Africa the darK continent <---

1. IIPMDaretothingbeyond

2. :-
PresentedbY

AqibFarooq

3. AFRICA
THE DARK
CONTINENT

4. 4
,
AfricaTheDarkContinent

5. Introduction
 .
TheDarkContinent

EuropeansknewlittleofsubSaharan
.
andcalleditDarkContinent

SohugethatpartofSaharaisalmost
.
aslargeasthewhoNorthAmerica

CenturiesEurosonknewthecoast
( , , ), , ,
Gold Ivory Slave Nile Niger
.
CongoRivers

Peopleblackbutverydiverse
, (
physically culturally overthousand
).
languages
 ,
Craftsmanshipinarts bronze
, , .
sculpture gold weaving

6.  ,
IntheNorthwasIslam otherareaswere

traditionalreligionsPeoplelivedmainlyin
, .
villages agriculturalorcattleraising

Timbuktuwasonegreatcityancientkingdoms
,
wereweakenedbyintertribalwars slavetrade
.
likeOttomans

AfricacameunderEuropeanassaultwhenit
.
wasinaweakenedstate
 1750
Before therewerenowhitesettlementsin
,
subSaharanAfricalater therewereasmanyas
.
sevenmillionpeopleofEuropeandescent

7. OpeningofAfrica

LivingstoneandStanley

Firstopenedupto
,
missionaries explorersand
adventurers
1841
ScottishDavid

Livingstoneasamedical

missionarydoing

humanitarianandreligious
work

Occasionallytradedand
( ,
explored buthadnoeconomic
)
politicalaims

8. 8

9. GeographyofAfrica
 .
NorthernMediterranean

TheSahara
 .
TheSahel
 , ,
TheNiger Congo andNile
.
Systems

TheRiftValleysandthe
.
GreatLakes
 .
SouthAfrica

10. MainIdeas

FertilesoilalongtheNileRiverencouragedtherise
.
ofgreatcivilizations

ManygeographicfeaturesinAfricahave
, .
preventedcontact trade&unityamongpeoples

ManyofthesesamefeatureslimitEuropean

knowledgeofAfrica“theDarkContinent
.
”

11. TheDawnofHumanity

TheOutofAfrica”
' .
thesisandLeakeys “

TheRiseofHomo
.
Sapiens
 .
TheRiftValleys

Agricultureand
.
SedentarySociety
 .
TheGreenSahara

12. TheBantuMigrations
 .
TheKhoiandtheSan

IronAgetechnologyand
.
theNok
 -
Hiving offandlinguistic
.
derivation

Leavingthecowsbehind
.
theTsetsebelt

TheIndonesian
.
Connection

13. EarlyAfricanEmpires
 :
Egypt AfricanorNear
?
Eastern

Kushandthedominationof
.
Egypt
 .
MeroeandIronworking

Kleptocracyand
.
underdevelopment

AxumandtheLionof
.
Judah

AdulisandHellenistic
.
trade

14. AfricanSocialLife

Theprimacyofstates

Kinshipstructures

Informalrelationsof
gender

Theroleofreligionand

Africanshamanism

The“BigMan”system

ofrule

Varietiesofstate
formation

15. InterestingStatistics
2 - -
ndlargestcontinent
1,17,00,000
square
!
miles
. 20.2%
ie oftheearth
 3
And xthesizeofthe
USA
77,80,00,000
people
55
countries

16. Topography
Deserts
40%
ofthelandsurfaceofAfrica
 -
slowsculturaldiffusion doesnottotallypreventit
 --
Sahara NorthAfrica
1/3 (= !!)
ofthecontinent totheUSA

majorityisrockandgravel
 --
Kalahari SouthwestAfrica

17. -
Truedesertspreadsintosemi

aridregions
P r o b l e m : D e s e r t i f i c a t i o n
m a l n u t r i t i o n s t a r v a t i o n p o v e r t y
S a h e l D e s e r t
( s o u t h S a h a r a )

