Afrikaner nationalism

Part 3 of Nationalism grade 11 history

1. CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA:
THE RISE OF AFRIKANER
NATIONALISM
Grade:11
Term:3
Topic:4 –NATIONALISMS –SOUTH AFRICA, THE MIDDLE EAST
AND AFRICA
Sub-Topic:CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA: THE RISE OF AFRIKANER
NATIONALISM
M.N.SPIES

2. The Rise of Afrikaner nationalism
and the Volk
•Itwasonlyinthe20thcenturythattheterm
'Afrikaner'cametobeusedtodescribeagroupof
peoplewhospokeAfrikaans.
•Atthistime,theNationalPartycreatedaformof
exclusiveethnicnationalismtoprotecttheexclusiveethnicnationalismtoprotectthe
Afrikaner'people'orVolk.
•Itisimportanttorememberthatbeforethe20th
century,AfrikanersintheCapeColonywereoften
disunitedandfractured.(Rememberthe
splinteredtrekkerpartiesduringtheGreatTrek.)
M.N.SPIES

3. •Bytheendofthe19thcentury,Britain's
attemptstoexpandintotheinteriorhad
arousedstrongnationalistfeelingintheBoer
states.
•Thediscoveryofmineralwealth(first
diamondsandthengold)intheBoerterritoriesdiamondsandthengold)intheBoerterritories
ledtoaninfluxofforeigners(particularly
British)intotheinterior.
•AsaresulttheBritishdecidedtoannexthe
SouthAfricanRepublic(ZAR)in1877.
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4. •Thesenseofnationalidentitywasfurther
strengthenedamongsttheAfrikanerswhen
theychallengedtheBritishintheAnglo-Boer
Wars(1880-1881;1899-1902).
•ThesecondAnglo-BoerWar,orSouthAfrican
M.N.SPIES
•ThesecondAnglo-BoerWar,orSouthAfrican
War,wasaparticularlyimportantfactorin
buildingAfrikanernationalismasAfrikaners
witnessedthepainandsufferingoftheir
womenandchildrenintheBritish
concentrationcamps.

5. Afrikaner kids in British concentration
camps during the South African War
M.N.SPIES

6. The rise of the Afrikaans language
movement
•In1910SouthAfricagainedpolitical
independencefromBritain.
•Boerleadersdominatedthenewgovernment.
•LouisBothaandJanSmutswerebothex-Boer•LouisBothaandJanSmutswerebothex-Boer
generals.
•Bothabecamethefirstprimeministerof
SouthAfricaandSmutshisdeputy.
•Bothwerecommittedtoreconcilingwhite
EnglishandAfrikaans-speakingSouthAfricans.
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7. Boer leaders dominated the new
government.
LOUIS BOTHA JAN SMUTS
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8. •In1914exclusivistAfrikanersgainedapolitical
voiceforthefuturewhentheNationalParty
wasformedunderGeneralJ.B.M.Hertzog.
•HertzogsetaboutformalizingAfrikaansculture
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•HertzogsetaboutformalizingAfrikaansculture
andlanguage.
•In1925AfrikaansreplacedDutchasanofficial
languageandtheBiblewastranslatedto
Afrikaans.

9. M.N.SPIES

10. Afrikaner social and cultural
movements
The Afrikaner Broederbond
•TheAfrikanerBroederbond(AB)wasa'secret'
organization.
•ItsnamemeanttheleagueofAfrikanerbrothers.
•Itwasformedin1918andplayedakeyroleinprotecting•Itwasformedin1918andplayedakeyroleinprotecting
andpromotingAfrikaneridentityandnationalism.
•Itsmemberswereyoungprofessionals,teachers,and
ministersoftheDutchReformedChurch.
•ItsmainaimwastofurtherAfrikanernationalisminSouth
Africathroughculture,topromoteAfrikanerbusinesses,
andtotakecontrolofgovernment.
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11. AFRIKANER BROEDERBOND
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12. AFRIKANER BROEDERBOND
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13. •TheAfrikanerBroederbondsupportedHertzog
andtheNationalPartyinitiallyandthenthrew
itssupportbehindD.F.MalanandthePurified
NationalParty(PNP)whichwasformedin
1934.
•AfrikanerBroederbondmembersdominated
M.N.SPIES
•AfrikanerBroederbondmembersdominated
themembershipofMalan'snewparty.
•Everyprimeministerandstatepresidentof
SouthAfricabetween1948and1994wasa
memberoftheAfrikanerBroederbond.

