Adulteration of crude drugs in Pharmacognosy.pptx

The power point presentaion is regardindgadulteration of crude drugs. This is an important topic in the B.Pharm subject Pharmacognosy. This include definition of adulteration, types of adulteration. the types of adulteration includes deliberate and indeliberate adulteration.

1. Dr. Rajisha K Associate Professor P.A.College of Pharmacy, Mangalore ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

2. Adulteration Adulteration is the debasement of an article. Adulteration may be defined as admixture or substitution of genuine articles with spurious, inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances. The extent of adulteration depends upon whether the drug is indigenous or obtained from other countries. The reasons for adulteration are either scarcity or high price of drug in the market. An adulteration of a drug may be deliberate or accidental.

3. Adulteration involves different conditions such as Inferiority Spoilage Deterioration Admixture Sophistication Substitution.

4. Inferiority Inferiority is a natural substandard condition (e.g. where a crop is taken whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard for that particular drug) which can be avoided by more careful selection of the plant material. Spoilage Spoilage is a substandard condition produced by microbial or other pest infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption, which can be avoided by careful attention to the drying, and storage conditions.

5. Deterioration Deterioration is an impairment of the quality or value of an article due to destruction or abstraction of valuable constituents by bad treatment or aging or to the deliberate extraction of the constituents and the sale of the residue as the original drugs. Admixture Admixture is the addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness e.g. Inclusion of soil on an underground organ or the co-collection of two similar species.

6. Sophistication Sophistication is the deliberate addition of spurious or inferior material with intent to defraud; such materials are carefully produced and may appear at first sight to be genuine e.g. powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow colour . Substitution Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in place of that which is required e.g. supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil.

7. Reasons of Adulteration 1.Confusion in Vernacular Names 2.Lack of Knowledge About Authentic Source 3.Similarity in Morphology 4.Lack of Authentic Plant 5.Similarity in Color 6.Careless Collections 7. Enhancement of profits

8. TYPES OF ADULTERATION Deliberate/ Direct ( Intentional ) adulteration Accidental/ Indirect ( In-deliberate) adulteration Deliberate adulteration – Are normally commercial. Mainly with the intention of enhancement of profits. Accidental adulteration - Are normally due to lack of knowledge about authentic source, Careless Collections and Confusion in Vernacular Names

9. Deliberate/ Direct ( Intentional ) adulteration Substitution with substandard commercial varieties Substitution with Superficially Similar but Inferior Drugs Substitution with Artificially Manufactured Substance Substitution with Exhausted Drug Substitution with Synthetic Chemicals to Enhance Natural Character Presence of Vegetative Matter of Same Plant Harmful Adulterants Adulteration of Powders

10. 1. Substitution with substandard commercial varieties Adulterants resemble the original crude drug morphologically, chemically, therapeutically but are sub-standard in nature and cheaper in cost. This is the most common type of adulteration. Eg : The substitution of Alexandrian senna with Arabian senna The substitution of Stychnos nux -vomica with Strychnos nux-blanda

11. 2. Substitution with Superficially Similar but Inferior Drugs Inferior drugs may or may not have any chemical or therapeutic value. They resemble only morphologically, so due to its resemblance they are used as adulterants. Eg : The substitution of clove flower buds with mother clove Digitalis containing very less amount of glycosides is used as a diluent in preparation of prepared digitalis leaves, containing higher percentage of glycosides.

12. 3. Substitution with Artificially Manufactured Substance The drug is adulterated with the substance which has been prepared artificially. The artificially manufactured substance resembles the original drug. This method is followed for the costlier drugs. Eg : The substitution of honey with artificial invert sugar. The substitution of Bees wax with Paraffin wax.

13. 4. Substitution with Exhausted Drug The same drug is admixed but that drug is devoid of medicinally active substance as it has been extracted already. Mainly volatile oil containing drugs like clove, coriander, fennel, caraway are adulterated by this method. As it is devoid of colour and taste due to extraction, natural colour and taste is manipulated with additives. Eg : Exhausted saffron is coloured artificially

14. 5. Substitution with Synthetic Chemicals to Enhance Natural Character Synthetic chemicals are used to enhance natural character of the exhausted drug. Examples: Citral is added to citrus oils like lemon and orange oils. Benzyl benzoate to balsam of peru 6. Presence of Vegetative Matter of Same Plant Some miniature plants growing along with the medicinal plants are added due to their colour , odour , and constituents. Examples: Cloves are mixed with clove stalks Caraway and anethum fruits are mixed with other parts of inflorescence.

15. 7. Harmful Adulterants Some are harmful materials as the adulterant, are collected from market waste materials and admixed with the drug. It is done for the liquid drugs. Examples: The pieces of amber coloured glass in colophony. Lime stones in asafoetida 8. Adulteration of Powders The drugs which are in the form of powders are frequently adulterated. Examples: Dextrin is added in ipecacuanha, exhausted ginger in ginger, red sanders wood in capsicum powder and powdered bark adulterated with brick powder.

16. 2. Accidental/ Indirect ( In-deliberate) adulteration Faulty collection Imperfect preparation Incorrect storage

17. Faulty collection Herbal adulteration sometimes occurs due to the carelessness of herbal collectors and suppliers. The correct part of genuine plant should be collected. Moreover collection should be carried out at a proper season and time when the active constituents reach maximum. Examples: Datura stramonium leaves should be collected during flowering stage. Wild cherry bark in autumn etc.

18. Collection from other plant by ignorance , due to similarity in the appearance, color, lack of knowledge may lead to adulteration. Examples: In place of Aconitum napellus , the other Aconitum deinorhizum may be collected. Often in different states the same plant is known by different vernacular names, while quite different drugs are known by same name . The Indian pharmacopoeia drugs Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Boerhavia diffusa L. are both known by the same vernacular name “Punarnava”. Sometimes lack of authentic source may lead to adulteration. Example: Nagakesar is one of the important drugs in Ayurveda. Original drug, Mesua ferrea is adulterated with flowers of Calophyllum inophyllum

19. b) Imperfect preparation Collection of the plant parts should be clear by the collectors. Sometimes stems are collected with leaves, flowers, fruits which are not necessary. Undesirable parts should not be collected, like cork should be removed from ginger rhizome. Sometimes neglected drying process may lead to unintentional adulteration. e.g. If digitalis leaves are dried above 65°C, decomposition of glycosides by enzymatic hydrolysis occurs. Use of excessive heat in separating the cod liver oil from livers but the proportion of vitamins, odor and color etc. are adversely affected.

20. c. Incorrect storage: Deterioration, especially during storage, leads to the loss of active ingredients and production of non-active toxic metabolites. Physical factors such as oxygen, humidity, light, and temperature can bring about deterioration directly or indirectly. These factors also help in development of the growth of organisms such as molds, mites and bacteria. Oxidation of essential oils can lead to rancid.

21. Moisture or humidity and elevated temperatures can accelerate enzymatic activities, leading to changes in the physical appearance and decomposition of the herb. For example, volatile oils should be protected from light and stored in well closed containers in cool place. Belladonna leaf should be stored in moisture free containers, which may cause enzymatic action leading to decomposition of medicinally active constituents.