Acute-Viral-Hepatitis-An-Overview 2.pptx

acute viral hepatitis

1. Acute Viral Hepatitis: An Overview Present by: Abhay dangar Group : 20/19

2. Hepatitis A (HAV) Etiology HAV is caused by the Hepatitis A virus, a member of the Picornaviridae family. Transmission HAV spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food and water. Symptoms Symptoms are usually mild and include fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain. Prevention Effective prevention is possible with the HAV vaccine and practicing good hygiene.

3. Hepatitis B (HBV) Etiology HBV is caused by the Hepatitis B virus, a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. Transmission Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child during childbirth. Symptoms Symptoms vary but can include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and potentially chronic infection. Prevention Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe injection practices, and screening of blood products.

4. Hepatitis C (HCV) Etiology HCV is caused by the Hepatitis C virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. Transmission HCV primarily spreads through contaminated blood, often due to injection drug use or past blood transfusions. Symptoms Many individuals are asymptomatic during the acute phase, but HCV can lead to chronic infection and liver damage. Prevention Prevention involves screening of blood products, safe injection practices, and risk reduction counseling.

5. Hepatitis E (HEV) Etiology HEV is caused by the Hepatitis E virus, a member of the Hepeviridae family. Transmission HEV spreads through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water, especially genotype 1. Symptoms Symptoms are similar to HAV and typically resolve on their own, but can be severe in pregnant women. Prevention Improved sanitation and safe water access are crucial in preventing HEV transmission.

6. Hepatitis D (HDV) Etiology HDV is a unique virus requiring co-infection with HBV for survival and propagation. Transmission Transmission routes are similar to HBV: through blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child. Symptoms HDV can worsen HBV infection, increasing the risk of severe liver damage and failure. Prevention HBV vaccination is critical as it prevents HDV co-infection and subsequent complications.

7. Clinical Presentation 1 Common Symptoms Common symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, and pale stools. 2 Physical Examination Findings Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and scleral icterus (yellowing of the whites of the eyes) are typical findings. 3 Severity Hepatitis can range from asymptomatic to severe, potentially leading to fulminant hepatic failure. 4 Complications Complications can include liver failure, encephalopathy, and coagulopathy.

8. Prevention and Public Health Measures 1 Vaccination Vaccination against HAV and HBV is highly effective in preventing infection. 2 Hygiene and Sanitation Practicing good hand hygiene and ensuring safe food and water practices are essential. 3 Screening Screening of blood products and high-risk populations helps prevent transmission. 4 Safe Practices Safe injection practices and safe sexual practices are crucial in preventing the spread of hepatitis. 5 Education Public awareness campaigns raise awareness about hepatitis and encourage prevention. 6 Global Initiatives WHO programs focus on controlling and eliminating viral hepatitis worldwide.

9. Diagnosis Liver Function Tests (LFTs) Elevated levels of ALT, AST, and bilirubin indicate liver damage. Serologic Markers Specific antibodies and viral antigens confirm the type of hepatitis infection. Imaging Studies Ultrasound helps rule out other causes of liver disease. Liver Biopsy A biopsy is rarely needed but may be considered in atypical cases to confirm the diagnosis.

10. Treatment and Management Supportive Care Rest, hydration, and avoidance of alcohol and hepatotoxic medications are essential. Specific Antiviral Therapy Antiviral medications, like entecavir or tenofovir for HBV and DAAs for HCV, are effective treatments. Liver Transplantation Liver transplantation is considered for severe cases of fulminant hepatic failure. Monitoring Regular LFTs are essential for monitoring liver function and treatment effectiveness.