af
the are where concrete is toe placed. This pipe scared
wil conree rm the suce Once the pipe i fled
wih concrete iis kept A and its Batam shuld be kept
immense inthe fresh cone
In the seco approach, the forms are filed with couse
“gara, which then grate otha the void round the
“sarge ar led, as dncued in 9 1, The re tro
Ace ot hebt and the waters pc pad asthe
rout rise.
972 Underwater bucket and temic
9.72.1 Design Forms for underwater concrete place
ment are designed with the same consideration as
her forms covered in 2, excep thatthe day o the
‘uber concrete can be reduce by the weit of the
‘water placed, Because offre loca reses that can
develop de tothe head of oncrt in the wie, ie ca
tin af the temic and posible resting Toads onthe form
should be evaluate by experienced personne. Ignoring the
cts ofsulmergene vil result in a practical conservative
design that is sturdy enough to withstand he extra ges of
ndenvatr conditions
ln tial zones, fons shouldbe designed for the lowest
posible water level. Changes in constuction schedules
an transfonn a plamed submerged placement to one made
hove water, tus lsingthe fing water resi
97.22 Contracion -Underwaer forms should be bit
on te suce in age wits because al posting and
fing when done under water by divers is slow and co
For his rensn, Foundations shuld be Kept spe shape,
God
uno,
a ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
sau foams shouldbe re of complex bracing and conn
tien details. Thrash, which could inefre with the
cence placing, should be avoided. Fores impored eu
preassembled fos during iting sould be considered i
the fon desen
Forme should be carey ited sud secre to aient
material or costuctin 1 void os of mtr nde prs-
sure developed I thre is ny water cure How pas he
fon small openings in the orm sould he avole a they
vw pant washing or scouring ofthe ich concrete
‘When tis intended to pemit concrete to oval the
fom and credit off to grade, is sei hat the Fam
is posiioned tothe proper grade and is dete so tat he
vero will no imite wäh the proposed method and
‘devices for tipping.
"Form shold be weil deta, and sch dais shoud be
scrupuslyfllowedo that dive arpleyedtoremovethe
{oan can via an plan her work before descending.
Muse ms cn hve special devices fr postioning
fan em above water and special stripping devices, such as
Hyd ja ht pt reci orn ot ice
973 Proplaced aggregate
9.734 Design—The fomnwk shuld be designed with
‘he same considerations as mentioned previously m 912
197.32 Constrction Nx important ensure tha sil it
sched fom the forms because it cakes the void nthe
“war and interferes wth he How of grout Sil, if eft
big tothe agree, can rece the bond betwen he
rara andthe et
“The mrpection ofthe forms Deore concret placement
should ver tat the perimeters the foams ae elective
Scaled again the leakage of grout o the intrusion of silt
he ies,
CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES
Commitee document are listed ist document mnber
sau year of publication followed by aubered documents
listed alpaca
American Concrete ns
ACI 17-10—Spevifction foe Tolerances fr Concrete
‘Constustion and Materials and Commentary
“ACI 207 1R-0S~Guide to Mass Concrete Reapproved
2012)
‘ACI224R.01—Contol of Crackin Coeree nes
Gexpproved 2008)
‘ACI 228 1R-05~tn-Plae Methods to Estimate Concrete
Suen
"ACI 257R-07—Sel-Consoliating Concrete
“ACI 301-10- specications or Sutra Concrete
‘ACL 303R-12-—Guide to. CastavPlace Arciechral
Concrete Practice
“ACT 301 1R:92—Guide for Use of Prelace- Agrega
Concrete fr Sutra! and Mas Concreto Applications