18. -
Desertification Causes
 - -
Farmersusesemi aridlandnexttodesert yields

poorcrop

Overgrazingbycattleandgoats

Overcuttingoftreesforfirewood
 , ,
Withnograssortreeroots thetopsoilblowsaway

thedesertadvances

19. Solutions

Croprotation

Terracingtopreventsoilfromwashingaway

Treebeltstostoperosionandholdsoilinplace

20. Mountains
 -
EastAfrica
 -
sectionofthelandsank causingtheGreatRift
Valley
 ( )
Atlas NW
 ( )
Drakensberg SE

EthiopianHighlands
 - . .
Famouspeaks Mt Kenya&Mt Kilimanjaro

21. Rivers

Depthvariesdependingontheseason

Plateauspreventeasynavigation
 ,
Therefore theinteriorofAfricaremainedlargely

unexplored

22. 4,180 ( ’ !!)
mileslong worldslongest

flowsNORTH
 - -
Source LakeVictoria
 - -
Delta Egypt

Floodsannually

OneofthemostdenselypopulatedregioninAfrica

23. 
Waterfallsandrapidspreventeasynavigation
 - 3000
Congo mileslong
 -
Niger ancientcivilizationsflourishedhere
 - , -
Zambezi VictoriaFalls usedforhydro electric
power

24. Coastline
Smooth
 -
Fewnaturalharbors hardtolandships

25. -
Climate determinedby
,
rainfalllatitudeandelevation
 - 40%, !!
Savanna safari
 - 8%,
TropicalRainforest
 - 40%
Desert
 - 12%,
Mediterranean goodfarmland
 85%
About ofthelandisnotsuitedtofarming

26. Climate

27. NaturalResources
Farming
 , , ,
peanuts cotton cocoa coffee
Minerals
 , , ,
diamonds gold copper cobalt
Water

hydroelectricpower

28. WhereareBoundariesdrawn

BetweenStates

Theshapeofastatecontrolsthelengthofits
.
boundarieswithotherstates
 , ,
ThefivebasicshapesareCompact Prorupted
, ,
Elongated fragmented andperforated

29. Whydoboundariesbetween
?
statescauseproblems
 , . ., .
Onestatewithmanynationalities eg Russia
 , . .,
Onenationalityonmorethanonestate eg the
.
Kurds

Internalorganizationofstates

32. - :
HEALTH AFRICA

NeglectedDiseasesUndertheMicroscope
 1,556 1975
Ofthe newdrugsdevelopedbetween to
2004, 1.3
only percentwereforNeglectedTropical
( ).
Diseases NTDs
 12
Despitetheseailmentsaccountingfor percentof
,
theglobaldiseaseburden accordingtotheDrugsfor
( ).
NeglectedDiseasesInitiative DNDi
 -
Anon governmentalagencycommittedto

researchinganddevelopingnewandimproved
.
treatmentforNTDs 

Thediseasesinquestionaccountforthedeathsof
500,000 , -
peopleannually mostlyinsub Saharan
,
Africa butdrugdevelopmentisbiasedtowardsthe
,
prospectofhighprofits whichdiseasesofthepoor
likesleepingsicknessandvisceralleishmaniaisisare
.
unabletooffer 

33. 14
neglectedtropicaldiseases
:-
- - –
Buruliulcer Leishmaniasis Chagasdisease
- /
Leprosy CholeraEpidemicdiarrhoeal
-– - /
diseases Lymphaticfilariasis Denguedengue
- -
haemorrhagicfever Onchocerciasis
( - )
Dracunculiasis guinea wormdisease
- -
Schistosomiasis EndemicTreponematoses
( , , ) -– -
yaws pinta endemicsyphilis Soil
- -–
transmittedhelminthiasis Trachoma Human
.
Africantrypanosomiasis

34. ConflictsinAfrica
 9
Therehavebeenover millionrefugeesand

internallydisplacedpeoplefromconflictsin
.
Africa

Hundredsandthousandsofpeoplehavebeen

slaughteredfromanumberofconflictsand
.
civilwars

Ifthisscaleofdestructionandfightingwasin
,
Europe thenpeoplewouldbecallingitWorld

WarIIIwiththeentireworldrushingto
, ,
report provideaid mediateandotherwisetry
.
todiffusethesituation

