ADAPTASI 1
SERINGKALI DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
MENUNJUK PADA KARAKTER ATAU SIFAT
YANG DAPAT DIAMATI SEBAGAI AKIBAT
ADANYA SELEKSI
adanyahemoglobin merupakanadaptasiyang memungkinkanlebih
banyakoksigenyang dapatdiangkutdarah
ADAPTASI 2
KEMAMPUAN UNTUK TETAP BERTAHAN HIDUP
(SURVIVE), BERFUNGSI DAN BEREPRODUKSI DI
KONDISI LINGKUNGANNYA
àProses yang berlangsunglama (ratusanatauribuan
generasi) dan bersifatireversibeL
àLebihcepatjikalingkunganekstrim
Memerlukandata variability, repeatabilitydan heritability
suatusifatdan survivorship of offspring
Lebihtingginyakadarhemoglobin pada kelompokhewantertentu,
dapatdikatakansebagaibentukadaptasipada lingkungandengan
kadaroksigenrendah
ADAPTASI 3
JUGA DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENGGAMBARKAN
PERUBAHAN “SHORT TERM” SEBAGAI
RESPONS TERHADAP
GANGGUAN/PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN
1. aklimatisasi
Melibatkanrespons
jaringanatauorgan
fungsionalsebagairespons
atasperubahanberbagai
peru-bahandilingkungan
2. aklimasi
Adaptasiyangditim-
bulkansebagairespons
atasperubahanvariabel
lingkungantunggal
3. habituasi
Merupakanpenurunan
responsterhadapstimulus
berulangyangselaludisertai
denganperubahanpersepsi
padastimulusdantingkat
sensorik
Adaptation -5 basic needs of animals
•Sunlight
•Oxygen
•Food
•Water
•Shelter
A climate zone map of
the Earth-tropical, dry,
temperate, cold, and
polar
Fish use gills to get
oxygen from water
Plants and
animals are
part of the
food chain
All animals need
water
Shelter is where an animals
has its “house”
Humans and mammals
use lungs to get oxygen
from the air
3 jenisrespons/strategi hewan
saatdihadapkanpada perubahan
lingkunganàmemelihara
homeostasis
-Regulation (mengatur)
-Conformity (mencocokkandiri)
-Avoidance (menghindar)
REGULATORS
•memeliharabeberapaatausemuakomponen
internal pada kondisihomeostatis”normal”
yang terbatas, tidakselalusamadengan
kondisieksternal
•Pengaturantidakhanyamerupakanefek
biokimiadannfisiologik, tetapiperubahan
perilakuseringkalimerupakanbentuk
pengaturanresponsutama
CONFORMERS
-menyesuaikan/mengubahkondisiinternal
“serupa” denganperubahaneksternal
àKadangdisebutjuga sebagai“tolerator’,
meskipunjuga kurangtepatkarena
pengaturanpada hewanberarti“upaya
mentoleransi” kondisieksternal–bertahan
hidup
-Tidakberusahamempertahankankondisi
homeostatikyang sama
ADAPTASI
PERILAKU
(behavioral adaptation)
STRUKTUR
(structural adaptation)
FISIOLOGI
(physiological adaptation)
PERUBAHAN
GENOTIP/AKTIVITAS GEN
HEWAN DAPAT MENGGUNAKAN LEBIH DARI SATU JENIS ADAPTASI
ADAPTASI PERILAKU
ADAPTASI FISIOLOGI
hibernasi
menurunkan laju
metabolisme tubuh
BAGAIMANA
DENGAN JARINGAN
HEWAN ?
