Adulteration of drugs by pooja khanpara

for sem 3 B.Pharm students as per GTU syllabus

1. ADULTERATIONOFCRUDE
DRUGS
Prepared By:
Pooja Khanpara
Asst. Professor
R.D. Gardi B.Pharmacy College
Rajkot

2. DEFINATION
Adulterationisa practiceof
substitutingoriginalcrudedrugpartiallyor
wholewithothersimilarlookingsubstances
butthelatteriseitherfreefromorinferior
inchemicalandtherapeuticproperties.
OR

3. Adulterationinsimplewordsisthedebasementof
an
article.
OR
Adulterationisbroadlydefinedas
admixtureorsubstitutionoforiginalor
genuinearticle/drugwithinferior,
defectiveorotherwiseuselessorharmful
substances.

4. ADULTRANT:
□Theadulterantmustbesome
materialwhichinbothcheapand
availableinfairlylargeamounts.
□Substitutionistheadditionofan
entirelydifferentarticleinplaceofthat
whichisrequirede.g.Supplyofcheap
cottonseedoilinplaceofoliveoil(Sweet
oil).

5. TYPESOFADULTERATION
1.Deliberate(Intentional)adulteration
2.Accidental(In-deliberate)
adulteration

6. 1.DELIBERATE
ADULTERATION (INTENTIONAL
)
Deliberateadulteration–
commercialmainlywith
Are
normall
y
theintentionof
enhancementof
profits.

7. 2.IN-DELIBERATE(ACCIDENTAL)
ADULTERATION
In-Deliberateadulteration–
Arenormallynaturallyoccurring,
accidental,carelessorbyignoranceand
nonharmful.

8. REASONSFORADULTERATION
1.Scarcityofthedrug.
2.Thehighpriceofthedruginthemarket,
eg:Clove,Cinnamon,Cardamom
3.Itisverycommonwiththecontraband
drugse.g.Opium

9. CONDITIONSORSTAGESOF
ADULTERATION
Theterm'adulteration'ordebasement
ofanarticlecoversanumberof
conditions,whichmaybedeliberateorIn-
deliberate.
Inferiority,
Spoilage,
Deterioration,
Admixture,
Sophistication,
Substitution

10. □Isanaturalsubstandar
d
conditio
n
(e.g
.
whereacropistakenwhose
naturalconstituentisbelowtheminimum
standardforthatparticulardrug)
Inferiority

11. Spoilage
■Isasubstandardconditionproduced
bymicrobialorotherpestinfestation,
whichmakesaproductunfitfor
consumption.

12. □Deterioration
Isthelossinthequalityorvalueofan
articleduetodestructionvaluable
constituentsbybadtreatmentoragingor
tothedeliberateextractionofthe
constituents.

13. □Istheadditionof onearticleto
anotherthroughaccident,ignorance
orcarelessness
e.g.Inclusionofsoilonan
undergroundorganortheco-collection
oftwosimilarspecies.
Admixture

14. ■Isthedeliberateadditionofinferiormaterial
withintenttodefraud(cheattogetmoney
);suchmaterialsarecarefullyproducedand
mayappearatfirstsighttobegenuine.
■E.g.Powdergingermaybedilutedwith
starchwithadditionoflittlecoloringmaterialto
givethecorrectshadeofyellowcolour.
Sophistication

15. □Istheadditionofanentirelydifferent
articleinplaceofthatwhichisrequired.
□E.g.Supplyofcheapcottonseedoilin
placeofoliveoil(Sweetoil).
Substitution

16. METHODSOFDRUGADULTERATION
1.SubstitutionwithInferior/Sub-standard
CommercialVarieties
2.AdulterationbyArtificiallyManufactured
Substitutes
3.SubstitutionbyExhaustedDrugs
4.AdulterationbyAdditionofWorthlessHeavy
Materials(HarmfulAdulteration)
5.AdditionofSyntheticPrinciples
6.UsageofVegetativeMatterfromtheSamePlant
7.AdulterationofPowders

17. 1.Substitutionwith
Commercial
Varieties
Inferior/Sub
-
standar
d
Duetomorphologicalresemblanceto
theauthenticdrugs,differentinferior
commercialvarietiesareusedas
adulterantwhichmayormaynothave
anychemicalortherapeuticpotentialas
thatoriginalnaturaldrug

18. Thisisthemostcommontypeof
adulterationEg. ArabianSennaand
Dog Sennahave
beenusedtoadulterateIndianSenna
(Cassiasenna)Eg.MedicinalGinger(Zingiberofficinale)
isreplacedbyJapaneseginger
(Zingibermioga)

