Acrylic fiber

jyoti pant ppt on acrylic

1. Presentation O n Acrylic Submitted by Jyoti pant M.sc. 1 st year I. D. 45827

2. Vinyl fibres Vinyl fibre are generally made from polymers or copolymers of substituted vinyl monomer. The major important fibres in this group is acrylic and mod-acrylic. However, because of their properties and applications, they are considered as separate class of fibres. 2

3. Important Vinyl Fibres Chemical name Common generic name Poly(acrylonitrile) Acrylic , Orlon Copolymers of polyacrylonitrile Modacrylic Poly Vinyl Alcohol Kuralon , Vinal Poly Vinyl Chloride Vinyon , Rhovyl Copolymers of polyvinylchloride Dynel , Cordelan Poly Vinylidene Chloride Saran, Velon Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene Teflon 3

4. Introduction The term acrylic is derived from the Latin word “Acryl” . It means bitter, irritating and is descriptive of the compound, acrylic acid. Acrylonitrile is chemically related to acrylic acid and the term acrylic is short for Polyacrylonitrile. The acrylic fibre is man-made . They are divided into two types: Polyacrylonitrile fibres generally referred to as the acrylic fibres. Modified Polyacrylonitrile fibres generally referred to as the mod-acrylic fibres. 4

5. Federal Trade Commission Definition Mod-Acrylic : A manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of less than 85 % but at least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile unit. Acrylic : A manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % by weight of acrylonitrile unit. 5

6. History Acrylic was made in G ermany by Moureu in 1893. Acrylonitrile undergo addition polymerisation readily, and polyacrylonitrile had been examined as a potential fibre- forming polymer during the late 1930’s. By 1945 , Du Pont were producing the world’s first polyacrylonitrile fibre which was provisionally named FIBER A. During the period 1955-60, polyacrylonitrile fibre plants began to spring up throughout the world. Germany, Japan, Belgium, Canada , France and Holland entered the polyacrylonitrile fibre production field. On 3 rd march 1960, polyacrylonitrile fibre were sub divided into two classes : acrylic and modacrylic fibre. 6

7. Polyacrylonitrile Fibre(PAN) Important fibres because of their ware feeling, bulky hand, good resiliency, high resistance and favourable aesthetic properties. Acrylonitrile is the raw material for PAN fibre. nCH 2 =CH CH 2 -CH CN CN n Fig : PAN 7

8. Acrylic Polymer system The main component of the acrylic polymer is the acrylonitrile monomer . It is a linear polymer, with a degree of polymerisation of about 2000 . This makes it about 500 nm long , with thickness ranging from 0.3nm at the methylene groups to about 0.53 nm at the nitrile groups. The acrylic polymer is one of the longest man made fibre polymer extruded to from a textile filament. 8

9. The Polymer system In acrylic polymer system has been considered that the nitrogen atoms of the nitrile side groups of the acrylic polymers have a slightly negative polarity . this would enable them to from hydrogen bonds with hydrogen atoms of the methylene groups on adjacent polymer. This consist of 70-80 % crystalline and 20 – 30 % amorphous. 9

10. MANUFACTURING OF ACRYLIC 10

11. Fibre Preparation a) Synthesis of the raw material i.e. acrylonitrile. b) Formation of polyacrylonitrile . c) Fibre formation. d) Stretching or orientation of the spun fibre. e) Washing f) drying 11

12. (1) PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRILE Three routes to prepare acrylonitrile. They are:- 1) Acetylene route 2) Ethylene route 3) Propylene route 12

13. Hydrogen cyanide is added to acetylene. CH CH+HCN CH 2 =CH-CN   1) Acetylene route Acetaldehyde+ HCN Lactonitrile CH 3 CHO + HCN CH 3 CHO HCN Lactonitrile Acrylonitrile CH 3 CHO+ HCN CH2 =CH-CN +H2O 2) Acetaldehyde route 13

