ACTINIDES historical survey, occurrence, separation & preparation | PPT

This document discusses the ACTINIDES, their historical survey, occurrence,methods of separation , and preparation of actinides.

2. ACTINIDES
ALI RAZA
ROL NO. 39

3. Outline:-
1. Introduction
What are these elements?
2. Occurrence
Where these elements are found?
3. Historical Survey
Which events happened in the past?
4. Separation
How to separate these elements from mixture?
5. Preparation
How to prepare them?

4. Introduction:-
➢Present at the bottomof the
periodic table
➢15elements
➢Actinium
➢Atomic Number :
➢Radioactive
➢Application in Nuclear Science,
Medicine, Energy Production
Lawrencium
89 103

5. Z
X
A
Z+1
Y
A
+ e
-1
Z
X
A
Z
Y
A
+
??????
Z
X
A
Z-2
Y
A-4
+
2
He
4

6. Occurrence:-
1. Naturally:
o1
st
four elements arenaturally occurring
oUraniumis most abundant Actinide Pitchblendeetc.
oThoriumis also abundant Actinide Thorium containing minerals
oAcand Paare found in Uranium and Thorium ores
2. Artificially:
oTrans-uraniumelements are Man-Madeelements
oSynthesizes in nuclear reactors or Particle Accelerator
oBy-products of Nuclear Fission Reactions
oResult of Nuclear Accidents

8. Historical Survey:-

9. 1789
Uranium
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
1743 -1817
•He namedit after the planet Uranus
•He isolated it from the mineral
Pitchblende
•In the late 19
th
and early 20
th
centuries, Henri Becquerel, Marie
Curie, and Pierre Curie, discovered
Uranium’s radioactivity and its decay
products

10. Jons Jakob Berzelius
1779 -1848
1828
Thorium
•He namedit after the THOR : The
God of Thunder
•He isolated it by reducing Thorium
Tetrachloride
•In the 20
th
century, it is used in gas
fires, it radiates heat when Hot

11. 1899
Actinium
Friedrich O. Geisel
1852 -1927
Andre L. Debierne
1874 -1949
•ActiniumfromGreekword
“Aktinos”meansbeamorray
•IsolateditfromPitchblende
•Intheearly20thcentury,
scientistsidentifieddifferent
isotopesofactinium,including
actinium-227,whichisthemost
stableandcommonlyoccurring
isotope

12. 1913
Protactinium
Kasimir Fajans
1887 -1975
•He named it Breviumbut later its
becomes Protactinium
•They observed the radioactive decay
of Uranium
•Mendeleev also predicted its
existence in 1871

13. 1940 1941
Neptunium Plutonium
•Edwin McMillan
and Philip H.
Abelson
•Discovered it
by bombarding
uranium with
neutron
•Edwin McMillan,
Seaborg,
Kennedy and
Arthur Wahl
•Discovered it by
bombarding
uranium with
Deuterons

14. 1944 1944
Americium Curium
•Glenn T. Seaborg,
Ralph A. James,
Albert Ghiorso
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Plutonium with
neutron
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Plutonium with
alpha particles

15. 1949
Einsteinium
1952
Berkelium
1950
Californium
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Americium with
alpha particles
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Curium with
alpha particles
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Uranium with
neutron

16. 1952 1955
Fermium Mendelevium
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Uranium with
neutron
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Einsteinium with
alpha particle

17. 1961 1966
Lawrencium Nobelium
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Californium with
boron
•Discovered by
same team
•Discovered it by
bombarding
Curium with
Neon

18. Separation:-

19. Separation:-
Prior to separation
Separation Techniques:
1.Precipitation
2.Solvent Extraction
3.Ion –Exchange Chromatography
Mining Grinding Leaching

20. Precipitation:-
•Formation of insoluble
products
•Precipitating Agents
* Ammonium Hydroxide
* Oxalic Acid
•Adjustment of Solution
Conditions
* pH adjustment
* Temperature adjustment
•Addition of Precipitating agents
•Formation of Actinide Precipitate
* Concentration of Actinides
* Effectiveness of agents
•Filtration
•Washing
•Drying
•Analysis

21. ReactorReactor

22. Solvent Extraction:-
•Differential Solubility
•Aqueous Solvent
Nitric Acid
•Organic Solvent
TBP
Kerosene oil
•Process
Contact Separation Recover

23. Mixer Settler

24. Ion –Exchange Chromatography: -
•Exchange of ions between Resin and
Solution
•Resinis made up of polymeric
substance
•2 Types :
Cation Exchange
Resin Negatively Charged
Anion Exchange
Resin positively charged
•In separationof Actinides Cation
Exchange is commonly used
•Procedure
1.Equilibration
2.Loading
3.Washing
4.Elution

26. Preparation:-

27. Trans –Uranic Elements:-
Neptunium
92U
238
+
0n
1
92U
239
92U
239
93Np
239
+ e
-1
Plutonium
93Np
239
94Pu
239
+ e
-1
Americium
92U
238
+
2He
4
94Pu
241
+
0n
1
94Pu
241
95Am
241
+ e
-1
Curium
94Pu
239
+
2He
4
96Cm
242
+
0n
1
Berkelium
95Am
241
+
2He
4
97Bk
243
+ 2
0n
1
95Am
241
+
2He
4
97Bk
245
Californium
96Cm
242
+
2He
4
98Cf
244
+ 2
0n
1
96Cm
242
+
2He
4
98Cf
246

28. Einsteinium
98Cf
250
+
0n
1
98Cf
251
98Cf
251
+
0n
1
98Cf
252
98Cf
252
+
0n
1
98Cf
253
98Cf
253
99Es
253
+ e
-1
Fermium
99Es
253
+
0n
1
99Es
254
99Es
254
100Fm
253
+ e
-1
Mendelevium
99Es
253
+
2He
4
101Md
256
+
0n
1
Nobelium
96Cm
246
+
6C
12
102No
254
+ 4
0n
1
Lawrencium
98Cf
250
+
5B
11
103Lw
257
+ 4
0n
1

29. THANK YOU