What do cells need to stay alive?FOOD
OXYGEN
WATER
Energy for
growth,
repair and
reproduction
PERUBAHAN
LINGKUNGAN
(STIMULUS)
JARINGAN NORMAL
(HOMEOSTASIS)RESPONS SEL
SEL SURVIVE
INJURY/JEJAS
PERUBAHAN
REVERSIBEL
•Cellular swelling
•Fatty change•Hiperplasia,
hipertrofi
•Atrofi
•metaplasia
Penurunansuplai
oksigen, jejaskemis,
infeksimikroba
Penurunanatau
peningkatan
fisiologik, nonlethal
injurious stimuli
FISIOLOGIK
ADAPTASI
Homeostasis baru
SEL SENSITIF
KEMATIAN
SEL
NEOPLASI
PERUBAHAN
IREVERSIBEL
CELLULAR AGING
TAHAP-TAHAP RESPONS SEL/JARINGAN
TERHADAP PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN
qBiokimia
qSel
qJaringan
qOrgan
qSistemorgan
qOrganisme
(individu)
qPopulasi
qEkosistem
homeostasis
Reproduction survival, health, nutrition,
nervous system, growth and development,
resistance and cross tolerance, physical
performance, affective function, and
intelectualability
size, density, distribution, composition,
organization of population
SEPANJANG MASIH
HIDUP, SEL DAN
JARINGAN HARUS
BERHADAPAN
DENGAN STRESS
INTERNAL MAUPUN
EKSTERNAL
DAPAT MENGAKIBAT-
KAN JEJAS (injury)
DAN HILANGNYA
SEL/BAGIAN
JARINGAN MELALUI
APOPTOSIS ATAU
NEKROSIS
HOMEOSTASIS SELULAR SUATU JARINGAN
ATAU ORGAN DICIRIKAN OLEH ADANYA
PRODUKSI SEL UNTUK MENGIMBANGI
TERJADINYA KEMATIAN SEL
UNTUK DAPAT MEMPERTAHANKAN
FUNGSINYA, SEL YANG RUSAK ATAU MATI
DALAM JARINGAN, MEMERLUKAN
PENGGANTIAN MELALUI PROSES YANG
DISEBUT DENGAN REGENERASI
KESEIMBANGAN
ANTARA
DIHASILKANNYA SEL
DENGAN KEMATIAN
SEL HARUS DIPELIHARA
SEDEMIKIAN RUPA
AGAR FUNGSI BISA
DIPERTAHANKAN
KETIDAKIMBANGAN
ANTARA
DIHASILKANNYA SEL
DENGAN KEMATIAN
SEL MESKIPUN
DENGAN PERBEDAAN
KECIL, AKAN
MENGAKIBATKAN
EFEK YANG BESAR
PEMELIHARAAN HOMEOSTASIS PADA JARINGAN DENGAN
WAKTU REGENERASI LAMBAT
chondrocyte
lacunae
perichondrium
Fibrous layer
(>> fibroblast)
Chondrogenic layer
(>> undifferentiated
cells
chondroblast
PEMELIHARAAN HOMEOSTASIS PADA JARINGAN DENGAN
WAKTU REGENERASI LAMBAT
chondrocyte
lacunae
perichondrium
Fibrous layer
(>> fibroblast)
Chondrogenic layer
(>> undifferentiated
cells
chondroblast
PEMELIHARAAN HOMEOSTASIS PADA JARINGAN
DENGAN KEMAMPUAN REGENERASI TINGGI
1.HEPATOSIT
2.INTESTIN
3.EPIDERMIS
JIKA HEPAR DIPOTONG,
SEL-SEL YANG TERSISA
AKAN MENGALAMI
DEDIFERENSIASI DAN
SELANJUTNYA
MEMBELAH àJARINGAN
HEPAR AKAN PULIH
DALAM WAKTU PENDEK
àHANYA DALAM
HITUNGAN MINGGU
INTESTINE DAN EPIDERMIS
MEMPUNYAI TURNOVER RATE TINGGI
àSEL-SEL SECARA KONSTAN
BERPROLIFERASI DAN BERDIFERENSIASI
àSEL-SEL MATI DIBUANG SECARA
KONSTAN
The intestinal mucosa is organized into a collection of folds with small indentations called
“intestinal crypts.” At the bottom of each crypt is a small pool of intestinal stem cells that divide
to routinely replace the specialized cells of the intestinal epithelium. Because the cells of the
intestinal epithelium show a high rate of turnover (they only last for about five days), these stem
cells must constantly divide to replenish the intestine. Once these intestinal stem cells divide,
they can differentiate into any type of mature intestinal cell type. Therefore, these intestinal stem
cells provide a marvelous example of a “multipotentstem cell.”
Anoikis= bentukprogrammed cell death yang terjadisaatselepaskontakdariECM sekitarnya. TA=transit amplifying
SMALL INTESTINELARGE INTESTINE
there are three identified and well-defined
stem cell niches that harbor stem cells responsible for
the maintenance of a continuous turnover of cells
during its life time.
1.intestinal stem cell niche (ISCN) of the intestine,
2.hair follicle epidermal stem cell niche (HFSCN)
3.hematopoietic stem cell niche in the bone marrow
(HSCN).
JARINGAN YANG TIDAK MEMPUNYAI POTENSI ATAU
BERPOTENSI TERBATAS UNTUK REGENERASI
1.Neuron
2.Ototjantung
3.Lamella padabagiantengahlensamata
4.Sel-selfotoreseptorpadaretina
5.Auditory organ of Corti
To measure DNA synthesis or
cell proliferation, 5-bromo2-
deoxy-uridine (BrdU) can be
incorporated
into DNA in place of thymidine.
Cells, which have incorporated
BrdUinto DNA, can be quickly
detected using a monoclonal
antibody against BrdU. The
binding of the antibody is
achieved by denaturation
of the DNA. This is usually
obtained by exposing the cells
to acid, or heat.
Detection of newly formed
cells in the human brain using
various techniques Allscale
bars represent 50 m.
Neurogenesis in the adult
human hippocampus.
