Advance cultivation of rapeseed in india

Rapeseed cultivation in india and world prepared by Abhishek Malekar, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Uttar Pradesh

1. RAPESEED CULTIVATION PRESENTED TO : - DR. ANIL KUMAR RAI SIR PRESENENT BY : - ABHISHEK MALEKAR DR. AMIT SINGH SIR AG / 355 / 22

2. Rapeseed Cultivation to food products, rapeseed plays a significant role in various Indian Rapeseed, also known as canola, is an important oilseed crop grown globally for its versatile uses. From biofuels uses tries. COMMON NAME – CONOLA BOTANICAL NAME – BRASSICA NAPUS FAMILY – BRASSICA ORIGIN – INDIA CN – 2n = 38 AM

3. INTRODUCTION Rape seed and Mustard are the major rabi oilseed crops of India. They occupy a prominent place being 3rd most important next to groundnut both in area and production meeting the fat requirement of about 50% population India contributes the lions share in production of rape seed and mustard and stands 1st in the world. In India, Uttar Pradesh alone produces about 60% of total rape seed and mustard. The Indian council of agricultural research (ICAR) established the national research center on rape seed- mustard (NRCRM) . This is later re-designated as Directorate of rape seed mustard research (DMDR). The basic mandate of this is, stratergic and adaptive research on rape seed -mustard to improve the productivity and quality

4. Rapeseed Plant Characteristics 1 Growth Habit Rapeseed is an annual plant with a taproot system, growing to a height of 1-2 meters. It's typically cultivated in cool climates . 2 Flowering The plant produces bright yellow flowers that attract pollinators and lead to the development of pods containing seeds . 3 Seed Size Rapeseed seeds are small, round, and typically dark brown or black in color. They contain a high percentage of oil. 4 Seed Development As the plant matures, the pods mature and dry, releasing the seeds. This process marks the time for harvesting .

5. BOTONY

6. Climatic and Soil Requirements Rapeseed thrives in cool climates with moderate rainfall. It requires a frost-free period for flowering and seed development . Require cool and dry weather for satisfactory growth. They require a fair supply of soil moisture during the growing period and a dry clear weather at the time of maturity Excessive cold and frost are harmful to the crop. Soil having neutral pH is ideal for their proper growth. They require an annual precipitation of 35-45 cm. soil conditions vary from sandy loam to clay loam soils but they thrive best on light loam soils. They neither tolerate water logging conditions nor do well on heavy soils. Soil having neutral pH is ideal for their proper growth and development. Soils having pH 6.0-7.5 is ideal for their proper growth and development

7. AREA & DISTRIBUTION Rapeseed and mustard are grown in 53 countries of the world . WORLD :- Area 35.44 Million ha (2017-18) Production 40.60 Million metric tons (2017-18) Productivity - 2.09 Metric tons per ha (2017-18) Major growing countries:-: India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh & Sweden, etc. INDIA : Area - 5.70 Million ha (2017-18) Production - 6.50 Million metric tons (2017-18) Productivity - 1 metric tons per ha (2017-18) Major growing states of India :- U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, . Gujarat & West Bengal. U.P alone produces about 20% of total rapeseed & mustard production in India Total oilseed in J&K (2014-15) Area (000) Ha - 65.95 Production (000 Qtls ) - 583.8 yield (Qt/ha) 8.85

8. CLASSIFICATION

9. VARIETY a. Toria : Bhawani, Type-9 b. Brown sarson: Pusa kalyani , BSH-1 c. Yellow sarson: YST-151, K-88 2. Mustard (Rai or Raya): Varuna, Rohini * There are 4 improved varieties of rapeseed mustard released and recommended for both wetland and dryland systems. These varieties are: T9, M-27, Bajo Peka-1 (BSA) and Bajo Peka-2 (PT-30). Bajo Peka-1 is a longer duration variety. SKUAST var. : KS-101 (GULCHIN), SHALIMAR-BROWN SARSOON-1

10. SEED RATE , SPACING & TIME OF SOWING The seed rate depending on type of crop varies from 4 - 10kg / h . . Spacing:- R * R = 30 - 40cm P * P = 10 - 15cm Sowing time: 1st fortnight of October. Planting time is the single most important variable affecting the seed yield of rape seed and mustard to a great extent. Sowing either too early or too late have been reported to be harmful to plant growth, flowering duration, seed formation and seed size. Again due to this delay, there is great danger of attack of aphids on this crop. Seed Treatment: Before sowing seed should be treated with thiram or capta @2.5 g/kg of seeds .

11. LAND PREPARATION CROPPING PATTERN A clean and well pulverized seedbed of good filth is needed for better germination . germination. One deep ploughing with soil turning plough, followed by two cross harrowing & one planking so that the soil is well pulverized and leveled Are grown in rotation with other crops like maize, cotton, bajra, pulses, etc. In case of Toria : 1. Maize- Toria -Wheat 2. Maize- Toria -Sugarcane 3. Pearl millet- Toria -barley Brown sarson and mustard are usually cultivated as pure crop in rain fed conditions. In irrigated conditions 1. Black gram- sarson 2. Maize-sarson 3. Early rice-sarson

12. MANURE AND FERTILIZER If available, apply 10-15 tons of farm yard manure or compost at the time of field preparation Apply 60-90:60:40 kg NPK per hectare. Phosphorous and potash should be based on soil test recommendations Rape seed and mustard have higher requirement for Sulphur, therefore, nitrogen should preferably be applied through ammonium sulphate and phosphorous from single Superphosphate

13. IRRIGATION Rape seed and mustard are usually raised as rain fed on the conserved moisture from monsoon rains. Water requirement of crop is 200-300 mm. Two irrigations are required at 2 imp water critical stage :- 1. Pre-bloom (30 DAS) 2. Pod filling stages (60-65 DAS)

14. WEED MANAGMENT The most common weeds of rape and mustard crop are Chenopodium album, Lathyrus spp , Cyperus rotundus etc Initial 45-60 days after sowing is critical period of crop weed competition. Uncontrolled weeds in these crops may cause 20-70% reduction in yield Under rainfed conditions, one hand weeding 25 DAS, while under irrigated conditions, 2 hand weeding 25 DAS and 40 DAS are necessary for effective weed control Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg/ha IN 1000L of water.

15. HARVESTING YIELD As soon as the pods turn yellowish-brown, harvest the crop. Harvest just before the pods open in order to avoid shattering losses Threshing is done with the help of sticks The threshed seed is separated from the husk with the help of slow moving natural air current. Cleaned seed must be dried in the sun for four to five days or till the moisture content comes down to 8 percent Rapeseed yield 1.4 to 2.0 ton / hac