14. 3)Propylene route This route involves oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia. CH2=CH-CH3+NH3+3O2 CH2=CH-CN+3H2O 14

15. (2) POLYMERISATION PROCESS Poly(acrylonitrile) can be polymerised from its monomer i.e., acrylonitrile by addition polymerisation process . The polymerisation is generally initiated by free radical initiators. The reactive radicals produced by decomposition of benzoyl peroxide and azo - bis - iso - butyo - nitrile (AIBN). Chain transfer agents added for termination. These agents serve as the end in the polymer and will help improving the dyeability of acrylic fibres. 15

16. I → I . I . + CH₂=CH-CN → I-CH₂-CH*-CN Initiation Propagation Termination nCH₂=CH-CN + I-CH₂- CH . -CN →I-│CH₂- CH-CN│n -CH ₂- CH . -CN RR’ + I-|CH₂-CH- CN | n-CH ₂- CH . -CN R . + I – |CH ₂-CH -CN | n+1–R’ 16

17. (3) Formation O f Polymer Acrylonitrile can be polymerised by any of the convectional processes in bulk, in emulsion, in suspension and in solution polymerisation. A schematic diagram of polymerisation process :- 17

18. 1. Bulk Polymerisation PAN is insoluble in its monomer. Benzoyl peroxide as well as many other azo or peroxy compounds can be used to introduce the polymerisation of acrylonitrile. The polymerisation condition is 30 - 60 at 5 atmosphere for one houre . Disadvantages : (1) reaction is exothermic. (2)This can not be used directly for spinning. (3)Due to formation of thick paste , removal of heat is difficult.   18

19. 2. Suspension Polymerisation This polymerisation of acrylonitrile is carried out by dispersing the monomer in water. Drops of monomer are suspended in water by violent stirring in the presence of organic or inorganic stabilisers. The stabilisers prevent the coalescence of the drops. At the end of the reaction, the drops of the monomer change into beads. Redox catalyst is used to initiate the polymerisation. Advantages : Removal of heat is better. The polymer is formed in a bead form. No surface active substance are used. Disadvantages : This process can not be used directly for spinning. Violent stirring is required. 19

20. Suspension Polymerisation 20

21. 3. Emulsion Polymerisation This polymerisation of acrylonitrile is carried out by dispersing the monomer in water . Here soluble catalysts are used. Hydrogen peroxide and thiourea are used as initiators. Also any chlorate, sulphate, redox compounds are used as a catalysts. At the initial stage, the polymerisation rate is proportional initiator concentration. Also, the polymerisation rate is proportional to the initial monomer concentration . Advantages : Removal of heat is better. Disadvantages: Surface active substance is required. The solution can not be used directly for spinning . 21

22. 4. Solution Polymerisation The solution polymerisation process, acrylonitrile is dissolved with the acid of a solution solvent. The solvent can de organic or inorganic. The initiator is generally Azobis - iso - butyro -nitrile (AIBM). The reaction temperature is around 50˚C. here the initiator rate is independent of monomer. The termination can occur by combination of two growing polymeric radicals which form an inactive polymer molecule. Advantages: The polymerisation solution obtained can be used directly for spinning. A lower investment. Minimum process is required 22

23. (4) SPINNING Dope is prepared by adding a solvent called Dimethyl formamide . Wet spinning is done, fiber are solified by coagulation. Coagulation has both 52 percent DMF and 48 percent water.  23

24. Fibre S pinning Melt spinning Dry Spinning Wet Spinning Solution Spinning 24

25. In dry spinning, DMF(di-methyl-form-amide) is generally used as the solvent. First, a solution is prepared of 20-30% by weight of polymer. This solution should then be filtered and deaerated at a reduced pressure to eliminate foreign substances . It is fed through a special kind of screw or gear pump to a spinnerette with 200-600 holes at 80-150˚C. The filament coming form the spinnerette go through a column in which air circulates at 230-260 . The boiling temperature of DMF is 153 . So , DMF evaporates, resulting in the desired solidification. The filament is then collected in take-up rollers. The schematic diagram of dry spinning is shown:   1. Dry S pinning 25

