Acute pharyngitis (Ammar yaser) Gr4.pptx

for pediatrics

1. Acute Pharyngitis Ammar yaser ahmad alsadeq G roup 4 (pediatrics)

2. Contents Definition. Epidemiology. Pathophysiology. Etiology. Risk factors. Clinical Manifestation. Transmission. Differential diagnosis. Diagnosis. Treatment. Complications. Prevention. Prognosis.

3. Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx, which is in the back of the throat. It’s most often referred to simply as “sore throat.” Pharyngitis can also cause scratchiness in the throat and difficulty swallowing. Definition.

4. Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a  sore throat  and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States. Humans are the only reservoir for group A strep. It is most common among children 5 through 15 years of age. It is rare in children younger than 3 years of age. In the United States, group A strep pharyngitis is most common during the winter and spring. Epidemiology.

5. Pathophysiology With infectious pharyngitis, bacteria or viruses may directly invade the pharyngeal mucosa, causing a local inflammatory response. Other viruses, such as rhinovirus and coronavirus, can cause irritation of pharyngeal mucosa secondary to nasal secretions. Streptococcal infections are characterized by local invasion and release of extracellular toxins and proteases. In addition, M protein fragments of certain serotypes of GAS are similar to myocardial sarcolemma antigens and are linked to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart valve damage. The prevalence rates of these serotypes of GAS have been becoming rarer over the past several years.  Acute glomerulonephritis  may result from antibody-antigen complex deposition in glomeruli.

6. Etiology Viral : Adenovirus. Herpes simplex. Coxsackieviruses  A and B. Epstein-Barr virus. CMV. HIV-1. Epstein–Barr virus. Rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses. Bacterial : Group A streptococcus Group C streptococci Group G streptococci . Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

7. Risk factor Frequent cough. Environmental allergies. Smoke. Increased stress. Alcohol in excess. Exposure to inhaled toxins( exhaust, cleaning fluids). Age (5-15).

8. C linical manifistation Symptoms of viral pharyngitis: Cough . A headache. runny nose. eye irritation. swollen tonsils. post nasal drip. swollen lymph nodes. Fatigue. Symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis: significant pain when swallowing. tender, swollen neck lymph nodes. white patches or  pus  on the back of the throat. tonsils that are swollen and red. a headache. abdominal pain. Fatigue. Nausea. Vomiting. Rash ( scarlet fever) .

9. Transmission Both viral and bacterial forms of pharyngitis are contagious. The germs that cause pharyngitis tend to live in the nose and throat. When a person with the condition coughs or sneezes, they release tiny droplets that contain the virus or bacteria into the air. A person can become infected by: breathing these tiny droplets in touching contaminated objects and then touching their face consuming contaminated food and beverages This is why it is essential for a person to wash their hands before handling food or touching their face. People usually recover from viral infections, such as the common cold, within 7-10 days Trusted Source . However, due to the viral incubation period, people may be contagious before any symptoms appear.

10. Differential diagnosis Diphtheria. Pneumonia, Mycoplasma. Retropharyngeal Abscess. Rheumatic Fever. Scarlet Feve r. Candidiasis. Pediatric Epiglottitis. Infectious Mononucleosis.

11. Diagnosis Physical exam . Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal rapid antigen detection test. Throat culture . Peripheral smear.

12. treatment Pain medication : such as  NSAIDs  and  acetaminophen (paracetamol) , can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat. Antibiotic therapy : of bacterial pharyngitis depends on the organism identified. oral penicillin is often suggested for patients with group C streptococcal isolates and oral erythromycin is recommended for patients with A. haemolyticum , but the clinical benefit of such treatment is uncertain. Systemic corticosteroids : are sometimes used in children who have evidence of upper airway compromise due to mononucleosis.

13. Complications General complications of pharyngitis :   sinusitis. otitis media. epiglottitis. mastoiditis. pneumonia. Suppurative complications result from the spread of group A strep: Peritonsillar abscess Retropharyngeal abscess Cervical lymphadenitis Mastoiditis

14. Prevention avoid sharing food, drinks, and eating utensils. avoid individuals who are sick. wash your hands often, especially before eating and after coughing or sneezing. use alcohol-based  hand sanitizers  when soap and water aren’t available. avoid  smoking  and inhaling secondhand smoke . According to the  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Trusted Source , a person can help prevent spreading strep throat to other people by staying home until they no longer have a fever and have been taking antibiotics for at least 24 hours

15. prognosis In general, the prognosis for pharyngitis is good as both viral and bacterial infections are typically self-limited to 5 to 7 days. In developing countries, over 20 million individuals are affected by group A streptococci and develop acute rheumatic fever. This disorder is the leading cause of death in young people. 

16. References Pharyngitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (medscape.com) Pharyngitis – Wikipedia Pharyngitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis (healthline.com) Streptococcal acute pharyngitis - PubMed (nih.gov) Pharyngitis - PMC (nih.gov) Pharyngitis (Strep Throat): Information For Clinicians | CDC Common Questions About Streptococcal Pharyngitis | AAFP

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