Adv&adj Phrase

1. Adj&adv Phrase English Grammar Group members: Le Thi Hoai Thanh Nguyen Hanh Le Tran Thi Ut Tram Hoang Thi Thu Huong Le Thi Thu Phuong Nguyen Thi Thu Trang  

2. Adjective Phrase

3. Adjective phrase 1. Definition An adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective ( or adjectivalized participle) as the head. An  adjective phrase  consists of an adjective which may be preceded and/or followed by other words. Ex1 : 1.It is a nice cat 2. I was very excited 3. They have been very curious about this ( strange )guy

4. Adjective phrase II.Structure: Full Structure: Pre-modification + head + postmodification 1.Pre-modification: modifying,describing,or qualifying constituents which precede the head. Pre-modifier types Adverb phrase ex: Yesterday was a very unusually hot day

5. Use very,quite,partly,perfectly.ect … Ex: This exercise is relatively hard Adjective can be premodified by either + Grading: ( slightly,somewhat,very,overly…) Ex: A slightly bent wire,an extremely overweight dog + comparison : (more,less,least,most) Ex: The more he eat,the fatter he is.

6. Not all adjectives can be graded or compared : Comparable : more beautiful , the most red Noncomparable ( ungradable ): NATIONALITIES: French , Spanish MISC.: dead , alive , broken , etc Comparison can also be done morphologically : the bigger / biggest

7. A few intensifier may pre-modify noun phrase : quite, rather and the pre-determiners such and exclamatory what , the noun phrase is normally indefinite and the intensifiers precede and determines Ex: I was rather a mess He was quite some player I have never heard such wickedness

8. Noun phrase : We can put a phrase of measurement before some adjs Ex : The man is about forty years old I am 1,67 metres tall

9. 2.The Head I s an adjective or participle serving as the focus of the phrase Ex: She is a nice cat adj I was very excited . past participle They have been very curious about this ( strange) guy adj

10. 3. Post-modification : Modifying constituent which follows the head; and complementation,(the major subcategoryof postmodification here) is the constituent which follows any postmodification and completes the specification of a meaning implied by the head

11. Adverbs as postmodifiers ( enough/indeed) Ex: This fruit is not ripe enough to eat He doesn’t do it badly.He is sucessfull indeed + complements of adj

12. That-clause: Ex: We were confident that he was still alive To-infinite clause : Ex: Bob was slow to catch the ball This meal is too expansive to enjoy

13. Ing -clause Ex: I’m busy getting the house redecorated We’re fortunate having Aunt Agatha as a baby- sistter

14. Prepositional phrase : Ex: Bobby is f ond of maths Comparative clause Ex: It was easier than they said

15. Diagram summary Adj.p Pre-modification Head Post-modification Adverb phrase Noun phrase Adjective Participle Ed-participle Ing -participle Adverb complementation Prepositional phrae Infinitive clause Ing -clause That-clause Comparative clause

16. Syntactic functions Adjective Phrase

17. 1. NOUN PRE – MODIFIER ( attributive adjs ) Adjs are attributive when they premodify nouns, appear between the determiner and the head of the NP. Ex:    

18. 2. COMPLEMENTS (predicative adjs )

19. 2. COMPLEMENTS (predicative adjs )

20.   3.POST-POSITIVE

21. 3.POST-POSITIVE

22. 4.THE HEAD OF NOUN PHRASE Adjective can often function as heads of NPs as the following cases: + adjs having personal reference: Ex: The poor get poorer, the rich get richer. H H   These seats are for the disabled . H + Adjective denoting nationalities   Ex: The French like eating well.   The Dutch are the tallest in the world.   + Adjective having abstract reference   Ex: The newest is that he is going to China.   He ventured into the unknown.

23. 6.EXCLAMATORY ADJ SENTENCE An adj as head of an adj. P or as its sole realization can be an exclamatory.   Ex.   How beautiful !   Great! What a nice day!

24. 5.VERBLESS ADJ CLAUSE Verbless clauses are clauses in which the verb and sometimes other elements have been deleted. +An adj can function as a verbless clauses. The clause may be mobile in sentence. Ex: (By then) nervous , the man opened the gift. The man, (by then) nervous , opened the gift. The man opened the gift, (by then) nervous. Contingent adjective clause   An adj Contingent clause expresses the circumstance or condition under which what is said in the superordinate clause applies.   Ex: Enthusiastic , they make good students.(when enthusiastic) (When) ripe , these apples are sweet.

