ADRENAL GLAND in humans systems .pptx

its related to adrenal gland

1. ADRENAL GLAND

2. HOW DOES THE BODY? Cope with stress Manage emotional states Helps in memorizing Regulate blood pressure Electrolyte balance

3. STRUCTURE Adrenal gland , also called  suprarenal gland , either of two small triangular endocrine glands one of which is located above each  kidney. In humans each adrenal gland weighs about 5 grams. Each gland consists of two parts: an inner medulla , which produces epinephrine and nor epinephrine  (adrenaline and nor adrenaline) An outer  cortex, which produces steroid hormones.

4. ADRENAL GLAND

5. ADRENAL MEDULLA The adrenal medulla is embedded in the centre of the cortex of each adrenal gland . It is small, making up only about 10 percent of the total adrenal weight. The adrenal medulla is composed of  chromaffin cells that are named for the  granules  within the cells that darken after exposure to chromium salts.  Chromaffin cells are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

6. ADRENAL MEDULLA Blood supply:  A significant blood supply is necessary to regulate adrenal medulla hormones. Adrenal arteries branch from blood vessels such as the inferior phrenic artery, renal artery and abdominal  aorta. Nerve supply:  The greater splanchnic nerve helps medulla communicate with the rest of the body. This nerve is part of the autonomic nervous system. Chromaffin cells:  These cells contain tiny granules. When splanchnic nerve cells trigger a stress response, chromaffin cells release their granules. This sends adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream.

7. Adrenal medulla Chromaffin cells migrate to the adrenal medulla from the embryonic neural crest and represent specialized neural tissue. The sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla are collectively known as the sympathoadrenal system . The chromaffin granules contain the hormones of the adrenal medulla, which include dopamine, nor epinephrine, and epinephrine When stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses, the chromaffin granules are released from the cells and the hormones enter the circulation, a process known as exocytosis .

8. Function of adrenal medulla The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines , hormones that help the body respond to stress. Within moments, the body releases adrenal medulla hormones to boost organ functioning . This is also known as the fight-or-flight response.

9. FIGHT OR FLIGHT

10. ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES Adrenaline(epinephrine) Nor-adrenaline(nor-epinephrine) Dopamine

11. SYNTHESIS

12. SYNTHESIS All of the above reactions take place in the cytoplasm, except for the production of NE. NE synthesis occurs with in the lipid vesicles or outer mitochondrial membranes. Cytoplasmic dopamine is sequestered into vesicles, converted into NE and stored untill nerve stimulation causes its release into a synapse by exocytosis.

13. ELIMINATION All catecholamines are rapidly eliminated from the target cells by three mechanisms: Reuptake into secretory vesicles Uptake in non-neuronal tissues (liver) Degradation

14. D egradation

15. ROLE OF ADRENALINE The medulla secretes adrenaline in response to low blood sugar levels or exercise. It helps the body react to stress by: Delivering extra oxygen to muscles. Increasing blood pressure and heart output. Widening small arteries.

16. ROLE OF NOR-ADRENALINE This hormone helps body respond to stress by : Increasing blood sugar levels. Narrowing blood vessels. Raising blood pressure . Contributes to brain’s ability to store memories. Helps you wake up. Increases attention and focus. Supports emotional health.

17. ROLE OF DOPAMINE As a neurotransmitter, dopamine is involved in : Movement. Memory. Pleasurable reward and motivation. Behavior and cognition. Attention. Sleep and arousal. Mood. Learning. Lactation.

18. ROLE OF DOPAMINE Causes blood vessels to relax (at low doses, it acts as a vasodilator) or constrict (at high doses, it acts as a vasoconstrictor). Increases sodium (salt) and urine removal from your body. Reduces insulin production in your pancreas. Slows gastrointestinal (GI) (gut) content movement and protects your GI lining. Reduces lymphocyte activity in your immune system.

19. NORMAL RANGES The normal range for epinephrine is 0 to 140 pg /mL (764.3 pmol /L ) The normal range for norepinephrine is 70 to 1700 pg /mL (413.8 to 10048.7 pmol /L ). The normal range for dopamine is 0 to 30 pg /mL (195.8 pmol /L)