36. slavery

37. slavery

38.  ,
Africanslavesbecamepartofthe Atlanticslavetrade from
,
whichcomesthemodern Westernconceptionof slavery as
- -
aninstitutionofAfrican descendedslavesandnon African
.
slaveowners
 ,
Despiteitsillegality slavery continuesinsomepartsofthe
, .
world includingAfrica
 ’ , 1998, .
ElikiaMbokolo April  LeMondediplomatique
:"
Quote The African continentwasbledofitshuman
.
resourcesviaallpossibleroutes
 , ,
Acrossthe Sahara throughtheRedSea fromtheIndian
.
OceanportsandacrosstheAtlantic Atleasttencenturiesof
(
slaveryforthebenefitofthe Muslimcountries fromthe
)."
ninthtothenineteenth
 : " ,
Hecontinues Fourmillionslavesexportedviathe RedSea

anotherfourmillionthroughthe Swahiliportsofthe Indian
, -
Ocean perhapsasmanyasninemillionalongthe trans
, Saharan caravanroute andeleventotwentymillion
( ) .
dependingontheauthor acrossthe AtlanticOcean

39. 
Ifthisscaleofdestructionandfightingwasin
,
Europe thenpeoplewouldbecallingitWorld
,
WarIII withtheentireworldrushingtoreport
,
provideaid mediateandotherwisetrytodiffuse
.
thesituation
 ,
Yethere asmentionedinthe media sectionofthis
, ,
website andnotedbyVirgilHawkins the

westernmainstreammediadoespractically
( ,
nothingtoraisethisawareness or perhapsitis

notdeemedimportantenoughtoreport
).
extensivelyabout

 (
Hawkinsdidayearlongstudy seeabovenew
)
worldmapslink onsomemajorwesternmedia
2000
outletsin toseewhatpercentageoftheir
.
mediafocusfellwhere
 , ,
Disappointingly andunsurprisinglyperhaps
10% .
Africadidnotevenfigurein ofthecoverage

40. 
AfterthearrivaloftheEuropeanstherewasa

sharpdeclineinthelocalpopulationofmostof
.
theislandsintheCaribbeanSea

ThiscreatedaproblemfortheEuropeansas

theyneededlabourtoexploitthenatural
.
resourcesoftheseislands

EventuallytheEuropeanscameupwitha
: .
solution theimportationofslavesfromAfrica
 1540, 10,000
By anestimated slavesayearwere

beingbroughtfromAfricatoreplacethe
.
diminishinglocalpopulations 

41.  14
Attheendofthe thcenturyEuropeansstarted
.
totakepeoplefromAfricaagainsttheirwill

Initiallytheyweremainlyusedasservantsforthe
.
rich TheEuropeansjustifiedthetakingofslaves

byarguingthattheywereprovidingan
.
opportunityforAfricanstobecomeChristians
 17
Bythe thcenturytheremovalofslavesfrom

Africabecameaholycausethathadthefull
.
supportoftheChristianChurch 

ThepeoplelivingintheAmericasresistedthe
.
attemptbytheEuropeanstotakeovertheirland

Oneofhemostimportantstrugglestookplacein
1512. , ,
Cubain TheCubans ledbyChiefHatuey

wereeventuallydefeatedbythesuperiorweapons
.
oftheSpanish 

42. FrictionandRivalrybetweenthe
Powers

ColonialRaceinAfrica
1885-1900
waralmostbrokeoutover
Africa

Portugueseannexedhugepartin
,
AngolaandMozambique Italians

tookSomalilandandEritreabut

wereunabletotakeEthiopia

Bismarckreluctantlyestablished

coloniesinEastAfricaand

CameroonandTogoalongwith

GermanSouthwestAfrica

43. 
Frenchdreamedofasolid

beltacrossAfricafrom

DakartoGulfofAden

BritishCecilRhodes
( )
dreamedofaconnection RR

“fromtheCapetoCairo”

HeestablishedRhodesia
( )
Zimbabwe

44. CapetoCairo
1890 ,
CecilRhodes prime
,
ministerofCapeColony was

principalsponsoroftheCape

toCairodreambutraninto

independentTransvaaland

OrangeFreeState
 ,
Afrikaners descendantsof
1600
Dutchof shadmadea

“greattrektoescapeBritish
( 1815)
rule started
 ( ),
Boers Dutchforfarmer as
,
Englishcalledthem were
, ,
simple obstinate old
fashioned