Clusters of Primitive and Early
Committed Cells in the Heart
(rat as animal models),
A, Cluster of 11 c-kit POS cells(green) with three
expressing c-kit only (arrows), seven expressing
Nkx2.5 (white dots; arrowheads) in nuclei (blue,
propidium iodide, PI), and 1 Nkx2.5 and -
sarcomericactin in the cytoplasm (red; asterisk,
see inset); B, Cluster of 15 c-kit POS cells with
five c-kit POS cells only (arrows), eight
expressing MEF2C (yellow dots; arrowheads),
and one expressing MEF2C and sarcomericactin
(asterisk, see inset). Bars, 10 m. ( FromBeltrami, A.P.,
Barlucchi, L., Torella, D. et al . (2003). Adult cardiac stem cells
are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell,
114(6): 763–776. )
C-kit = common stem cell marker
REGENERASI JARINGAN
MORFALAKSIS (morphallaxis)
EPIMORFOSIS (epimorphosis)
d iin is ia s i
MORFALAKSIS
REGENERASI/ HOMEOSTASIS BARU
DICAPAI TANPA MELIBATKAN
PEMBELAHAN SEL
. (A) Classical experiment demonstrating that a head or a foot can regenerate at the same axial location. (B) Regeneration
of an intact polyp from a clump of isolated cells. Schematic drawing of pictures shown in Holstein et al. (2003). (C) In vivo
tracking of EGFP expressing endodermal epithelial cells reveals that head regeneration occurs via morphallaxis in the
absence of local cell proliferation. (D) Expression of peptide encoding gene Hym301 in the head region; in situ photograph
courtesy of Dr.Konstantin Khalturin(Kiel). (E) Position dependent expression of anklet near the foot; in situ photograph
courtesy of Dr.Yoshitaka Kobayakawa(Fukuoka)(T.C.G. Bosch / Developmental Biology 303 (2007) 421 –433)
The freshwater polyp Hydra. (A) End,
endoderm; ect, ectoderm; m,
mesoglea; Photograph courtesy of Dr.
FriederikeAnton-Erxleben(Kiel).
Regeneration in Hydra
EPIMORFOSIS
REGENERASI YANG
MEMERLUKAN PROLIFERASI
SEL (PEMBENTUKAN
BLASTEMA)
blastema
PENDUKUNG YANG DIPERLUKAN UNTUK
PEMELIHARAAN HOMEOSTASIS JARINGAN
1.Sel-selyang menghasilkanmatriks
ekstraselular(fibroblast, kondroblas, osteoblas)
2.Sel-selyang berperandalampertahanan
jaringanmelawanagenasing
3.Suplaidarahdaninervasisaraf
AdaptasiJaringanHewan-2
DwiWinarni
4 jenisjaringanhewan
KOMPONEN UTAMA JARINGAN
•SEL
•MATRIKSEKSTRASEL(ECM)
PENDUKUNG YANG DIPERLUKAN UNTUK PEMELIHARAAN
HOMEOSTASIS JARINGAN
1.Sel-selyang menghasilkanmatriksekstraselular
(fibroblast, kondroblas, osteoblas)
2.Sel-selyang berperandalampertahananjaringan
melawanagenasing
3.Suplaidarahdaninervasisaraf
KONDISI LINGKUNGAN EKSTRASEL DAPAT
MENGAKIBATKAN SEL BERADAPTASI
DENGAN MENGUBAH FENOTIPE SEL
1. kondrositkartilagoyang biasanyamensintesis
kolagentipeII, akanberubahmensintesiskolagen
tipeI jikadibiakkandalamkulturdenganmedium
yang mendukungsintesiskolagentipeI, namun
akankembalimensintesiskolagentipeII jika
ditempatkandi lingkunganyang samadengan
lingkungankartilago
KOMPONEN UTAMA ECM
SPARC = secreted protein
acidic and rich in cysteine =
osteonectinàikatanSPARC-
kolagen(terutamakolagentipe
IV yang diminandi membrana
basalis) merupakanreaksi
tergantungion kalsium(Ca2+
dependent). Selaindengan
kolagen, SPARC dapat
berikatanjuga dengansejumlah
protein lain
EkspresiSPARC terkaitdengan
ekspresikolagenfibrillar dan
karenaituditemukan
meningkatpada jaringan
dewasayang menjalani
perbaikanlukaatau
jaringandenganpenyakitfibrotik
Bradshaw, Amy D. 2009. The role of
SPARC in extracellular matrix
assembly. J. Cell Commun. Signal.
