Advanced methods of extraction

This presentation will give the idea of the advanced methods of extraction used in Herbal Drug Industry.

1. ADVANCED METHODS OF EXTRACTION Prepared By- Nabarun Mukhopadhyay Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacognosy Bapuji Pharmacy College Davangere

2. CONTENTS Introduction of extraction Advanced methods of extraction Description of the methods Principle Procedure Application References

3. EXTRACTION Extraction is defined as the process which is achieved by using solvents of different polarities. It helps to obtain the phytoconstituent/s from the crude drug by the use of solvent/s. The solvents chosen for extraction is expected to have non-inflammable, chemically inert, non-toxic and easily distillable.

4. CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION Infusion Decoction Maceration Distillation Percolation Soxhlet Extraction

5. ADVANCED METHODS Supercritical Fluid extraction Microwave extraction Counter current extraction Solid phase microextraction Ultrasound extraction Liquified gas extraction

6. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION

7. PRINCIPLE Supercritical fluid extraction is the process of extracting volatile and expensive phyto constituents. Supercritical fluid is a substance that boils above critical point. Various supercritical fluids used are Carbon di oxide, Ethylene, Nitrous oxide, Ammonia, Hexane.

8. The most safe and popular supercritical fluid used in industries is carbon di oxide because : It can be used with thermolabile substances as its critical temperature is slightly above room temperature. Critical pressure is not too difficult to maintain. Non-inflammable Chemically inert. Odour free

9. PROCEDURE

10. APPLICATION Extraction of pesticides Food and fragrances Essential oils Polymers and natural product

11. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION

12. PRINCIPLE Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations with a frequency from 0.3 to 300 GHz. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an extractive method based on the utilization of microwave energy. Efficient extraction is achieved.

13. PROCEDURE The plant material is immersed inside a microwave transparent solvent The heat of microwave radiation directly reaches to the solid without being absorbed by the solvent, resulting in instantaneous heating of the residual moisture in the solid. Heating causes the moisture to evaporate and creates a high vapour pressure It breaks the cell wall of substrate and releases the content into solvent.

14. APPLICATIONS Extraction of taxanes from Taxus brevifolia needles. Azadiractin related limonoids from Azadirachta indica seed kernels. Extracting anti-oxidative phenolic compounds from tomato using MAE.

15. COUNTER CURRENT EXTRACTION

16. PRINCIPLE The counter current extraction method is the method of liquid liquid extraction. Here a chemical compound is distributed between two immiscible liquid phases according to its relative solubility in the two phases. It was first developed by Lyman C. Craig in 1940.

17. PROCEDURE

18. APPLICATION Oil is extracted from soya bean using hexane as a solvent. Purification of organic compound. Useful in citrus oil processing Used in perfume and food industries.

19. SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION

20. PRINCIPLE Solid Phase Microextraction was invented in 1990 by Dr. Janusz Pawliszyn and his colleagues from the University of Waterloo in Canada. It requires a very small amount of solvent. This method allows an equibrilium to be reached between sample matrix and extracting phase. The technique is very faster and efficient.

21. PROCEDURE

22. APPLICATION Analysis of pesticides Characterization of volatile compounds Impurity profiling of pharnaceuticals Food analysis

23. ULTRASOUND EXTRACTION

24. PRINCIPLE Ultrasound extraction is the process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. It is the most versatile method for the disruption of cells and for production of extracts.

25. PROCEDURE

26. APPLICATION Extraction of flavonoids Extraction of phenolic compounds Extraction of alantolactone and isoalantolactone from the plant Inula helenium.

27. Liquified gas extraction This method is also called advance phytonics method. Some substances are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. 1,1,1,2 tetrafluroethane is a gas and can be liquified. This solvent is used and called phytosol. Advanced Phytonics Limited(Manchester, UK) has developed the method.

28. APPLICATIONS pharmaceutical industry cosmetic medical food flavors and fragrances industries

29. REFERENCES Plants American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products 2017; 5(2): 29-32 Https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23622965 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OFMICROWAVE-ASSISTED HYDRODISTILLATION Nurkholis Hamidi ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied SciencesVOL. 11, NO. 2, JANUARY 2016

30. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Its Application to Natural Products M. Abdul Mottaleb Mohammed J. Meziani and M. Rafiq Islam Extraction, Separation and Analysis Techniques for MAPs Prof. Dr. Temel ÖZEK Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 26470-Eskişehir / TURKEY