Good Morning to You All
Welcome
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS
Introduction
Mechanisms
Orientation and Reactivity
Examples
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Introduction
Two ways of Addition based on the Substrate
They are given as follows
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Introduction
Four ways of Addition based on the Reagents
Three are twostep processes and the fourth one is a
onestep process. They are given as follows
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Electrophilic Reagent approaches the double or triple
bond substrate to give positive intermediate
The positive intermediate is attacked by the
nucleophilic species
This reaction may be uni , bi or termolecular
Let us look at the mechanisms
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
The stereochemistry of the addition reaction may be
either 'syn' or 'anti' type
Mostly openchain intermediates favours 'syn' addition
Cyclic intermediate favours more preferentially the
'anti' addition
Let us look at these stereochemical aspects
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Year 1911: McKenzie and Fischer independently proved
the antiaddition in case of cyclic intermediate formation
Addition bromine to maleic acid and fumaric acid to give
dlpair and meso forms of 2,3dibromosuccinic acid,
respectively
Later, chemists proved the formation of 70% of trans
isomer when dicarboxyacetylene was brominated
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
It has been found that the addition of bromine is not
stereospecifically favouring antiaddition product
The anti addition depends on the polarity of the solvent
Solvent of low dielectric favours 90100% antiaddition
Solvent of high dielectric favours nonstereospecific
addtion
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Electrophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
Nucleophilic Reagent approaches the double or triple
bond substrate to give negative intermediate
The positive intermediate is attacked by the
electrophilic species
This addition reaction is favoured when the substrate
has an electron withdrawing group
Let us look at the mechanisms
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
Note:
When the substrate contains a good leaving group
substitution reaction is more favoured
When electronwithdrawing group is present in the
substrate, addition reaction is more favoured
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
Michael reaction is a type of nucleophilic addition
This Michael type of reaction can be reversed by
heating either with or without alkali
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
The nucleophilic addition is nonstereospecific and
stereoselective
The products are formed based on the favourable
conformation, assumed by the carbanion
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Nucleophilic Addition
The nucleophilic addition of some reagents – EtOD or
Me
3
CSD to transethyl but2enoate shows anti
addition product predominantly
Nucleophilic addition to CC triple bond systems
mostly yield antiaddition product as that of
electrophlic addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Free Radical Addition
Free Radical addition is a type of chain reaction
There are three stages – initiation, propagation and
termination of the reaction
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Free Radical Addition
Free Radical addition is nonstereospecific
But, these reactions are mostly stereoselective. Let us
look at some examples
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Free Radical Addition
Free Radical addition is becoming stereospecific at low
temperature in some cases
–The stereospecificity is disappeared at room tempt.
–The addition products are 78% d,l and 22% of meso isomes
It is due to the formation of bridged intermediate
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Cyclic Mechanisms
Some addition reactions go via fourcentre, five
centre or sixcenter intermediate mechanisms showing
a closed ring intermediate / transition state
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Addition to conjugated double bonded systems shows
1,2addition and 1,4addition
The addition reaction goes via openchain or cyclic
intermediate
Sometimes the reaction is a concerted one
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Let us look at the mechanisms
Electrophilic addition via openchain intermediate
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Potential energy diagram of the 1,2 and 1,4addition
reactions
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Formation of some uncommon intermediates during
the addition mechanism
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Nucleophilic addition to conjugated systems follows
the mechanism that resemble the electrophilic
addition mechanism
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Addition to Conjugated Systems
Freeradical addition to conjugated systems follows
the mechanism that resemble the electrophilic
addition mechanism
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The reactivity of the substrate towards addition
reaction is influenced by the nature of substituent
present
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The effect of substituent is so great that there is a
generalization as given here.
–simple olefines do not react by nucleophilic
mechanism, and polyhalo or polycyano olefine
do not react by electrophilic mechanism
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The reactivity of the substrate towards electrophilic
addition reaction is shown with an example
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
Bromination
Hydration
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The reactivity of alkenic and alkynic substrates have
been observed.
–The alkenes more preferred to show electrophilic
addition and the alkynes show nucleophilic addition
more readily
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The reactivity of alkenic and alkynic substrates have
been observed.
–The Free radical additions can occur in any type of
substrate
–The nucleophilic radicals behave like nucleophiles and
the rate is enhanced in presence of electron
withdrawing groups
–The reverse is true for electrophilic radicals
–The deciding factor is the presence of a radical
initiator(I
f
)
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Reactivity of Addition
The reactivity of alkenic and alkynic substrates have
been observed.
–Steric influences have profound effect on the reactivity
of these multiple bonded substrates
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation of reagents in alkenic and alkynic
substrates have been observed.