20. Herethesubstancesartificiallyprepared
toresembletheoriginaldrug(provide
thegeneralformandappearancei.e
colour,shape,size)andareusedas
substituteoftheoriginalone.
2.AdulterationbyArtificiallyManufactured
Substitutes

21. Generally,thispracticeisfollowedfor
muchcostlierdrugs
Eg.ArtificialinvertsugarforHoney
Eg.Paraffinwaxmadeyellowcoloration
andsubstitutedforBeeswax.
Eg.CompressedchicoryinplaceofCoffee

23. 3.SubstitutionbyExhaustedDrugs
Inthistypethesameplantdrugis
admixed
butitisdevoidofanymedicinally
activeconstituentsastheyarealready
extractedout.(noactivemedicinal
componentsastheyhavealreadybeen
extractedout).

24. Thispracticeismost
common
incaseof
volatile
oi
l
containingmaterialslike
clove,
fennel,cardamom,cinnamon
etc.,Eg.ExhaustedCloveto
Clove
Eg.ExhaustedGingertoGinger
24

26. Materials(HarmfulAdulteration)
Here,thewastesfrommarketarecollected
andadmixedwithoriginaldrug.
Thisisparticularlynoticedfor
liquidsandunorganizeddrugs.
4.AdulterationbyAdditionofWorthlessHeavy

27. Eg.LimestoneinAsafoetida
Eg.Pieces ofamber coloredglass in
Colophony
Eg.Additionofrodent
isa
wastematterto
verycardamom
see
dadulteration
harmful
Eg.Whitestonesin
rice

29. Sometimestofortifyinferiornatural
products,syntheticprinciplesareadded
Eg.AddingCitraltoOilofLemon
Eg.BenzylbenzoatetoBalsamofPeru
etc.
5.AdditionofSyntheticPrinciples

30. Plant
Sometimes,theotherplantsgrowing
alongwithmedicinalplantaremixed
duetotheirresemblingcolour,odour
andinsomecasesconstituents.
6.UsageofVegetativeMatterfromtheSame

31. Eg.Thelowerplantslike
Moss,
Liver
wart
s
andepiphytesgrowingonplant(bark)
portionaremixedwith
Cinchona
Cinnamon
o
r
Eg:Stemsportionsaremixedalongwith
leafdrugslikeLobelia,Senna,Daturaetc

32. 7.ADULTERATIONOFPOWDERS
Besidestheentiredrugs,thepowdered
formsarefrequently,foundtobe
adulterated.
Eg.RedSanderswoodinCapsicum
Eg.ExhaustedGingerpowderinpowdered
Ginger
Eg.Thepowderedbarkisfrequently
adulteratedwithBrickpowder

35. QUESTIONBANK
LongEssays:10Marks
1.Explainindetailthevariousmethodsofadulterationof
crudedrugswithexamples.
2.Explainthefivedifferentmethodsusedforadulteration
of
crudedrugsanddiscuss.
4.Defineadulteration.Explainthevariousmethodsof
adulterationwithexamples.
5.Whatdoyoumeanbydeliberateandindeliberate
adulterationgiveexamples

36. ShortEssays:5Marks
1.Defineadulterationandexplainthevariousmethodsof
adulteration.
2.Defineadulterationandgivethereasonsfor
adulterationwithexamples.
3.Whatdoyoumeanbydeliberateandindeliberate
adulterationwithexamples?
4.Discusswithexamplesonadulterationofpowderand
liquiddrugs.
5.Explainindetailthemethodsofadulterationofcrude
drugswithexamples.
6.Namefivedifferentmethodsusedforadulterationof
crudedrugsandexplainwithexamples.
7.Whatisadulteration?Explainin-deliberateadulteration
ofcrudedrugswithexamples

37. 8.Namefivedifferentmethodsusedforadulterationof
crudedrugsandexplainwithexamples.
9.Whatisadulteration?Explainin-deliberateadulteration
ofcrudedrugswithexamples
10.Whatisadulteration?Explainthedeliberate
adulterationofcrudedrugswithexamples.
ShortAnswers:2Marks
1.DefineAdulterationandSubstitution.
2.Whatdoyoumeanbydeliberateandindeliberate
adulteration?
3.Givethevariousreasonsofadulteration
4.Artificialadulterationwithexamples.
5.Namethedifferentmethodsofadulterationofcrude
drugs.

38. 6.Defineadulterationandsophistication.
7.Whatareexhausteddrugs?Giveexamples.
8.Whatisharmfuladulteration?Giveexamples.
9.Givethedifferencebetweensubstituteandofficial
drugwithexample.
10.Whatissubstitution?Giveexamples.
11.Whatisdeterioration?Giveexample.
12.Adulterationofcrudedrugswithartificial
adulterants