25. The head

26. Syntactic classification of adjs Adjectives Central Attributive only Predicative only

27. attributive only Adjectives which are restricted to attributive position do not characterize the referent of the noun directly eg . A small businessman → a businessman whose business is small → not a businessman is small My old friend → One who has been a friend for a long time → not a friend is old

28. Note: words with strongly emotive value: poor man, my dear lady, wretched lady … Inherent adjs Non-inherent adjs Characterize the referent of the noun directly Eg : Distant hills a complete chapter a heavy bag a social survey an old man Do not characterize the referent of the noun directly Distant relatives a complete idiot a heavy smoker A social animal an old friend

29. Attributive only Intensifying adjs Limiter adjs Related to adverbials Denominal adjs

30. INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES Emphasizers : have a general heightening effect on the noun and convey speaker ’ s attitude toward the referent eg . Utter despair, pure bliss, a real hero, a certain winner … Amplifiers: denote the upper extreme of the scale are central(inherent) eg . A complete victory → the victory was complete are attributive only(non-inherent) eg . A complete idiot (not the idiot is complete) Notes: mere, sheer, utter (always attributive only)

31. LIMITER ADJECTIVES Particularize the reference of the noun eg . the main topic, the only person, etc … . Note: some of adjectives have homonyms Ex: a certain person a limiter → a particular person a certain winner an intensifier → a sure winner( one who is certain that he will win )

32. RELATED TO ADVERBIALS adjs that are attributive only can be related to adverbials. eg . my former friend ~ formerly my friend adjs premodify agentive nouns > have a relationship to the verb base eg . a hard worker ~ a worker who works hard. the implied process can be associated with an inanimate object eg . a fast car ~ a car that one can drive fast

33. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES are derived from nouns and attributive only Ex: a criminal law (a law concerning crime) Note: a criminal law ~ a law seems criminal → a central adjective a medical school ( a school for students of medicine)

34. II.PREDICATIVE ONLY Eg . she is alive ( not alive girl ) S V Cs Adjectives which are restricted to predicative position refer to condition rather than to characterize   Some group of adjs must take complementation: afraid(that, of, about); fond(of); conscious(that, of) etc … Ex: i am intersted in listening to music S V adj C  

35. Some of the common predicative only and attributive ony adjectives in English are: Attributive adjectives : Predicative adjective s east/west/south/north eastern/ wetern /southern/ … indoor/outdoor maximum nationwide occasional supplementary woolen etc.       alive alone apart aware glad ill likely ready safe sorry sure unable

36. III.CENTRAL central = both attributive and predicative eg : a (1)lazy student → the student is (2)lazy attributive predicative the (1)blue sea → the sea is (2)blue attributive predicative note: (1) attributive position (2) predicative position

37. Semantic classification of adjectives

38. Semantic classification Stative adjectives Dynamic adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives

39. Semantic classification Stative adjectives Dynamic adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives

40. Stative and Dynamic Adjectives Stative adjectives are the adjectives that denote a state or condition, which may generally be considered permanent, such as big, red, and small. Stative adjectives can not normally be used in imperative constructions, so we cannot say: be red/big/small. In contrast, dynamic adjectives denote attributes which are, to some extent at least, under the control of the one who possesses them. All dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives.

41. We can say Person may Calm Careful Cruel Disruptive Foolish Friendly Good impatient Mannerly Patient Rude Shy Suspicious Tidy vacuous Vain “ Be careful!” to someone, and then this control himself to become more careful Stative and Dynamic Adjectives

42. Semantic classification Stative adjectives Dynamic adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives

43. gradable and non-gradable adjectives Gradable - Most everyday adjectives are gradable - They denote qualities, properties, states, conditions or relations…. Which vary in their degree or extent ? - Gradable adjectives can be pre-modified by degree expression.

