Advanced Animal Anatomy.pptxhfgfggjhjjkj

Skeletal System

1. Advanced Animal Anatomy Skeletal System TERENCE JOHN P. AGUINALDO

2. Skeletal System The skeletal system is the framework of the body. The skeletal system is made up of bones and connective tissue and provides structural support for all of the other organ systems.

3. Skeletal System The skeletal system protects the organs of the body. The skeleton also works in conjunction with the muscles to allow movement of the different body parts.

4. Skeletal System The skeleton is made up of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton .

5. Bones types: • Long bones • Flat bones • Short bones • Irregular bones • Sesamoid bones

6. Longitudinal Section of a Long Bone In a Young Animal

7. Bones • Bone is made up of organic and inorganic matter. • The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called bone marrow .

8. Bones • Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat, called yellow marrow. • The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue, called red marrow.

9. Bones Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an embryo. This process is known as endochondral ossification or endochondral bone formation. The bone forming cells are known as osteoblasts . Osteoblasts develop into osteocytes , or mature bone cells.

10. Bone formation occurs at a growth plate: Primary ossification occurs at the metaphyseal growth plate . Secondary ossification occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate . The secondary ossification site is in the center of the epiphysis . Bones

11. Bone Formation in a Long Bone

12. Connective Tissue Connective tissue binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage.

13. Connective Tissue Four types of connective tissues exist within the skeletal system: • Ligaments • Tendons • Cartilage • Fascia

14. Ligaments / Tendons Ligaments connect bone to bone Tendons attach muscle to bone

15. Cartilage Three types of cartilage found in the body: • Hyaline cartilage is found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints. • Elastic cartilage makes up body parts such as the ears. • Fibrocartilage provides cushioning between the inter vertebral discs.

16. Fascia Fascia is located between the skin and the underlying muscle or bone. It is comprised of two layers. The top layer, superficial fascia , is attached to the skin while the bottom layer, deep fascia , covers the muscle or bone.

17. Joints Joints are articulations (unions) between bones. Three types of joints are found in the body: • Fibrous • Cartaginous • Synovial

18. Joints • Joints can be highly movable – for example, the shoulder ( Diarthrotic ) • Partially movable – for example, the ribs ( Amphiarthrotic ) • Immovable – for example, suture joints between the plates of the skull. ( Synarthrotic )

19. Synovial Joints Allow the greatest range of movement such as: • Gliding • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Rotation • Adduction • Abduction • Circumduction

20. Synovial Joints

21. Skeletal System of Chicken

22. Skeletal System of Goat

23. Skeletal System of Sheep

24. Skeletal System of Cattle

25. Skeletal System of Swine

26. Highlights in Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System Rosario Barone and Marta A. Szychlinska Barone R, Szychlinska MA. Highlights in Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System.  International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 2023; 24(7):6412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076412

27. Highlights in Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System Importance of the Musculoskeletal System: - Largest human organ system. -Includes bones (support), cartilage (joint movement), ligaments and tendons (connections), and muscles (with associated nerves and blood vessels for movement).

28. Musculoskeletal system function is linked to mechanical forces and biological signals from molecules, cells, and tissues. Damage in one part (e.g., tendons, ligaments) triggers local and systemic inflammatory responses affecting bones, cartilage, and muscles. Aging represents another leading risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders, considering also the metabolic alterations that occur with aging, that may lead to undernutrition, dysbiosis, and other digestive system-related disorders, which, in turn, can worsen age-related variations, as in a vicious circle

29. S keletal muscle is considered the main site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and therefore, a primary target for insulin resistance in the human body. Recent advances in the management of articular cartilage degenerative disorders emphasize the use of "smart" biomaterials for tissue engineering. These materials can interact with both damaged and surrounding tissues, and have garnered significant attention in the scientific community.

30. Advanced Technologies in Skeletal System 3D Printing and Modeling in Animal Skeletal Systems Genomics and CRISPR-Cas9 for Healthier Bone Structures Artificial Intelligence in Bone Health