–When unsymmetrical alkenes or alkynes undergo
addition, the electrophilic part of the reagent goes to
the carbon having more number of hydrogens
–This observation was proposed as a rule ~
Markovnikov's rule. This addition takes place favouring
the formation of a better stabilised intermediate
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation of reagents in alkenic and alkynic
substrates have been observed.
–Presence of electron donating substituents in the
substrate favours Markovnikov's addition
–Presence of electron withdrawing substituents in the
substrate favours antiMarkovnikov's addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation of reagents in alkenic and alkynic
substrates have been observed.
–The nucleophilic attack is studied to a very little extent
and it is done only in Michael type of addition
–Presence of electron withdrawing substituents in the
substrate favours nucleophilic attack
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation of reagents in alkenic and alkynic
substrates have been observed.
–The freeradical attack is influenced very much by the
steric factor
–The inductive effect has less impact on this reaction
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
Stability order of the free radical: 3
o
> 2
o
> 1
o
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation in 5,6 alkenic substrates have been
observed to be intramolecular
–Cyclic products are preferred and Smaller ring types
are more favoured than big rings
–It obeying the Baldwin's rule – ExoTrig addition is
more preferred than the EndoTrig addition
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation in conjugated alkenic substrates have
been observed to be at the tailend part
–The attack by the electrophile, nucleophile or free
radical will be at the terminal carbon of the conjugated
system
–It favours the formation of a stable intermediate
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The orientation in allenic substrates have been
observed to be at the middle carbon
–The attack by the electrophile will be at the middle
carbon of the allenic system
–It favours the formation of a stable intermediate,
though it is an antiMarkovnikov's addition.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The stereochemistry of orientation
–For cyclic compounds, the addition may be syn or anti
–In syn addition to unsymmetrical cyclic olefins, the two
groups approach from the lesshindered side.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The stereochemistry of orientation
–For cyclic compounds, the addition may be syn or anti
for both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents
–In synface addition to unsymmetrical cyclic olefins,
the groups approach from the side of electron
withdrawing group.
–In antiface addition, the groups approach from the
side and opposite of electrondonating group
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Theory of Orientation of Addition
The stereochemistry of orientation
–The addition of Br
2
or HOBr are often anti because of
the formation of cyclic intermediate
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Birch Reduction
Aromatic rings undergo reduction showing 1,4
addition of hydrogen to give nonconjugated dienes
–It follows radical ion mechanism
–Electron donating substituents decrease the rate of the
reaction. Electron withdrawing groups increase the
rate of the reaction.
–The radical ion is proved by the epr studies
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Birch Reduction
Aromatic rings undergo reduction showing 1,4
addition of hydrogen to give nonconjugated dienes
–Ordinary olefines do not undergo this reduction
–Phenylated olefines, internal alkynes and conjugated
olefines show this Birch Reduction.
–Benzene shows this reduction to give 1,4diene and not
1,3diene.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Birch Reduction
Aromatic rings undergo reduction showing 1,4
addition of hydrogen to give nonconjugated dienes
–Ordinary olefines do not undergo this reduction
–Phenylated olefines, internal alkynes and conjugated
olefines show this Birch Reduction.
–Benzene shows this reduction to give 1,4diene and not
1,3diene.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Hydroboration
Olefines on hydrobortion give alcohols, ultimately
–Borane always goes to carbon having more number of
hydrogens.
–It follows markovnikov's addition. Boron is more
electropositive than hydrogen
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Hydroboration
Olefines on hydrobortion give alcohols, ultimately
–Borane BH
3
or its substituted derivative – BHR
2
attacks
the olefinic carbon that is sterically less crowded
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Hydroboration
Olefines on hydrobortion give alcohols, ultimately
–Enantioselective hydroboration using
diisopinocampheylborane
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Michael Reaction
Olefines undergo the following addition
–It is a nucleophilic addition
–Olefines must have an electron withdrawing group.
Otherwise, this reaction is not possible
–The nucleophilic reagent also has the electron
withdrawing substituents like COOR, C=O, CN, NO
2
,
S=O, etc.
–The reaction is carried out with malonates,
cyanoacetates, acetoacetates, other bketoesters, etc.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Michael Reaction
Olefines undergo the following addition
–Michael reaction has been carried out traditionally in
protic solvents, with catalytic amount of a base.
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2
ADDITION TO CARBONCARBON
MULTIPLE BONDS.....
Michael Reaction
Alkynes undergo the following addition
–Michael reaction has been shown by some alkynic
substrates having an electronwithdrawing group
–In some cases, the Michael reaction is possible under
acidic conditions
Dr. V Alex Ramani
SJC, Trichy 2