‘ACT 3042R-96-Placng Concrete y Pumping Methods
Geagproved 2008)
‘ACI S0SR-10-Guie to Hot Weather Concrting
ACH SOSR-10-— Guide 1 Cold Weather Core
nae Con ni
ACI 308.2R98—Ideificstion and Control of Visible
[fect of Consolation cn Formed Concrete Surfaces
Reapproved 2009)
ACTA AR-OS Guide for Concrete Inspection
‘ACI 318:97-Standard Price for Design and
constuction of Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes or
String Granular Materials
‘ACT I8¢11—Building Code Requirements for Strat
‘conrete and Commentary
‘ACL 332IR-06—Guide to Residanial Concrete
constuction
‘ACI 334 1R:92—Conerte Shel Statues Practice and
Commentary Reapproved 2002)
“ACIST2R-05— Design and Construction of Ciel Wire
snd Stand Wrapped restessed Concrete Sauces
‘ACI S73R:97 Design and Cention of Circular
ssl Concrete Ses with Örcumfernal Fenda
"ACL M72R0S—Guide Tor. ShoringReshoing af
Concrete Mulisery Buildings
"ACL 347 3Rs13 Guide fer Fonned Concrete Surfaces
‘Act SP-207) Manual of Concrete Inspection
“ACI SP Fame for Concrete seventh ein
‘ACLSP-34 Concrete for Nuclear Reactrs
American nai of St Construction
‘AIS 325-1 Steel Construction Manu
American rm ad Steel tie
‘AISI 10008 ~Cold-Fermed Ste Design Manual
American National Standards Instat
ANSI A481-1986—Fars fr One-Way Concrete Joist
conan
‘ANSI A482-1986—Fonns for TwoWay Concrete Joist
Conocio
‘ANSI A208 1-2000—Pattileboad
American Soviet of Chi Engineers
ASCEISEI 710 Minimum Devan Load for Bui
and Othe Structures
ASCESEL 37-02 —Design Loads en Structures during
‘constuction
ne
American Wood Come
ANSUANIC NDS-2012—Natinal Design Speciation
for Wood Const
AP The Engineered Wood Assocation
‘APADDS10-2012-Pane Design Specction
APA V3152012—DesigConsruction Guide: Concrete
Faming
APA YS10-1998—Plywood Design Specification
ASTM Intemational
ASTM AM46-741981)—Standard Specification fer Sec
Shea, Zine-Coted Galvanized) by the Ho-Dip Proc,
Stal Physica Quai
O ne nome
a ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
sau foams shouldbe re of complex bracing and conn
tien details. Thrash, which could inefre with the
cence placing, should be avoided. Fores impored eu
preassembled fos during iting sould be considered i
the fon desen
Forme should be carey ited sud secre to aient
material or costuctin 1 void os of mtr nde prs-
sure developed I thre is ny water cure How pas he
fon small openings in the orm sould he avole a they
vw pant washing or scouring ofthe ich concrete
‘When tis intended to pemit concrete to oval the
fom and credit off to grade, is sei hat the Fam
is posiioned tothe proper grade and is dete so tat he
vero will no imite wäh the proposed method and
‘devices for tipping.
"Form shold be weil deta, and sch dais shoud be
scrupuslyfllowedo that dive arpleyedtoremovethe
{oan can via an plan her work before descending.
Muse ms cn hve special devices fr postioning
fan em above water and special stripping devices, such as
Hyd ja ht pt reci orn ot ice
973 Proplaced aggregate
9.734 Design—The fomnwk shuld be designed with
‘he same considerations as mentioned previously m 912
197.32 Constrction Nx important ensure tha sil it
sched fom the forms because it cakes the void nthe
“war and interferes wth he How of grout Sil, if eft
big tothe agree, can rece the bond betwen he
rara andthe et
“The mrpection ofthe forms Deore concret placement
should ver tat the perimeters the foams ae elective
Scaled again the leakage of grout o the intrusion of silt
he ies,
CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES
Commitee document are listed ist document mnber