26. cont... Advantages : Considerably higher spinning speed those which can be attained by wet spinning. A greater percentage of solids can be tolerated in spinning solution. The solution can be spun at higher temperature. The solvent is removed to greater extent by evaporation into air. Disadvantages: Due to large amount of heat, it can effect adversely the properties of the produced filaments. It may give a colour effect. Turbulence in air flow can disturb the regular filament. 26

27. 2. Wet Spinning In wet spinning, the filtered polymer solution is send to the spinnerette with 1000-3000 holes . The fundamental factors of the wet spinning process consist in the selection of the solvent , the coagulant and coagulation conditions. The coagulant must not dissolve the polymer but should only extract the solvent from the filament, which comes out of the spinnerette . Various substances are used as solvents like water ,glycol , butyl alcohol , aqueous salt solution like calcium chloride, and solvent used for dissolving the polymer like DMF, DMSO(di-methyl- sulf -oxide) . 27

28. Cont.. For inorganic salts, the diffusion rate of the solvents from the filaments is relatively low , so it is required to increase the length of time of the fibres in the coagulation bath . 28

29. Conti… Advantages: The finishing process ( stretching, cutting and crimping ) can be continuous. Disadvantages: Production rate is low. All the conditions for coagulation should be strictly used. 29

30. Comparison between dry and wet spinning process Properties Dry spinning Wet spinning Fibre cross-section Dog-bone shape Round or bean shaped Denier manufactured Fine denier Coarse denier Polymer concentration Higher,25-30% Lower,10-25% Spinning speeds Higher(200-500m/m) Lower (100-300m/min) Stretching and Post-spinning operation Batch continuous structural characteristics compact Micro porous and febrillar Spinnerette size smaller larger Polymer solution temperature 110-130˚C 18-25 Fibre formation Regular gelation Irregular before gelation Hazard potential High Low Properties Dry spinning Wet spinning Fibre cross-section Dog-bone shape Round or bean shaped Denier manufactured Fine denier Coarse denier Polymer concentration Higher,25-30% Lower,10-25% Spinning speeds Higher(200-500m/m) Lower (100-300m/min) Stretching and Post-spinning operation Batch continuous structural characteristics compact Micro porous and febrillar Spinnerette size smaller larger Polymer solution temperature 110-130˚C Fibre formation Regular gelation Irregular before gelation Hazard potential High Low 30

31. (5) DRAWING Drawing is done in stretching zone at 97º C temperature to provide orientation and elongation of fiber . 31

32. Stretching The yarn obtain from both dry and wet spinning processes still contain about 10% of solvent. The yarn must be washed after which they are submitted to a special stretching treatment for orientation to improve mechanical properties. Stretching can be carried out by passing yarns through rollers rotating at different speeds. The stretch ratio is usually 4.0 to 10.0 . Stretching is usually carried out by using the dry process at 80-100 with steam or hot water. After stretching , the yarns are treated with special oil to eliminate static properties as well as to improve the spinning properties. The configuration of polyacrylonitrile molecule is in helical form with a syndiotactic structure.   32

33. (6) WASHING Washing is done to remove any chemicals present and solvent is recovered and recycled to be used again. Temperature in washing one is 50˚ C to 70 ˚ C. 33

34. (7) DRYING Before drying lubricating and antistatic finishes are apply to the fiber. Filaments is passed through dryer for two purposes . Drying Stabilizing or freezing the structure of fiber so that it cannot change further. 34

35. 35

36. Modification O f T he Polymer A fibre consisting of 100% poly-acrylonitrile has certain difficulties. Which can be follows: Dyeing of the fibre The thermo-plasticity of the fibres Stretching and crimping operations and Less moisture absorption is less. Different types of comonomers are added during polymerisation of copolymerise with acrylonitrile. The second comonmer like methyl acrylate or vinyl acetate is used to modify the crystalline structure of polyacrylonitrile. It has no special functional so it helps to reduce the thermo-plasticity . The third additional co-monomer like ionic comonomers is also used in the polymerisation stage for dye-improvement. 36