3:239–246. DOI 10.1007/s12079-
009-0062-6
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), menginduksisintesis
kolagentipeI dan berperandalammengontrolaging
pada kulit(de Araujo et al., 2019)
Recombinant human epidermal growth factor
(rhEGF) mempunyaiefekstimulasimigrasidan
kemampuankontraksiaged fibroblasts,
sehinggadapatberpotensisebagairegenerative
agent untukaging skin (Kim, et al. 2015)
1
3
2
4
4
5
6
PERAN KOLAGEN DALAM METASTASIS SEL TUMOR
Matriksekstrasel
terbentuk
sebelumterjadi
penggantiansel
tubular baru
àmemfasilitasi
pembelahanatau
perkembangansel
KOMPONEN UTAMA ECM
The time relationship between the different processes of wound healing. The processes
of wound healing can be thought of as occurring in four phases: haemostasis,
consisting of (1) blood coagulation and (2) vascular response; inflammation (3), brought
about by the migration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the site of the
injury; the repair or proliferative phase, during which the synthesis of new ECM results
in scar formation (4) and epithelialisation(5); and finally remodelling, consisting of the
contraction (6) and remodelling(7) of the ECM
CONTOH APLIKASI :
CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING
Main Factors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
1. Cell sources
1.1.Condrocytes
1.2. Stem cells
2. Growth factors
3. Scaffolds (The ideal biomaterial should be biocompatible, non-toxic,
non-attractive, non-stimulatory of inflammatory cells, non-
immunogenic. The perfect scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering is
the one with high porosity and pore-to-pore interconnectivity. High
porosity (normally>90%) provides adequate space for in vitro cell
adhesion, ingrowth, and restructuring of cells. Interconnected porous
organization facilitates the cell migration, spread of physiological
nutrients and gasses to the cells, and discharge of metabolic waste and
side-products from cells
Ahmadi et al., 2017
REAKSI SEL
TERHADAP STIMULI
Dwi Winarni
DepartemenBiologi
FakultasSainsdan Teknologi
Universitas Airlangga
PERUBAHAN
LINGKUNGAN
(STIMULUS)
JARINGAN NORMAL
(HOMEOSTASIS)REAKSI
SEL/JARINGAN
SEL SURVIVE
INJURY/JEJAS
PERUBAHAN
REVERSIBEL
•Cellular swelling
•Fatty change•Hiperplasia,
hipertrofi
•Atrofi
•metaplasia
Penurunansuplai
oksigen, jejaskemis,
infeksimikroba
Penurunanatau
peningkatan
fisiologik, nonlethal
injurious stimuli
FISIOLOGIK
SEL SENSITIF
KEMATIAN SEL
NEOPLASI
PERUBAHAN
IREVERSIBEL
CELLULAR
AGING
REAKSI
SEL/JARINGAN
TERHADAP STIMULI
CELL INJURY/
CEDERA SEL/JEJAS SEL
keadaandi mana kapasitasadaptasifisiologis
terlampaui. Dapatterjadikarenastimulus
berlebihanatauketikaseltidaklagimampu
beradaptasitanpamengalamikerusakan
Ukuranselmembe-
sar, karenapeningka-
tan permeabilitas
membrane kadang
diikutidengankom-
presiatauperpinda-
hanorganel(seperti
nucleus) ataustruk-
tur di dekatnya(sel
lain atauseptum jari-
nganikat). Afinitas
terhadapHE sering-
kali rendah, sehingga
selnampakpucat
CELL SWELLING
Seiringdenganmembengkaknyasel, ruanganjernih
atauvakuoladapatterbentukdi dalamsitoplasma
karenapembengkakanRE dan apparatus Golgi. Pada
kondisiyang cukupberat, sisternaRE dapatrupture
sehinggamembentuk“cytoplasmic lakes” yang di
dalamnyaseringtampakprotein terlarutyang
mempunyaiafinitastinggiterhadapeosin dan disebut
sebagai“hyaline droplet”
VACUOLAR DEGENERATION /
HYDROPIC CHANGE
Jika vakuolatidaknampak, sitoplasmaseperti
Sometimes vacuoles are not present in the affected cells;
“diluted,” dan organell-organeltersebardi sitoplasma
yang “rarefied (electron-lucent)”
BALOONING DEGENERATION
/ CLOUDY SWELLING
Perubahaninti pada
selyang bengkak
seringkalitidak
signifikan, setidaknya
di tahapawal
pembengkakan.
Namun, clumping
kromatin,
“rarefaction”
nucleoplasma, and
migrasinucleolus ke
tepimembrane
nucleus dapatterjadi
saatjejasberat.