sau year of publication followed by aubered documents
listed alpaca
American Concrete ns
ACI 17-10—Spevifction foe Tolerances fr Concrete
‘Constustion and Materials and Commentary
“ACI 207 1R-0S~Guide to Mass Concrete Reapproved
2012)
‘ACI224R.01—Contol of Crackin Coeree nes
Gexpproved 2008)
‘ACI 228 1R-05~tn-Plae Methods to Estimate Concrete
Suen
"ACI 257R-07—Sel-Consoliating Concrete
“ACI 301-10- specications or Sutra Concrete
‘ACL 303R-12-—Guide to. CastavPlace Arciechral
Concrete Practice
“ACT 301 1R:92—Guide for Use of Prelace- Agrega
Concrete fr Sutra! and Mas Concreto Applications
‘ACT 3042R-96-Placng Concrete y Pumping Methods
Geagproved 2008)
‘ACI S0SR-10-Guie to Hot Weather Concrting
ACH SOSR-10-— Guide 1 Cold Weather Core
nae Con ni
ACI 308.2R98—Ideificstion and Control of Visible
[fect of Consolation cn Formed Concrete Surfaces
Reapproved 2009)
ACTA AR-OS Guide for Concrete Inspection
‘ACI 318:97-Standard Price for Design and
constuction of Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes or
String Granular Materials
‘ACT I8¢11—Building Code Requirements for Strat
‘conrete and Commentary
‘ACL 332IR-06—Guide to Residanial Concrete
constuction
‘ACI 334 1R:92—Conerte Shel Statues Practice and
Commentary Reapproved 2002)
“ACIST2R-05— Design and Construction of Ciel Wire
snd Stand Wrapped restessed Concrete Sauces
‘ACI S73R:97 Design and Cention of Circular
ssl Concrete Ses with Örcumfernal Fenda
"ACL M72R0S—Guide Tor. ShoringReshoing af
Concrete Mulisery Buildings
"ACL 347 3Rs13 Guide fer Fonned Concrete Surfaces
‘Act SP-207) Manual of Concrete Inspection
“ACI SP Fame for Concrete seventh ein
‘ACLSP-34 Concrete for Nuclear Reactrs
American nai of St Construction
‘AIS 325-1 Steel Construction Manu
American rm ad Steel tie
‘AISI 10008 ~Cold-Fermed Ste Design Manual
American National Standards Instat
ANSI A481-1986—Fars fr One-Way Concrete Joist
conan
‘ANSI A482-1986—Fonns for TwoWay Concrete Joist
Conocio
‘ANSI A208 1-2000—Pattileboad
American Soviet of Chi Engineers
ASCEISEI 710 Minimum Devan Load for Bui
and Othe Structures
ASCESEL 37-02 —Design Loads en Structures during
‘constuction
ne
American Wood Come
ANSUANIC NDS-2012—Natinal Design Speciation
for Wood Const
AP The Engineered Wood Assocation
‘APADDS10-2012-Pane Design Specction
APA V3152012—DesigConsruction Guide: Concrete
Faming
APA YS10-1998—Plywood Design Specification
ASTM Intemational
ASTM AM46-741981)—Standard Specification fer Sec
Shea, Zine-Coted Galvanized) by the Ho-Dip Proc,
Stal Physica Quai
O ne nome
SuDE TO FORIAWORK FOR CONCRETE (ACISER-8) ss
ASTM CIGLLICIGLIM-09 Standard Test Method for
‘hn Flow of SelComoliding Conte
Canadian Standards Assocation
(CSA-O86M-81-Basincering Design in Wood
Deushes st fr Normung
DIN 182182010-01-Frehbetandnck, au Lotte
Schalungen Presure of Fresh Concrete on Verical
Fever)
Proce Prestressed Concrete tine
MNL 135.00—Telerance Manus for Precat and
‘Prestressed Congreie Consmution
Scaffolding, Shoring, and Forming tite
SH 01-05 —Horizotal Shore Beam Say Rules
SH 30100 —Reconmendel. Frame Shoring. Erection
recede
US. Deparment of Commerce, National Insite of
andante and Techologs
PSI-09-—Constration and Industrial Piywood
PS20-10—Perfomamce Standard or. Wood-Based
Star Panels
US. Deparment of Labor Occupational Safety and
Health Admnisiaion
OSHA 1926-07—Safey and Heath Regulations for
contuction|
‘Authored references
ACI Cmnitee 622, 1987, “Foon Construction Prc-
tice” ACH Journal Proceedings, Y. 3, No. 1, Juno, ph.
nos
ACI Cummitee 622, 1988, “Presas on Feamwvotk
ACK Journal Proceedings, 58,No. 2 Aug. 99. 178.190.