45. TheSouthAfricanWar

Diamondswerethendiscoveredin
Transvaal

Transvaalrefusedtopass

legislationneededformining
1895
Rhodessentarmedirregulars

tostartarevolutionbutwere
stopped
 , ,
WilliamII Germanemperor

congratulatedpresidentPaul
,
KrugerofTransvaal fordefeating

thebullyBritish

46. Africanasanexcellence

touristdestination
 ’
SouthAfricasWelcomeAwards
,
Nothingsellsacountrymorethanabig warm
,
welcome matchedwithserviceexcellenceatevery
.
stageofavisit TheSouthAfricantourism
’
industrysgrowingunderstandingofthisfactis

illustratedbyitsenthusiasticcompetitionforthe
,
WelcomeAwards aprogrammewhichcelebrates

serviceproviderswhoexceedcustomer
.
expectations

47.  /
SouthAfrica AttractionsandDestinations  South

Africaisoneofthemostdiverseandenchanting
.
countriesintheworld
 , ,
Exoticcombinationsoflandscapes people history

andcultureofferthetravellerauniqueand
.
inspiringexperience

SouthAfricaisaheadymixofthirdandfirst
-
worldcultures alongwiththebestandleast
.
crowdedbeachesintheworld

Throwinwildlifeparkssuchasthe Kruger
, ,
NationalPark EightWorldHeritageSites
,
beautifulnaturalscenery agreatinfrastructure
-
andastablepost apartheidenvironment 

49. RichinFloraandFauna

50. Therearemanytypes

ofanimalsinAfrica
: ,
including hyena
,
meerkat lionsand
.
warthogs

51. SouthAfricais

famousforitsmany
!
Safarianimals

52. 
Themeerkatisa

speciesofmongoose

thatlivesinsouthern
.
Africa
 ,
Asocialmammal

themeerkatisoneof

thefewanimalsthat

practisesgroupcare
.
foritsyoung

53. GreenMamba

54. Mammals

55. 
Africahasawidevarietyofhabitatsand
.
plants
 300
Some generaarewidelydistributed

throughoutthecontinentandjustover
100
oftheseappeartobeconfinedto
.
Africa

Thesewidegeneraareeitheressentially
,
tropicalincharacteror likethegenus
,
Protea arepredominantlyfoundin
.
southernAfrica

Someregionsareveryrichinspecies
.
andveryhighlyspecialized
Flora

56. Minerals

57. 
reliefwherelargevolcanoeshave
.
developed 
 ,
Mostofcentral westernandnorthern

AfricaAfricaispredominantlya

continentofplainsandplateauswith

interveningescarpmentswhicharethe

resultofmillionsofyearsoferosionand
(
planation thegradingorgeneral

flatteningofanareabyerosive
).
processes  

Themajorareaofriftingineastern

Africahassomeareasofhightopographic
1000
isatelevationsmostlyintherangeof

metersorlesswhilemostofeasternand

southernAfricaisatelevationsgreater
1000 .
than meters

58.  , ,
Someofthelargest andrichest mineral

depositsintheworldhavebeenfoundin
.
Africa 
 20
Formuchofthelasthalfofthe th

centurylittlemineralexplorationand
,
developmentworkwasdoneinAfrica
,
exceptforsouthernAfrica eventhough

thereissignificantpotentialforthe
.
discoveryofnewdeposits 
 1990'
Bythemid smodernexploration

startedtospreadacrossmuchofAfrica

andmanynewdepositshavebeen

discoveredanddevelopedandsomeof

theoldmajordepositsarebeing
.
renovated 

59. 
Anexcellentsummaryofmineral

resourcesofAfricaandofindividual

Africancountriesisavailableat
.
the MBendi website  

Goodsummaryinformationabout
,
individualcountries includingmineral
,
resources miningandexplorationis

availableatthissitemakingitan

excellentsourceforsummary
.
information

60. 
SOUTHAFRICANBANKING&
CURRENCY

TheunitofcurrencyinSouthAfricais

theRandandisissuedinnotesand
.
cents
 () = ( )
Onehundredcents c oneRand R
 - 200, 100, 50, 20
BankNotes R R R R and
10
R

61. 61
•

LightingUpWestAfrica

62. •
:-
Refferedby

AmitaTondon

63. 
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