Matthew A.Wallig,Evan
B.Janovitz, inHaschek and
Rousseaux's Handbook of
Toxicologic Pathology (Third
Edition), 2013
Morphologic changes in reversible cell injury. A, Normal kidney tubules with
viable epithelial cells. B, Early (reversible) ischemic injury showing surface blebs,
increased eosinophilia of cytoplasm, and swelling of occasional cells àvacuolar
degeneration
Fatty liver, liver steatosis. Photomicrograph showing large vacuoles of triglyceride
fat accumulated inside liver cells, it occurs in alcohol overuse, under action of toxins,
in diabetes. https://www.dreamstime.com/fatty-liver-liver-steatosis-
photomicrograph-showing-large-vacuoles-triglyceride-fat-accumulated-inside-liver-
cells-occurs-image100288701
Aktivitas
Na+K+ATPase
ATP
Aktivitas
PompaCa2+
InfluksNa+
EffluksK+
ER swelling
Cell swelling
Influksair
InfluksCa2+
NEKROSIS
•Selnekrotiklebiheosinofilikterhadappewarnaanhematoxylindan eosin (H & E). Disebabkanoleh hilangnyaRNA sitoplasma(yang mengikatpewarnabiru, hematoxylin) dan oleh terdenaturasinyaprotein sitoplasma(yang mengikatpewarnamerah, eosin).
•Perubahaninti pada selyang mengalaminekrosisdisebabkankerusakanDNA yang tidakspesifik.
(1)Sifat basofilikkromatindapatmemudar(kariolisis), suatuperubahanyang mungkinmencerminkanhilangnyaDNA karenadegradasienzimatikoleh endonuklease.
(2)yang juga terlihatpada kematianselapoptosis adalahpiknosis, yang ditandaidenganpenyusutaninti dan peningkatansifatbasofilik. Di sinikromatinmenjadimassabasofilikyang padatdan menyusut.
(3)karioreksis, nukleuspiknotikmengalamifragmentasi. Seiringberjalannyawaktu(satuatauduahari), nukleusdalamselnekrotikmenghilangsepenuhnya.
Kidney, Renal tubule -Necrosis in a male B6C3F1
mouse from a subchronicstudy. Scattered tubular epithelial cell necrosis and sloughed necrotic epithelial
cells are present.
JENIS NEKROSIS JARINGAN
Coagulative necrosis adalahbentuknekrosis
yang arsitekturjaringanmatinyadipertahankan
setidaknyaselamabeberapahari. Hal tersebut
sepertinyadisebabkanoleh perubahansifatprotein
strukturaldan enzimyang kemudianmenghambat
proteolisissel-selyang mati; DenganHE, sel-selmati
eosinofilik.
Debris sel-selnekrotikkemudiandieliminasioleh
fagosit.
Iskemiayang disebabkanoleh penyumbatanpada
pembuluhdarahdapatmenyebabkannekrosis
koagulatifpada jaringanyang disuplaidi semuaorgan
kecualiotak. Area nekrosiskoagulatifyang terlokalisasi
disebutinfark.
Seltubulus
ginjal
normal (N)
dan sel-sel
nekrotikdi
area infark
(I)
1
JENIS NEKROSIS JARINGAN
LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis
Berbedadengannekrosiskoagulatif,
nekrosislikuifaksiditandaidengan
pencernaansel-selmati, yang
mengakibatkantransformasijaringan
menjadimassakentalcair. Kondisiini
terlihatpada infeksibakterifokalatau,
kadang-kadang, infeksijamur, karena
mikrobamerangsangakumulasileukosit
dan pelepasanenzimdarilekosit. Bahan
nekrotikseringberwarnakuning
kremkarenaadanyaleukositmatidan
disebutnanah. Untukalasanyang tidak
diketahui, kematianselhipoksiadalam
sistemsarafpusatseringbermanifestasi
sebagainekrosislikuifaksi.
2
JENIS NEKROSIS JARINGAN
CASEOUS necrosis
paling seringditemukanpada
lokasiinfeksituberkulosis. Istilah
“caseous” (sepertikeju) berasal
daritampilanputihrapuhpada
area nekrosis. Pada pemeriksaan
mikroskopis, area nekrotik
tampaksebagaikumpulansel
yang terfragmentasiataulisis
dan serpihangranular amorf
yang tertutupdalambatas
inflamasiyang khas; tampilanini
merupakankarakteristiklokasi
inflamasiyang dikenalsebagai
granuloma
3
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Granulomat
ous-inflamation-and-caseous-necrosis-in-lungs-
case-3_fig5_268883893
JENIS NEKROSIS JARINGAN
Gangrenous necrosis is
bukanpolakematianselyang
spesifik, tetapiistilahiniumum
digunakandalamklinis. Istilahini
biasanyaditerapkanpada anggota
tubuh, umumnyatungkaibawah,
yang telahkehilangansuplaidarah
dan mengalaminekrosis(biasanya
nekrosiskoagulatif) pada banyak
bagianjaringan. Ketika infeksi
bakteriterjadi, terdapatlebih
banyaknekrosislikuifaktifkarena
aksienzimdegradatifpada bakteri
dan leukosityang tertarik(yang
menyebabkanapayang disebut
gangrenbasah)).