44. gradable and non-gradable adjectives He is Very Quite Degree adv Selfish Gradable adj Gradability includes comparison. Ex My sister is taller than I Gradable

45. gradable and non-gradable adjectives non-gradable … Can not be pre-modified by degree adverbs or used in comparative sentence such as automatic, dead\ alive; \male; Irish\English; married\ unmarried\single. Ex She is single Non- gradable

46. Semantic classification Stative adjectives Dynamic adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives Stative adjectives

47. Inherent and non-inherent Ex An old man = a man who is old.  A small businessman ≠ a businessman who is small.  “small” is non-inherent inherent adjs : are the adjs which directly denote attribute and quality of the noun they modify. Non-inherent adjs : are the adjs which don’t denote attribute and quality of the noun they modify.

48. Adverb Phrase Definition : An adverb phrase is a word group with an  adverb  as its  head . This adverb may be accompanied by  modifiers  or  qualifiers . What is an AdvP ? Ex: He studies English very well . AdvP

49. Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological Functional Adverb phrase

50. Ex : badly=bad+ly happily= happy+ly quickly=quick+ly e Adv Adj -ly Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological

51. Ex: northward=north+ward clockwise=clock+ wise sideways=side + ways Adv N -ward/wise/ways Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological

52. Ex: hard, late, high, deep, etc. Note : In this case, if adding suffix – ly, the meaning of these adverbs will change: Ex: hardly: almost not lately: recently highly= deeply: very, very much Adv Adj Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological

53. Characteristics of the Adverb Morphological Functional Adverbial Modifier of adj & adv Adverb phrase

54. Structure of Adverb phrase Adverb Phrase Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-modifiers

55. Structure of Adverb phrase Adverb Phrase Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-modifiers Adv of degree: too, very, quite, etc. Ex: He runs very fast . Comparison: more Ex: He runs more slowly than me.

56. Structure of Adverb phrase Adverb Phrase Pre-modifiers Adv(head) Post-modifiers 1. Adverb : enough, indeed Ex: He works hard enough to pass the exam.   2. To infinitive clause: Ex: He talks too quickly to follow . 3.Comparative clause: Ex: He works as hard as we do .

57. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase AdvP as adverbial AdvP as modifier AdvP as complement of preposition

58. Adverb phrase Syntactic f unctions of adverb phrase AdvP as adverbial Adverb as modifier Adverbs as complement of preposition Ex: John always comes late . NP AdvP VP AdvP S A V A

59. Classes of adverbial Adjuncts: are integrated within the structure of the clause to at least some extent. Ex : They are waiting outside . Disjuncts: are not integrated within the clause. They express an evaluation of what is being said. Ex: Frankly , he is not a nice guy. Conjuncts: have a connective function. They indicate the connection between what is being said and what was said before. Ex : If they open all the windows, then I ’ m leaving.

60. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase AdvP as modifier Modifier of adjective Modifier as Adverb Modifier of prepositional phrase Modifier of Noun phrase Modifier of determiner, pre-determiner , post-determiner

61. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase AdvP as modifier Modifier of adjective - Adverbs and adverb phrases can perform is the adjective phrase modifier. Adjective phrase modifiers are defined as words and phrases that describe an adjective or adjective phrase. Ex: I’m not quite sure of When to set off . AdvP adj advP

62. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase Modifier of Adverb AdvP as modifier An adverb may pre-modify adverb, and function as intensifier : ex : . He smokes very heavily adv adv advP

63. Adverb phrase Syntactic f unctions of adverb phrase AdvP as modifier Modifier of prepositional phrase -The few adverbs that pre-modify particles in phrasal verbs also pre-modify prepositions or (perhaps rather) prepositional phrase. Ex: His score was right above the average. advP preP NP PP

64. Adverb phrase Syntactic f unctions of adverb phrase AdvP as modifier Modifier of determiner, pre-determiner , post-determiner Intensifying adverbs can premodify indefinite pronouns, predeterminers , and cardinal numerals : Ex: Almost the students voted for him advP det NP NP Almost all the students voted for him. advP pre-modifier det NP NP

65. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase AdvP as modifier Modifier of Noun phrase A few intensifiers may pre-modify noun phrase: quite, rather , and the pre-determiners such and exclamatory what. Ex Such a nice day . advP NP Some adverbs signifying place or time can be used as a Pre-modifier or Post-modifier: The students abroad The upstairs neigbour NP advP advP NP

66. Adverb phrase Syntactic functions of adverb phrase AdvP as complement of preposition Some place and time adverbs function as complement of a preposition. Ex : It is over there PP AdvP

67. Thank you for listening!