37. T ypes O f A crylonitrile : 37

38. TYPES OF ACRYLIC 38

39. (1) Orlon (method of manufacture) It is complicated chemical synthesis. Acrylonitrile may made form acetylene or form ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), which is petroleum derivatives. When the ethylene is treated with hypochlorous acid( HOCl ),a chlorohydrin (C 2 H 5 ClO) is formed. The chlorohydrin (C 2 H 5 ClO) is reacted with sodium hydroxide( NaOH ) to form ethylene oxide (C 2 H 4 O). Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is added to the ethylene oxide (C 2 H 4 O), producing cyanoalcohol , which is dehydrated to yield acrylonitrile. The acrylonitrile is then polymerized into polyacrylonitrile resin, a long chain linear polymer. The polyacrylonitrile is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as dimethylformamide , and extruded through a spinneret . By the addition of a delusterant ,such as the one used for nylon, orlon is made semidull . After coagulation , the filaments are oriented and stabilized by streching . 39

40. Flow chart of the manufacturing process of orlon acrylic fibre: 40

41. (2) Manufacturing of acrilan The processing of acrilan is similar to that of orlon . Natural gas and air are combined to form ammonia . Ammonia and natural gas are combined to produce hydrocyanic acid . Natural gas at elevated temperatures produced acetylene that, when combined with hydrocyanic acid, produces acrylonitrile . Then the acrylonitrile is polymerised. This poly-acrylonitrile in powder form is dissolved by a suitable solvent and passed through spinnerets , and unlike orlon acrylic fibre(which is extruded into air where it hardens), acrilan fibres is formed in a coagulating bath to produce continuous filaments . The fibres, produced in semidull , bright or solution dyed varieties, are then washed , stretched, and crimped. Wet spinning is used. 41

42. Production of Acrilan acrylic fibre 42

43. (3) Manufacturing of creslan Creslan fiber is produced from a copolymer containing a high percentage of acrylonitrile. After polymerization , acrylonitrile copolymer is dissolved in a solvent , filtered and deaerated to form a spinning solution. A delustering agent may be added. The spinning solution is extruded through a spinneret into an aqueous bath from which it emerges as filament of 1.5 to 15 denier. Creslan fibre is produced in bright and semidull varieties as filament as filaments, tow, depending on processing needs. 43

44. (4) Method of manufacture zefran and zefkrome Zefran is a nitrile acrylic alloy produced with somewhat the same general procedure used in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers with modifications whereby a dye- receptive polymer is grafted to the acrylonitrile molecule. The copolymer alloy is extruded from spinneret as white, bright , or semi dull tow . It is stretched, crimped , and cut into staple lengths of 1.5 to 4.5 inches . Zefkrome : It is a variant of Zefran . Its primary difference in appearance is that the fiber has been impregnated with a predetermined color. 44

45. PROPERTIES ORLON ACRILAN CRESLAN ZEFRAN ZEFROME Strength Fair Fair Fair to good Good Good Abrasion resistance Fair Fair to good Fair Good Good Elasticity Low ; good extensibility for sayelle Low Low Low Low Absorbency Little Little Little Little Little Laundering care Varies ; requires care, use mild soap or detergent; may pill Launders readily ; some pilling may occur Easy care with mild soap; relatively pill resistance Easy care with mild soap; fair resistance to pilling Easy care with mild soap; good resistance to pilling Resistance to perspiration Good Good Good Good Good Resilience Very good Very good Excellent Excellent Excellent 45