4
Microscopic double-layered appearance of the resected decubital ulcer (H&E, Gram and
immunostain). Colonization ofStaphylococcus aureus, probably MRSA, is observed along
the eroded surface and clearly illustrated by Gram stain and immunostaining for
staphylococcal antigens. Abscess formation with ischemic gangrene is noted in the deep
zone
JENIS NEKROSIS JARINGAN
Fibrinoid necrosis adalah
bentukkhususnekrosisyang biasanya
terlihatpada reaksiimunyang
melibatkanpembuluhdarah. Pola
nekrosisinibiasanyaterjadiketika
kompleksantigen dan antibodi
mengendapdi dindingarteri.
Endapan"kompleksimun" ini,
bersamadenganfibrin yang keluar
daripembuluhdarah, menghasilkan
tampilanmerahmudacerahdan
amorfpada pewarnaanH&E, yang
disebut"fibrinoid" (fibrin-like)
5
Dying liver cells. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of two liver cells (hepatocytes) undergoing apoptosis, or
programmed cell death. The cells have been treated with the chemical hydrazine (rocket fuel), which has caused
them to self-destruct. Apoptosis is characterised by membrane blebbing (swelling), as shown here, cell
shrinkage, and the fragmentation of a cell's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Apoptosis ensures that the leakage of
a dying cell's harmful constituents is minimised. The packaged fragments of the dead cell will be engulfed and
digested by the body's phagocytic cells. Magnification:
2021. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/214721/view/dying-liver-cells-sem
Perubahanbiokimiadan morfologiselterjejas. Seldapatmenjadinon-fungsionaldengancepatsetelahtimbulnyajejas,
meskipunmasihdapathidup, denganpotensikerusakanyang reversibel; durasijejaslebihlama dapatmenyebabkan
perubahanireversibeldan kematiansel. Perhatikanbahwaperubahanbiokimiaireversibeldapatmenyebabkankematiansel,
dan biasanyainimendahuluiperubahanultrastruktural, mikroskopis, dan morfologikasatmata
Terimakasih
BENTUK-BENTUK
ADAPTASITERHADAP
STRESS LINGKUNGAN:
HIPOFUNGSI
DwiWinarni
Dept. Biologi–FST UA
ADAPTATION
Change to abnormal cell type, increase in rate of division and number(dysplasia)
Increase in number of cells without a change in the rate of division or cell function(hyperplasia)
Neoplasia
Disuse due to injury or im-mobilization or impaired cell meta-bolismi.e. malnutrition
Weight liftingPhysical or chemical irritants
Chronic increase metabolic demand, genetic abnormalities, or hormonal imbalance
Chronic irritation or a malfunction in DNA replication
1.Penurunanworkload (atrophy of disuse)
2.Hilangnyainervasisaraf(denervation atrophy)
3.Tidakadanyasuplaidarah
4.Ketakcukupannutrisi
5.Takadanyastimulasiendokrin
6.Tekanan
Aktivitasmetaboliksintesisprotein
aktivitasubiquitin ligase
Protein ubiquitinated
proteins
1, 4
proteolisisoleh
proteasom
aktivitas
autofagiproteolisis
olehlisosom
ATROFI
SELULAR
Apoptosis ???
ATROFI
Jaringan, organ
Ubiquitin ligase
•Faktortranskripsi
•cyclins(harusdidegradasisebelumtahapberikutnyadi dalamsiklussel)
•Protein yang dikodevirus danparasitintraselularyang lain
•Protein yang terbentukkarenakesalahan
•translasi
•dikodeolehgen yang salah
•rusakolehmolekullain di sitosol
ATROFI (atrophy)
Atrofiadalahpenurunanukuranorgan ataujaringan
sebagaiakibatpenurunanukurandanjumlahsel
FISIOLOGIK
Terjadipadaperkembangan
normal
PATOLOGIK
Tergantungpadapenyebab,
dapatbersifatlokalataumeluas.
-Atrofinotochorddan
thyroglossalduct saat
perkembanganfetus.
-Penurunanukuranuterus
setelahpartusataupost
menopause
1.Penurunanworkload (atrophy of disuse)
2.Hilangnyainervasisaraf(denervation atrophy)
3.Tidakadanyasuplaidarah
4.Ketakcukupannutrisi
5.Takadanyastimulasiendokrin
6.Tekanan
ATROFI FISIOLOGIK
IRISAN EMBRIO AnuraM. occulta
Garisskala50µm; diambilpadaperbesaransama. Bagiandorsal di atas(A,B,D,E). Bagiananterior di atas(G,H).
notochord danselototmenunjukkanTUNEL positif. Np: neural plate, Ep, epidermis; Mu, muscle; N, notochord; Sc, spinal cord
MID-GASTRULA
Cross sectCross sectSagittal sect
NEURULAEMBRIO 6 JAM
PEWARNAAN TUNNEL
UNTUK PCD
Atrofipermukaandindinguterus. Irisanuterus menunjukkanatrofi
kelenjarendometrium, membentukkista. Atrofiendometrial adalah
prosesnormal padaaging setelahmenopause. Namun, kondisi
tersebutdapatmengakibatkanperdarahan. Semuaperdarahanyang
terjadisetelahmenopause harusdiwaspadaiberisikokanker
Denervation atrophy
(atrofikarenadenervasi)
Diagram illustrates atrophic muscle fibers caused by involvement of an isolated motor
unit. The figure shows H&E image in whichsmall angular fibersare seen in small
groups and also intermingled with intact fibers similar to the previous diagram
The musculature of the right forelimb is markedly atrophied (muscle mass is
reduced). The lesion is non-specific, but consistent with neurogenic atrophy.
