ADENOVIRUSES.pptx By Dr. Maryam Magu University of Maiduguri

This is a slide of virus

1. ADENOVIRUSES DR MARYAM B MAGU DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY UMTH

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION VIROLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS CLINICAL FEATURES LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

3. Introduction Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1953 in a human adenoid cell culture. Since then, approximately 100 serotypes have been recognized, at least 51 of which infect humans. All human serotypes are included in a single genus within the family Adenoviridae. There are 7 subgroups for human adenoviruses (A - G) . The viruses in each subgroup share many properties. The first human adenoviruses to be identified, numbered 1 to 7, are the most common. Common disorders caused by the adenoviruses include respiratory tract infection, pharyngoconjunctivitis (pinkeye), hemorrhagic cystitis, and gastroenteritis. Several adenoviruses have oncogenic potential in animals but not humans,

4. Introduction Adenovirus is also being used in genetic therapies to deliver deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for gene replacement and modification therapy, as a vaccine, and as oncolytic therapy.

5. Virology Adenovirus is a double stranded DNA virus 70-90nm in size with 252 capsomeres Nonenveloped(naked) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid They are the only viruses with a fiber protruding from each of the 12 vertices of the capsid. The fiber is use for attachment and is a hemagglutinin. At least 51 serotypes base on the fiber protein(type specific antigen)

6. Epidemiology Virus is found worldwide. There is no seasonal incidence. Who Is at Risk? Children < 14 years of age People in crowded areas (e.g., day-care centers, military training camps ) Transmission Direct contact, respiratory droplets and feco -oral i.e fecal matter on hands and fomites (e.g., towels, contaminated medical instruments), and inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and A denoviruses cause only 2–5% of all respiratory illness in the general population, respiratory disease caused by types 3, 4, and 7 is common among military recruits. Outbreaks occur among military recruits Capsid virus is resistant to inactivation by gastrointestinal tract, drying, and detergents .

7. Pathogenesis Adenoviruses infect and replicate in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, eye, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract. They usually do not spread beyond the regional lymph nodes. The viruses persist as latent infections for years in adenoids and tonsils and are shed in the feces for many months after the initial infection. the name “adenovirus” reflects the recovery of the initial isolate from human adenoid

8. Clinical features Adenoviruses primarily infect children and less commonly adults Most infections are mild and self-limited Incubation period is 2days-2weeks mostly 5-6 days Adenoviruses 1–7 are the most common types worldwide and account for most instances of adenovirus associated illness . Certain serotypes are associated with specific syndromes e.g types 3, 4, 7, and 21 cause respiratory disease, especially in military recruits; types 8 and 19 cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; types 11 and 21 cause hemorrhagic cystitis; and types 40 and 41 cause infantile gastroenteritis.

9. Clinical features Acute Febrile Pharyngitis and Pharyngoconjunctival Fever Adenovirus causes pharyngitis, which is often accompanied by conjunctivitis (pharyngoconjunctival fever). Affected patients have mild, flulike symptoms including nasal congestion, cough, coryza, malaise, fever, chills, myalgia, and headache that may last 3 to 5 days. Pharyngoconjunctival fever occurs more often in outbreaks involving older children.

10. Clinical features Acute Respiratory Disease Adenoviruses are the cause of an acute respiratory disease syndrome among military recruits, infants and young children. This syndrome is characterized by fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, and malaise, sometimes leading to pneumonia Other respiratory diseases laryngitis, croup, bronchiolitis and pertussis-like illness in children and adults

11. Clinical features Gastroenteritis ( serotype 40,41) - Gastroenteritis with non bloody diarrhea occurs mainly in children younger than 2 years of age Hemorrhagic cystitis (serotype 11,21) - Hematuria and dysuria are prominent Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis(serotype 8,19,37) - occurs mainly in adults and is highly contagious. - can remain viable for several weeks on sinks and hand towels, and these may be sources of transmission. - it is characterized by acute conjunctivitis followed by keratitis that usually resolves in 2 weeks but may leave subepithelial opacities in the cornea for up to 2 years.

12. Laboratory diagnosis Depending on the clinical disease, virus may be recovered from stool, urine or from a throat, conjunctival, or rectal swab. Methods of diagnosis include: Viral isolation using cell culture like Primary human embryonic kidney cells Polymerase chain reaction Serology for four fold or greater rise in antibody titer -complement fixation test - neutralization test - hemagglutination-inhibition test Electron microscopy

13. Treatment ,prevention and control There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections Careful handwashing and chlorination of swimming pools can reduce transmission of adenovirus Strict asepsis during eye examinations Live oral vaccines have been used to prevent infections with adenovirus types 4 and 7 in military recruits

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