Agana, Rand Garde N J, 1974, "Form and Shore
‘Requirements for Muistery Fo Sab Type Buildings" ACT
uma Proceedings... No IL, Not. pp. 59-569.
Ameria Taste of Timer Construc, 201, Ter
Construction Mana, sch edition, John Wiley & Sons,
[New York, spp
American Wood Council, 2012, Wood Frame Construc
ion Manual, Leen VA.
Bam, JM, and Jason, D, W, 1999, "Modifican
Factor fr Improved Prediction of Fresh Concrete Lateral
Presurs on Fervork” Instit of Construction, Départ
ma of Civil Engineering. North Carolia State Universi,
DW, 200, “Fresh Concrete
Late PresunconFonmwork.” Proceeding ofthe ASCE-CI
Construction Research Congres, SPP.
British Cement Associaton, 199, “HiRib Permanent
Fomwak Tas" Report and Appendix RELOSL OL
BCA, Slough, UK, Feb 22 pp. sd uy, 9 pp
Bayer. Frey. K and Pollok, KC, 2006, Design
of Wood Srucures sein, MeGran HN 1028 pp
Ac Conc ste = Orr econ o
Clear, CA and Hamisn,T. A. 1985, "Concreto Pres
sure on Formwork” CIRIA Report No, 108, Construction
Indusuy Resewch and Information Association, London,
UK. 32 9p.
CRSI, 2009, Maman of Standard Practice, 28 eon,
‘Concrete Reinforcing Sel stitute Score I. 144 p.
DIN Standard on Fonmvork Prestes Updated” 2010
Concrete Itematonal, Y 32,No. 6 June, pp. 272,
‘Danson, PS Johnson, D. Wand McCain, P P, 1994,
“Form Presures in Tall Walls with Extended Set
Concrete" Concrete International V. 16, No. 11, NO PB
263,
Gardner NJ, 1980, Presur of Conerte against Fon
wa," ACI Journal Proceedings, V.7, No 4 Jay Au.
pp 279.286
‘Gardner N 3,191, “icusion en “Presse of Concrete
Against Fond" ACI Journal Proceedings. V. 78, No
5. May June, pp. 243-246,
Gardner, N 1, 1985, “ese of Conte on Fenn
work A Review.” ACI Journal Proceedings, V $2. No. 5,
bang, pp, 744753,
Gardner. N. 4, and Ho, P TJ, 1979, “Lateral Presse
‘of Fresh Concrete” ACH Journal Proceedings, N 7,0.
Jus pp 808-820,
Gardner, N 1: Kell; Quatococe Rand Charito.
6. 2012, “Field Investigation of Fonmwrrk Pressure using
SaifCoosoidating Conerete” Concrete International, V 34,
No. Jan, pp 41-47.
Grundy. P. and Kabaila,A., 193." Construction Loads an
Slabs with Shaved Fomor in Mist Buildings” ACT
Journal Proceedings, W 0, No. 12, Dec, pp. 1729-1738
urd, M. K 1993, "Nounsallic Form Ties.” Concrete
Construction. ¥ 38 No. 10, pp. 95-69,
Hurd, MU K, 1994, “Paste Fom Lines." Concrete
Construction V 39, No. M, Not, pp. 817.853
Hurd, M KL, 1996 “Choosing and Using a Farm Release
Agent.” Concrete Construction, WA, No. 10, pp. 732736.
Hurd, M. K 19978. “Using. Glass Fibe-Reinforced>
Platie Forms” Concrete Construction, V. 42, No. 9, pp.
on
Hurd, M. K, 1997, “Expand Your Faming Options
Concrete Consracton.V. 42, No.9, Sept pp. RES.
