AER SIWES report presentation Slide report

SIWES report slide

1. SIWES ORAL PRESENTATION AT UNITY CLINIC & MATERNITY LTD PHASE 2 SITE 1 KUBWA, ABUJA bY SESUGH AER CHRISTAIN FUKU/SCI/21/ZOO/0028 Presented to the Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Federal University of Kashere , Gombe state.

2. UNITY CLINIC & MATERNITY LTD . Organization Chart  

3. List of Various Units from the place of I.T. Reception Unit. Laboratory Unit Microbiology Unit. Hematology Unit. Phlebotomy Unit. Parasitology Unit.   Malaria Parasite Test (MP ) Parasitology Unit.

4. Introduction Malaria Parasite Test (MP) Malaria is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes. It is mostly found in tropical countries. It is preventable and curable. The infection is caused by a parasite and does not spread from person to person. Symptoms can be mild or life-threatening. Mild symptoms are fever, chills and headache. Severe symptoms include fatigue, confusion, seizures, and difficulty breathing. Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women and girls, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk of severe infection.  Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites and with medicines. Treatments can stop mild cases from getting worse. Malaria mostly spreads to people through the bites of some infected female  Anopheles  mosquitoes. Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may also transmit malaria. The first symptoms may be mild, similar to many febrile illnesses, and difficulty to recognize as malaria. Left untreated,  P. falciparum  malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours.

5. Symptoms of Malaria The most common early symptoms of malaria are fever, headache and chills. Symptoms usually start within 10–15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms may be mild for some people, especially for those who have had a malaria infection before. Because some malaria symptoms are not specific, getting tested early is important.  Severe symptoms include: extreme tiredness and fatigue  impaired consciousness multiple convulsions difficulty breathing dark or bloody urine jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)  abnormal bleeding.

6. Types of Malaria  Parasites There are five species of Plasmodium that commonly infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum: The most deadly species, responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths worldwide. It is prevalent in Africa. Plasmodium  vivax : The most common species outside of sub-Saharan Africa, known for causing relapses due to its dormant liver stage. Plasmodium  ovale : Similar to P.  vivax , it can also cause relapses and is less common. Plasmodium  malariae : Generally causes a milder form of malaria and is less frequently encountered. Plasmodium  knowlesi : A zoonotic malaria that primarily infects monkeys but can spill over  to  humans, particularly in Southeast Asia.

7. Malaria Parasite Test (MP) Test Methods The direct microscopic visualization of the malarial parasite on the thick and/or thin blood smears has been the “gold standard” for malaria diagnosis. Aim To investigate the presence of malaria parasite in the blood sample provided. Material Required Clean glass slide, sterile lancet, alcohol and cotton wool. Thick Blood smear Thick blood film samples a relatively large volume of blood, thus allowing more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity). Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs), which provides a better opportunity to detect parasitic forms against a more transparent background. However, they do not permit an optimal review of parasite morphology.

8. Principle: The thick film is used to detect the presence of parasites due to higher blood concentration. The thin film helps identify the Plasmodium species based on parasite morphology and red blood cell appearance. Result Interpretation: Positive: Parasites such as P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. malariae , or P. ovale are seen. Negative: No parasites are found after examining several microscopic fields. Precautions: Use sterile equipment and fresh blood. Avoid over- or understanding to ensure clear visibility of parasites. Malaria Parasite Test (MP)

9. Making Thick Blood Smear Procedure Using the corner of a clean slide, spread the drop of blood in a circle the size of a dime (diameter 1-2 cm). Do not make the smear too thick or it will fall off the slide. (you should be able to read newsprint through it.) Allow the smear to dry thoroughly. Insufficiently dried smears (and/or smears that are too thick) can detach from the slides during staining. Note: Do not fix thick smears with methanol or heat. If there will be a delay in staining smears, dip the thick smear briefly in water to hemolyse the RBCs. Examine under the microscope for the presence of fluorescent colony. Thin Blood Smear Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decreases progressively toward a monolayer

10. Making Thin Blood Smear Procedure Bring a clean spreader slide, held at a 45° angle, toward the drop of blood on the specimen slide. Wait until the blood spreads along the entire width of the spreader slide. While holding the spreader slide at the same angle, push it forward rapidly and smoothly. Wait until the thin films are completely dry before staining. Fix the thin film with methanol (100% or absolute) for 15-30 seconds and let it dry completely before staining. Note: fixation time for ethanol is 20 minutes. Examine under the microscope for the presence of fluorescent colony.

11. References Cheesbrough , M. (2019). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 1 & 2 (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology (2nd ed.). Geneva: WHO Press. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2021). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (CLSI M100, 31st Edition). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Malaria Diagnosis (U.S.) – Microscopy. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/diagnosis.html World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Manual for the Laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance. Geneva: WHO Press.

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