46. Ironing temperature Moderately warm Moderately warm Moderately warm At rayon setting or slightly high At rayon setting or slightly high Shrinking Virtually none Virtually none Virtually none Virtually none Virtually none Household bleaches All safe All safe Require NaCl ; some types have built-in whiteness All safe All safe Resistance to light Excellent Very good Excellent Very good Excellent Resistance to mildew Wholly resistant Wholly resistant Wholly resistant Wholly resistant Wholly resistant Resistance to alkalies Fair to good to week alkalies good to week alkalies Fair to week alkalies Fair to week alkalies Fair to week alkalies Reaction to acid Very resistance Very resistance Excellent resistance; tendency to bleach Excellent resistance Excellent resistance Colour-fastness Good Good; excellent for solution dyed Good Good Good 46

47. MODACRYLIC 47

48. History The carbide and carbon chemicals company started experimenting with superpolymers in 1934 . The company contributed much to the present knowledge of these substances, but it was not until 1949 that was Dynel , a partly acrylic staple fiber, was developed. In an effort to diversify its position in textile fibers , Eastman Chemical products , Inc. , also entered the acrylic fiber field. After due experimentation, the company announced the production of its own acrylic fiber Verel , in march, 1956 . Both Dynel and Verel , under the ruling of the Federal Trade Commission , they were classified as modacrylics . 48

49. TYPES OF MODACRYLIC 49

50. (1) Dynel (method of manufacturing) Its production is derived from basic substances such as natural gas, salt, ammonia, and water. These are combined to form two basic ingredients: acrylonitrile , (which is clear liquid to produce modacrylic ) and vinyl chloride (it is a gas used to produce vinyl plastic). They both are combined under heat and pressure , they copolymerize and form a white powdery resin . This resin is dissolve in acetone (nail polish remover)producing a viscose solution similar in appearance to that of acetone. Then passed through spinnerets into a water bath from which it emerges a tow or group of continuous filaments. The tow is dried , stretched and annealed. 50

51. Manufacturing process of Dynel 51

52. (2) Verel The tennessee Eastman Company , manufacture of Verel . Some of the acrylonitrile and certain modifiers that are polymerized. The viscous solution is forced through a spinneret and it coagulates as the solvent is removed. The filaments, which may be either bright or dull and gather into a tow and then to make the fibre resistance to shrinking or streaching . The tow, composed of filaments of 3,5,8,12,16, and 24 denier , is then crimped and cut into staple. 52

53. Fibre Morphology The macro-structure of acrylic The microscopic appearance Micro structure of acrylic Acrylic staple and filament fibres do not have an identifiable micro-structure. The macro-structure of acrylic 53

54. The Macro-structure Of Acrylic The acrylic fibre appear as regular, translucent, slightly wavy filaments or staple fibres . Slightly waviness of acrylic fibres provides a slight bulkiness to their yarns. The diameter of acrylic fibres range about 15 to 25 , depending on end-use requirements. The fibre length to breadth ratio is usually in excess of 2000:1 .This ensure that even the shortest staple fibre will satisfactorily spin into yarn .   Microscopic Appearance Of Acrylic The longitudinal appearance (a)of the acrylic fibre is regular in width, sometime showing several fine but more usually one heavy striation Cross section structure is (b) dog-bone shape. It is depends upon the particular acrylonitrile polymer or copolymer, the type of coagulation solution in the spinning bath and rate of coagulation . 54

55. 1. The longitudinal appearance (a)of the acrylic 2. Cross section appearance (b)of the acrylic 55

56. Properties Of Acrylic Physical properties Mechanical properties Chemical properties Environmental properties 56

57. Physical P roperties Tenacity :The fair to strong tenacity of the acrylic fibres is attributed to the very crystalline nature of their polymer system, as well as to their very long polymer. Two characteristics enable van der waals’ force to develop between polymer; although these forces are weak, they act in this case very efficiently and effectively. The loss of tenacity that occurs when acrylic fibre become wet indicates that the fibres are slightly amorphous, enable water molecules to enter and reduce the van der waals forces between polymer. Elastic-plastic nature : Acrylic have soft handle. This means that , the polymer system is very crystalline, acrylic polymers must be able to give or slide over each other when the acrylic filament or staple fibre is bend or crushed. The displacement of polymer in the acrylic polymer system is evidenced by the wrinkling and distortion of the textile materials in response to bending, stretching and crushing . The lack of dimensional stability of acrylic textile material tends to reinforce the option that the main force of attraction within their polymer systems are van der waals forces . 57