Johan D. W. 2010, “Feld Meastrement of Concrete
Later Prevsrein Formwork" Proceedings of ASCECÍ
Construction Research Congress, pp. 1335-1344,
Jolnnon. D.W: Kal, KB; and Philips, JB, 1989,
-Fommak resus in Tall and Thick Concrete Wall”
Journal of Consruction Engineering und. Manage-
iment. VS, No 3, Sept, pp. 444t61. dl: 10.1061/
SCHOTT
haya. KHL. and Omran... 201. "Fil Vacation
‘of Ferra Pressure Prediction Model” Concrete ner.
atonal, V. 38, No.6 Jan, pp 3-39
Lange. D. A: Birch. B: Menschen J: Liv, VS: Teed
Daminez,F; and Stuble,L. 1, 2008, “Modeling Fo
war Pressure of SCC." Proceedings ofthe I North Amer
Ivan Conference on Design and Use of Sel Consolidating
Concrete SCC2008), ERP.
God
ASTM CIGLLICIGLIM-09 Standard Test Method for
‘hn Flow of SelComoliding Conte
Canadian Standards Assocation
(CSA-O86M-81-Basincering Design in Wood
Deushes st fr Normung
DIN 182182010-01-Frehbetandnck, au Lotte
Schalungen Presure of Fresh Concrete on Verical
Fever)
Proce Prestressed Concrete tine
MNL 135.00—Telerance Manus for Precat and
‘Prestressed Congreie Consmution
Scaffolding, Shoring, and Forming tite
SH 01-05 —Horizotal Shore Beam Say Rules
SH 30100 —Reconmendel. Frame Shoring. Erection
recede
US. Deparment of Commerce, National Insite of
andante and Techologs
PSI-09-—Constration and Industrial Piywood
PS20-10—Perfomamce Standard or. Wood-Based
Star Panels
US. Deparment of Labor Occupational Safety and
Health Admnisiaion
OSHA 1926-07—Safey and Heath Regulations for
contuction|
‘Authored references
ACI Cmnitee 622, 1987, “Foon Construction Prc-
tice” ACH Journal Proceedings, Y. 3, No. 1, Juno, ph.
nos
ACI Cummitee 622, 1988, “Presas on Feamwvotk
ACK Journal Proceedings, 58,No. 2 Aug. 99. 178.190.
Agana, Rand Garde N J, 1974, "Form and Shore
‘Requirements for Muistery Fo Sab Type Buildings" ACT
uma Proceedings... No IL, Not. pp. 59-569.
Ameria Taste of Timer Construc, 201, Ter
Construction Mana, sch edition, John Wiley & Sons,
[New York, spp
American Wood Council, 2012, Wood Frame Construc
ion Manual, Leen VA.
Bam, JM, and Jason, D, W, 1999, "Modifican
Factor fr Improved Prediction of Fresh Concrete Lateral
Presurs on Fervork” Instit of Construction, Départ
ma of Civil Engineering. North Carolia State Universi,
DW, 200, “Fresh Concrete
Late PresunconFonmwork.” Proceeding ofthe ASCE-CI
Construction Research Congres, SPP.
British Cement Associaton, 199, “HiRib Permanent
Fomwak Tas" Report and Appendix RELOSL OL
BCA, Slough, UK, Feb 22 pp. sd uy, 9 pp
Bayer. Frey. K and Pollok, KC, 2006, Design
of Wood Srucures sein, MeGran HN 1028 pp
Ac Conc ste = Orr econ o
Clear, CA and Hamisn,T. A. 1985, "Concreto Pres
sure on Formwork” CIRIA Report No, 108, Construction
Indusuy Resewch and Information Association, London,
UK. 32 9p.
CRSI, 2009, Maman of Standard Practice, 28 eon,
‘Concrete Reinforcing Sel stitute Score I. 144 p.
DIN Standard on Fonmvork Prestes Updated” 2010
Concrete Itematonal, Y 32,No. 6 June, pp. 272,
‘Danson, PS Johnson, D. Wand McCain, P P, 1994,
“Form Presures in Tall Walls with Extended Set
Concrete" Concrete International V. 16, No. 11, NO PB
263,
Gardner NJ, 1980, Presur of Conerte against Fon
wa," ACI Journal Proceedings, V.7, No 4 Jay Au.
pp 279.286
‘Gardner N 3,191, “icusion en “Presse of Concrete
Against Fond" ACI Journal Proceedings. V. 78, No
5. May June, pp. 243-246,
Gardner, N 1, 1985, “ese of Conte on Fenn
work A Review.” ACI Journal Proceedings, V $2. No. 5,
bang, pp, 744753,
Gardner. N. 4, and Ho, P TJ, 1979, “Lateral Presse
‘of Fresh Concrete” ACH Journal Proceedings, N 7,0.