The primary lesion was a brachial plexus tumor that interrupted the nerve
supply to the forelimb.
The observation that the entire musculature of the forelimb including
infraspinatusand supraspinatus muscles is atrophied indicates that the nerve
lesion is at the level of the brachial plexus or higher.
Without the trophic effect of nerve impulses to maintain muscle tone and
activity, muscle fibers atrophy. In the biopsy specimen, the muscle fibers vary
greatly in size. The smaller fibers are atrophic and have lost myofibrils,
sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
Atrofitubuliseminiferi
Saattestosteronrendah
A characteristic change seen in nutrient deficiency is serous atrophy of fat.
Compare the epicardialfat in these hearts from two different sheep. The heart
on the left is from a sheep with severe intestinal parasitism
This testicle was partially strangulated in
an inguinal hernia, severely
compromising the blood flow to the
testicle resulting in atrophy
Absence of TSH has resulted in thyroid atrophy
and hypothyroidism
a slow growing meningeal
tumor has compressed this
area causing focal atrophy.
white matter of the
cerebral cortex atrophies
as CSF fluid accumulates
and the ventricular
pressure rises
Normal brain
hydrocephalic brain
biosel aging dwn 2013
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Amyloid-b1–42 (Ab42) oligomers are synaptotoxic
for excitatory cortical and hippocampal neurons
and might play a role in early stages of Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) progression
disintegrating the neuron's
transport system
1. an unknown process
causes APP to be
divided into smaller
fragments
byenzymesthrough
proteolysis.2.
.
Accumulation of aggregated
amyloidfibrils, which are the
toxic form of the protein
responsible for disrupting the
cell'scalciumionhomeostasis,
inducesapoptosis.It is also
known that βA selectively builds
up in themitochondriain the
cells of brains, and it also inhibits
certainenzymefunctions and the
utilisationofglucoseby neurons
biosel aging dwn 2013
biosel aging dwn 2013
Brain MRI shows senile dilatation in the CSF
space and sulci of brain hemispheres that is
compatible with mild atrophic changes
PadaAlzeimer’sdisease, lajuatrofi
hipokampalhingga10x lipatdibanding
aging normal
BENTUK-BENTUK
ADAPTASITERHADAP
STRESS LINGKUNGAN:
METAPLASIA
DwiWinarni
Dept. Biologi–FST UA
METAPLASIA
Metaplasia adalahperubahanreversibeldari
bentukselterdiferensiasijenisyang satu(epitelial
ataumesenkimal) digantikanolehjenissel
terdiferensiasiyang lain àmekanismeadaptasi
denganmenggantijenisselyang sensitifdengan
jenisselyang lebihtahanterhadapperubahan
lingkungan
EPITHELIAL
METAPLASIA
MESENCHYMAL
METAPLASIA
ADAPTATION
Change to abnormal cell type, increase in rate of division and number(dysplasia)
Increase in number of cells without a change in the rate of division or cell function(hyperplasia)
Neoplasia
Disuse due to injury or im-mobilization or impaired cell meta-bolismi.e. malnutrition
Weight liftingPhysical or chemical irritants
Chronic increase metabolic demand, genetic abnormalities, or hormonal imbalance
Chronic irritation or a malfunction in DNA replication
EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA
Metaplasia epitelialyang paling umumadalahdari
kolumnar/kuboidkeskuamosa
Yang dapatdisebabkanoleh:
Iritasikronis(asaprokok, bahanpencemarlain) pada
saluranrespirasi
“Endapan/ batu” padasaluranekskretorikelenjar
ludah, pankreasdanempedu
Defisiensivitamin A padaepitelsaluranrespirasi
PenurunanpH serviks
In the salivary ducts, metaplasia of the normally cuboidal
ductal epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium has
been seen in response to chemicals, ionizing radiation,
viral infections, vitamin A deficiency, and blockage of
ducts by salivary calculi
Sialolithiasis (salivary calculi) may also develop because
of the presence of existing chronic infection of the glands,
dehydration (e.g. use ofphenothiazines),and/or increased
local levels of calcium, but in many instances the cause
isidiopathic(unknown).