58. Conti… Hygroscopic nature : It is hydrophobic because the polymer system is highly crystalline . Very few molecules are absorbed because of the very few amorphous nature of the polymer system. The slightly polarity of nitrile group in the acrylic polymer , and the somewhat stronger polarity of the anionic groups introduced by the copolymerisation . The hydrophobic nature of acrylic textile materials result in ready development of static electricity .This is undesirable effect and occurs because the acrylic polymer are unable to attract sufficient water to dissipate the static build-up . 58

59. Conti.. Thermal properties : Acrylics are the most heat sensitive of the synthetic fibres commonly used for apparel purposes . The week van der waals forces which hold the acrylic polymer system together contribute to the heat sensitivity of fibres . When near a naked flame, acrylic fibres tend to ignite immediately , rather than melt . Acrylic fibres are the most flammable synthetic fibres in common use. The ease with which acrylics ignite does not apply to certain mod-acrylic fibres which have been copolymerised with chlorine containing monomers. The mod acrylic fibre is not burn, but will melt , char and disintegrated . The reason : the carbon – chlorine bond in these polymer is endothermic when dissociated by heat, for example by exposure to a flame. The bonds in the polymer, such as carbon- hydrogen and carbone -oxygen bonds , are exothermic when dissociated by heat. Under normal circumstances the evolution of heat by these exothermic bonds would further propagation of the flame . In other side carbon-chlorine bond in modacrylic is absorb excess of heat. ( eg : TEKLAN) 59

60. Chemical properties Effect of acids : The acrylic fibres are resistant to acids because their polymers do not contain any chemical groups which will attract or react with acid radical. Effect of alkalis : the very crystalline nature of the acrylic polymer system prevents the ready entry of alkaline. However, the surface hydrolysis or surface saponification will occur. Effect of bleaches : acrylic fibre are not usually bleached in practice. As a result, little is known about the effect of bleaches on acrylic polymers. 60

61. Conti.. 4. Effect of sunlight and weather : acrylic fibres are the most sunlight and weather resistant fibres in common use. Acrylic textiles, when exposed to sunlight , will initially suffer a small loss in tenacity . After this initial loss there is “levelling off” in any further reduction in tenacity. From then onwards acrylics have excellent sunlight and weather resistance . The “levelling off” in tenacity loss is consider to be due to a slight internal polymers rearrangement . Exposure to sunlight provides the necessary heat energy to cause particular portion of polymers to assume ring structures , which have more stable electron arrangement . This enables the polymers is withstand much more effectively the UV radiation . 61

62. 5. Colour- fastness : the acrylic and mod-acrylic fibres are most commonly dyed and printed with basic dyes and disperse dyes. Basic dyes : these dyes were originally developed for acrylic fibres. Basic dyes are also known as a cationic dyes . This cationic or basic radical , is also attracted to the anionic groups in the acrylic polymer . This is very good wash and light fastness because of their hydrophobic and crystalline polymer system. Disperse dyes : acrylic fibres which are hydrophobic are readily dyed with the non-ionic disperse dyes . The fair to good light-fastness of disperse dyed and printed acrylic textile . Disperse dyed or printed acrylic textile materials have good light and wash-fastness , because the dye molecules are non-ionic and insoluble in water and the acrylic polymer system is both very crystalline and hydrophobic. 62

63. Environmental properties of acrylic Mildew and insects do not harm acrylic, and the fibres has good to excellent resistance to sunlight . Mechanical properties of acrylic Pilling is a major problem with acrylic . Some special finishes can be used to reduce the pilling tendency. It is lightweight fibre. 63