Jus pp 808-820,
Gardner, N 1: Kell; Quatococe Rand Charito.
6. 2012, “Field Investigation of Fonmwrrk Pressure using
SaifCoosoidating Conerete” Concrete International, V 34,
No. Jan, pp 41-47.
Grundy. P. and Kabaila,A., 193." Construction Loads an
Slabs with Shaved Fomor in Mist Buildings” ACT
Journal Proceedings, W 0, No. 12, Dec, pp. 1729-1738
urd, M. K 1993, "Nounsallic Form Ties.” Concrete
Construction. ¥ 38 No. 10, pp. 95-69,
Hurd, MU K, 1994, “Paste Fom Lines." Concrete
Construction V 39, No. M, Not, pp. 817.853
Hurd, M KL, 1996 “Choosing and Using a Farm Release
Agent.” Concrete Construction, WA, No. 10, pp. 732736.
Hurd, M. K 19978. “Using. Glass Fibe-Reinforced>
Platie Forms” Concrete Construction, V. 42, No. 9, pp.
on
Hurd, M. K, 1997, “Expand Your Faming Options
Concrete Consracton.V. 42, No.9, Sept pp. RES.
Johan D. W. 2010, “Feld Meastrement of Concrete
Later Prevsrein Formwork" Proceedings of ASCECÍ
Construction Research Congress, pp. 1335-1344,
Jolnnon. D.W: Kal, KB; and Philips, JB, 1989,
-Fommak resus in Tall and Thick Concrete Wall”
Journal of Consruction Engineering und. Manage-
iment. VS, No 3, Sept, pp. 444t61. dl: 10.1061/
SCHOTT
haya. KHL. and Omran... 201. "Fil Vacation
‘of Ferra Pressure Prediction Model” Concrete ner.
atonal, V. 38, No.6 Jan, pp 3-39
Lange. D. A: Birch. B: Menschen J: Liv, VS: Teed
Daminez,F; and Stuble,L. 1, 2008, “Modeling Fo
war Pressure of SCC." Proceedings ofthe I North Amer
Ivan Conference on Design and Use of Sel Consolidating
Concrete SCC2008), ERP.
God
OA
= ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Noble, J, 1978, “Stop Guesing at Reste Loads—
Measure Them," Concrete Consiucon, Y. 20, No. 7, pp.
277.280
Proske, T, and Graubne, C-A., 2008, "Fammvok Pres.
sure Using Sel. Conpacting Cort" Technische Univer:
it Dara, tia Massi, 25 pp.
Randall Jr, FA. and Courtes D, 1976, "Side Form
Spaces. ACI Journal Proceedings, V.73, No.2 Feb. ph
nein,
Smnisi, 5, cd, 1997, Engineered Wood Products: À
(Gi or Specifier, Designers, and Users, PES Reseach
Foundatcn, Madison, WI, 3809p.
Stee Joist Insite, 200, “Standard Specifications and
Load and Weight Tables fr Stel Joists an Joist Gide.”
Aud eden, Flarence, SC, 77pp.
nae Con na
Stivers, PC. and Halvorsen, GT, 1990, “Sharing!
Reshoring Operations for Multstory Buildings” ACT Src
tural Journal. 87, No.8, SEpt-04L. pp. 89-596
‘The Aluminum Association, 2010, Aluminum Design
Manual, finale, VA.
US. Department ol Agricule, 2010, Wood Handbook:
Woodasan Engineering Matera, General Technical Repo
FPL-GTR-190, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI,
508 pp. ww ed soci 190 par
Zivens, G. J. 1964, “A Study of Cardboard Void for
resressed Concrete Box Sls" PCI Journal, Y 9. No. 3.
pp 6693, and V9, No 4,99. 33-68
O NeT an rennen
= ‘GUIDE To FORUWORK FOR CONCRETE (AGISAR 14)
Noble, J, 1978, “Stop Guesing at Reste Loads—
Measure Them," Concrete Consiucon, Y. 20, No. 7, pp.
