Advance materials characterization mass specto..pptx

How the mass specto. operates

1. MASS SPECTROSCOPY

2. INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It helps to identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by generating a mass spectrum, which represents the masses of the ions detected. Mass spectrometry is used in various fields, including: Proteomics: Identifying and quantifying proteins in biological samples. Metabolomics: Analyzing metabolites in biological systems. Environmental Analysis: Detecting pollutants and contaminants. Pharmaceuticals: Identifying drug compounds and their metabolites. Forensic Science: Analyzing chemical evidence from crime scenes. Mass spectrometry is valued for its sensitivity, accuracy, and ability to analyze complex mixtures.

3. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS OF THE MASS SPECTROMETER 1. Ionization: The sample is introduced into the mass spectrometer, where it undergoes ionization. This process converts the molecules of the sample into ions (charged particles). Common ionization methods include: Electron Ionization (EI): High-energy electrons collide with the sample molecules, causing them to lose electrons and form positive ions. Electrospray Ionization (ESI): The sample is sprayed through a fine needle, producing a fine mist of charged droplets. The solvent evaporates, leaving behind charged ions. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI): The sample is mixed with a matrix material and exposed to a laser beam, causing ionization.

4. PRINCIPLES CONT. 2. Acceleration: The ions are then accelerated by an electric field, which imparts the same kinetic energy to all ions. As a result, ions with different mass-to-charge ratios will have different velocities. 3. Mass Analysis: The accelerated ions enter a mass analyzer, where they are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratios. Several types of mass analyzers are commonly used: Quadrupole: Uses oscillating electric fields to filter ions by their mass-to-charge ratio. Time-of-Flight (TOF): Measures the time it takes for ions to travel a known distance. Lighter ions reach the detector faster than heavier ions. Ion Trap: Traps ions using electric or magnetic fields and then releases them sequentially based on their mass-to-charge ratios. Orbitrap: Uses an electrostatic field to trap ions, and their oscillations are measured to determine the mass-to-charge ratio.

5. PRINCIPLES CONT. 4. Detection: The separated ions are detected, typically by an electron multiplier or a Faraday cup. The detector records the number of ions at each mass-to-charge ratio, generating a mass spectrum. 5. Data Analysis: The resulting mass spectrum is analyzed to determine the mass-to-charge ratios of the ions. This information is used to identify and quantify the components of the sample.

6. DIAGRAM OF THE MASS SPECTROMETER  

7. THE MASS SPECTRUM

8. CONCLUSION Although many analytical methods are continuously optimized and validated and many novel methods are still being developed, chromatographic techniques. Chromatographic techniques ensure high sensitivity and reliability, as well as enable the simultaneous detection of different mycotoxins, regardless of their chemical structure and biological activity. THANK YOU.