Squamous metaplasia of the ductular
epithelium may be a preneoplastic
lesion progressing to squamous cell
carcinoma
In areas adjacent to the normal transitional
epithelium, there are areas of epithelium
(arrows) where the epithelial cells have the
character of normal squamous epithelium as
found in the dermis. However, squamous
epithelium is not normal in the renal pelvis
A high-power photomicrograph of the
squamous epithelium shows inflammatory
cells in the subepithelialtissue and the
formation of keratinized epithelium
(arrows)
Epiteltransisionalàskuamosa
SQUAMOUS àCOLUMNAR
the esophageal squamous epithelium is
replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells
under the influence of refluxed gastric acid
(Barret’sesophagus)
Cancers may arise in these areas; these are
typically glandular (adeno) carcinomas
Barrett's esophagus(left part of image).Alcianblue stain.Thecharacteristicgoblet
cellsare stained blueàpancreatic acinar metaplasia. Normalstratified squamous
epitheliumis seen on the right of the image
Barrett’s esophagus
MESENCHYMAL METAPLASIA
Mesenchymalmetaplasia (connective tissue
metaplasia) is the formation of cartilage, bone,
or adipose tissue (mesenchymaltissues) in
tissues that normally do not contain these
elements (ex. Myositis ossificans)
àBukanmekanismeadaptasi
Myositis ossificans(in subcutis, called panniculitis
ossificans; in fascia or tendons, called fascitis
ossificans) is a benign condition presenting as a
heterotopic, well-defined bone formation in
muscles and soft tissues. Most frequently it has a
post-traumatic onset (60%-75% of cases), usually
following small, repeated traumas or a single
bruising episode. Myositis ossificansis rare in
patients younger than 10 years and more frequent
in teenage athletes, and >50% of patients are
diagnosed in the third decade of life
Figure 2:Photomicrograph of the biopsy specimen showing morphologic zonation: central
population of fibroblasts and ill-defined trabeculaeof woven bone at the peripheral
zone.Figure3:Peripherally mineralized myositis ossificanswith a radiolucent center at 12
weeks
Metaplasia bukanmerupa-
kanakibatperubahanfeno-
tip jenisselyang sudahter-
diferensiasitetapilebihme-
rupakanakibatreprogram-
mingstem cells yang ada
di jaringannormal, atau
sel-selmesenkimyang be-
lumterdiferensiasidi dalam
jaringanikat
1
Hematopoietic
Stem Cells
BONE MARROW
Mesenchymal
stem cell
Cells of blood
& immune
system
Chondrocytes
osteoblast
Padaperubahanmetaplastik, selprekursor
berdiferensiasimelaluijalurdiferensiasi
baru
Diferensiasiseldenganjalurdiferensiasi
tertentutergantungdarisinyalyang
berasaldari:
•sitokin,
•growth factors,
•Dan komponenekstraseldi sekitar
sel
Stimuli2 eksternaltersebutmengakibatkan
diekspresikannyagen2 yang membawasel
menujukejalurdiferensiasitertentu
Blau& Wellman (2001) :
stem cells mempunyaikemampuan
membentukberbagaijenissel
tergantunglingkunganyang berada
di sekitarnya, termasukadanya
sinyaldarijaringanyang rusak
TIDAK TERBATAS
transplantasi
TRANSGENIC MOUSE in which a muscle promo-
terwas used to drive expression of nuclear b-
galactosidase(myosin light chain 3F promoter)
IMMUNODEFFICIENT MICE in which
myonecrosiswas induced chemically with
cardiotoxin
MUSCLE
Ferrari, G. et al. Muscle
regeneration by bone
marrow derived myogenic
progenitors. Science,
279,1528–1530. (1998).
No expression of
nuclear b-
galactosidase
Express nuclear
b-galactosidase
Secaranormal, resident myogenic precursor (satelite) cells,
yagberadadi sekitarserabutotot, yang bertanggungjawab
terhadappertumbuhandan perbaikanototlurik
weeks
days
Metaplasia sel-sel
sumsumtulang
menjadiselotot
merupakan
proses yang
bertahap
(multistep
process)
Metaplasia kemungkinanjuga
berasaldarisel-selterdiferensiasi
yang mengalamitransdiferensiasi
menjadisel-selyang secara
embriologiberkembangdarijenis
progenitor yang sama
2
A theoretical model for the occurrence of
transdifferentiation.
Myoblast G8
dalamkultur
MyotubesAdiposit
Mengekspresikanfaktor
transkripsikhasotota.l. :
MyoD, Myogenin, MRF4,
Myf-5)
-Mengekspresikan
adipocyte fatty acid
binding protein
-Strukturlipid droplet
Medium mengandung
fetal calf serumDikulturkandi medium
mengandungcampuran
insulin, dexamethasone
danleukotriene
+ faktortranskripsi
C/EBPadanPPAR-g
Mesodermal origin