277.280
Proske, T, and Graubne, C-A., 2008, "Fammvok Pres.
sure Using Sel. Conpacting Cort" Technische Univer:
it Dara, tia Massi, 25 pp.
Randall Jr, FA. and Courtes D, 1976, "Side Form
Spaces. ACI Journal Proceedings, V.73, No.2 Feb. ph
nein,
Smnisi, 5, cd, 1997, Engineered Wood Products: À
(Gi or Specifier, Designers, and Users, PES Reseach
Foundatcn, Madison, WI, 3809p.
Stee Joist Insite, 200, “Standard Specifications and
Load and Weight Tables fr Stel Joists an Joist Gide.”
Aud eden, Flarence, SC, 77pp.
nae Con na
Stivers, PC. and Halvorsen, GT, 1990, “Sharing!
Reshoring Operations for Multstory Buildings” ACT Src
tural Journal. 87, No.8, SEpt-04L. pp. 89-596
‘The Aluminum Association, 2010, Aluminum Design
Manual, finale, VA.
US. Department ol Agricule, 2010, Wood Handbook:
Woodasan Engineering Matera, General Technical Repo
FPL-GTR-190, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI,
508 pp. ww ed soci 190 par
Zivens, G. J. 1964, “A Study of Cardboard Void for
resressed Concrete Box Sls" PCI Journal, Y 9. No. 3.
pp 6693, and V9, No 4,99. 33-68
O NeT an rennen
As ACL begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work ofall kinds and in
spreading knowledge." In Keeping with ths purpose, ACI supports the following activites:
‘Technical committeos that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.
Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of ts committee,
Educational seminars that disseminate relable Information on concrete
Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete Industry.
Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions,
Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.
Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.
Perfodicals: the ACT Structural Journal, Materials Journal, and Concrete International.
Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACL
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.
Asa member of ACI, you Join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share
a commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction,
and practices. In adéltion, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and
practitioners ata local leve.
American Concrete Institute
8800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: #1.248.848,3700
Fax: +1.248.818.3701
wwwconerete.org
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work ofall kinds and in
spreading knowledge." In Keeping with ths purpose, ACI supports the following activites:
‘Technical committeos that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.
Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of ts committee,
Educational seminars that disseminate relable Information on concrete
Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete Industry.
Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions,
Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.
Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.
Perfodicals: the ACT Structural Journal, Materials Journal, and Concrete International.
Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACL
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.
Asa member of ACI, you Join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share
a commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction,
and practices. In adéltion, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and
practitioners ata local leve.
American Concrete Institute
8800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: #1.248.848,3700
Fax: +1.248.818.3701
wwwconerete.org
‘American Concrete Institute
“Aways cavancing
‘The Amencan Concrete Instute (ACH sa leading authority and resource
worldwele for the development and distribution of consensus-based
standards and technical resources, educational programs, and certifications
for indwiduals and organaations involved in concrete design, construction,
‘and matenals who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete
indus nterested in the actes of ACI are encouraged to explore the
ACI webste for membership opportuntes, committee aciwtes, and a wide
variety of concrete resources As a volunteer member-drwen organzaton.
ACI nites partnerships and welcomes al conctete professionals who wish to
be partof respected, connected, social group that provides an opportunty
for professional grown, networking and enjoyment
“Aways cavancing
‘The Amencan Concrete Instute (ACH sa leading authority and resource
worldwele for the development and distribution of consensus-based
standards and technical resources, educational programs, and certifications
for indwiduals and organaations involved in concrete design, construction,
‘and matenals who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete
indus nterested in the actes of ACI are encouraged to explore the
ACI webste for membership opportuntes, committee aciwtes, and a wide
variety of concrete resources As a volunteer member-drwen organzaton.
ACI nites partnerships and welcomes al conctete professionals who wish to
be partof respected, connected, social group that provides an opportunty
for professional grown, networking and enjoyment
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