64. Physical properties of acrylic and mod-acrylic fibres Properties Polyacrylonitrile Mod-acrylic Tensile strength(g/den) dry wet 2.5-4.5 2.0-4.0 1.5-3.0 1.0-2.5 Elongation(%) dry wet 27-48 27-28 25-45 27-48 Elastic recovery (%) at 2% at 5% 99 50-95 95-99 80-95 Specific gravity (g/cc) 1.17 1.30-1.37 Moisture(%) 1.5 0.6-4.0 Softening temp.( ) 150-160 135-160 Melting temp. ( ) 330-340 200-210 Properties Polyacrylonitrile Mod-acrylic Tensile strength(g/den) dry wet 2.5-4.5 2.0-4.0 1.5-3.0 1.0-2.5 Elongation(%) dry wet 27-48 27-28 25-45 27-48 Elastic recovery (%) at 2% at 5% 99 50-95 95-99 80-95 Specific gravity (g/cc) 1.17 1.30-1.37 Moisture(%) 1.5 0.6-4.0 150-160 135-160 330-340 200-210 64

65. Manufacturer of mod- acrylic Trade name of Mod-acrylic Solutia,inc . ( formerly mansanto corp.) S.E.F. (self extinguishing fibre ) Kanrka coporation , japan kanecaron Select manufacturer/trade names for acrylic and modacrylic Manufacturer of acrylic Trade name of acrylic Solutia,inc . (formerly mansanto corp.) Acrilan . Duraspun Pil-trol Sterling fibres inc. Creslan Microsupreme Weather bloc Biofresh (antibacterial fibre) 65

66. Worldwide acrylic fibre production for the year 1995 66

67. Use of acrylic Acrylic in apparel includes sweaters, shocks, blankets , and fleece or high-pile fabrics. Acrylic is also used to create fur substitutes. Acrylic in furnishings include upholstery fabrics and carpet. Acrylic resists the sun, draperies and outdoor items such as awnings, tarpaulins, tents and outdoor furniture. Other things : sportswear, socks, shoe liners, and industrial filter . 67

68. Uses of modacrylic It is taken advantages of the fibre’s hair like structure or its flame resistance. Fur fabrics with both long and short fibres It is used for wings, hairpieces, and paint-roller covers. It is flame retardant characteristics make it suitable for use in children’s pajamas and robes and some work cloths. Other uses : wall coverings, industrial filters , Window treatments, and blanket , upholstery fabrics for the home. Sometimes used in awnings and boat covers. 68

69. Care of Acrylic Acrylic fabrics can be laundered and dry-cleaned . Acrylic may be sensitive to heat , so that when dryer drying is recommended for acrylic product, low heat setting should be used. Pressing temperature should not exceed 250 .   69

70. Care of Modacrylic Deep pile garments must be professionally cleaned but in order to avoid crushing or altering the appearance of the pile. Modacrylic is machine washed but special care should be taken to avoid exposing them to very high temperature because of their heat sensitivity . Low dryer temperature must be used and ironing should only be done with warm, not hot, iron. Discoloured by the use of chlorine bleaches . 70

71. Products 71

72. Danger To Wool 72

73. References : Potter M.D ; Corbman B.P 1967. Textiles Fiber to Fabric, 4ᵗed. New York , St. Louis Dallas, 369-390p Cook J.G. ; Handbook of Textile fibers ;2 nd ed. Wood head Publications Limited,406-409p Elsasser V.H.;textiles :concept amd principles ;2 nd ed. New york , firchild publications , inc.,79-2p. Mishra S.P , A Textbook of Fibre Science and Technology ; New Delhi , New Age International Ltd. , 263-275p Gohl E.P.G., Vilensky l.D ., Textile science ; CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTERS,.89-98p. Tortora P.G. ; Understanding Textile ; New York , Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc . 126-134p. 73

74. THANK YOU 74