14. The Federasievan AfrikaanseKultuurvereniginge(FAK
-Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies)
Inthe1930'stheBroederbondworkedclosely
withanumbrellaorganisationknownasthe
FederasievanAfrikaanseKultuurvereniginge
(FAK-FederationofAfrikaansCultural(FAK-FederationofAfrikaansCultural
Societies)topromoteAfrikaansculture.
M.N.SPIES

15. The Media
•DieBurgernewspaperwasstartedinCape
Townon26July1915topromoteAfrikaner
nationalism,withD.F.Malanasitseditor.
•In1937,DieTransvalernewspaperwas•In1937,DieTransvalernewspaperwas
establishedintheTransvaal,alsowiththeaim
ofpromotingAfrikanernationalism.
•H.F.Verwoerdwastheeditor.
M.N.SPIES

16. D.F.MALAN AND H.F.VERWOERD
D.F. Malan H.F. Verwoerd
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17. The Great Trek celebrations
•Asignificanteventin1938wasthecelebrationof
thecentenaryoftheGreatTrek,whichhelpedto
promoteAfrikanerunityandprideintheir
culture.
•Strongfeelingsofpatriotismwereinspiredin•Strongfeelingsofpatriotismwereinspiredin
manyAfrikanersastheywitnessedre-enactments
oftheGreatTrekonthestreetsofPretoria.
•PeopledressedinVoortrekkerclothesanddrove
ox-wagonsfromPretoriatotheVoortrekker
Monument,whichhadbeenbuilttomarkthe
occasion.
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18. M.N.SPIES

19. M.N.SPIES

20. M.N.SPIES

21. Economic affirmative action in the
1920's and 1930's
•TheGreatDepressionhadabigimpactonSouthAfrica
andmanyAfrikanerswereforcedofftheirlandandinto
thecities.
•Asmanyofthemwereunskilled,theyfoundthatonly
low-payingmanuallabourjobswereopentothem.low-payingmanuallabourjobswereopentothem.
•The1932CarnegieCommissionofenquiryintowhite
povertyfoundthatbetween200000and300000
whiteswere'poorwhites'.
•MostofthemwereAfrikanersanditbecamehugely
importantforthefutureoftheVolkthatthesepoverty-
strickenAfrikanersberescued.
M.N.SPIES

22. •TheAfrikanerBroederbondandtheFAKsteppedin,
alongwithAfrikanerbusinesses,toresolvethe
poorwhiteproblemandtopromotesocial
upliftmentthroughAfrikanerunity.
•Economicupliftmentwasassistedbytwonew
organisations:theFederaleVolksbeleggings(FVB)
andtheReddingsdaadbond(RDB,orRescue
League).
M.N.SPIES
League).
•Theseinstitutionsaimedtomobilizecapitaland
encouragebusinessmen,workers,andAfrikaner
commercialfarmerstopooltheirfinancial
resourcesandregaincontroloftheirsavings.
•FinancialinstitutionslikeVolkskasandSanlam
wereestablishedforthispurpose.

23. VOLKSKAS AND SANLAM
VOLKSKAS SANLAM
M.N.SPIES

24. •TheBroederbondalsopromotedvolkskapitalisme
(people'scapitalism)whichaimedtotakecontrol
oftheeconomyandbringitintolinewiththe
needsoftheAfrikaners.
•Itsgreatachievementwasthatitaccomplished
thissocialandeconomicupliftmentwithoutusing
stateresources.
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stateresources.
•All"properAfrikaners"had10duties.Among
thesewere:everyAfrikanermustbecomea
shareholderinanAfrikaanscreditorganization;
everyAfrikanermustbeapolicyholderofan
Afrikaansinsurancecompany;andeveryAfrikaner
mustsaveandinvestinanAfrikaansinstitution.'

25. Definition of the Volk
•The"Volk"istheAfrikaanswordfor"people".
•TheVolkoftheNationalPartymeantwhite
Afrikaans-speakingSouthAfricans.
•InAfrikanernationalistideology,the"Volk"asa
wholewasmoreimportantthantheindividual.
•TheAfrikaner"Volk"ideologyaimedtounite•TheAfrikaner"Volk"ideologyaimedtounite
Afrikanersonthebasisofraceandlanguage.
•Theydidnotinterprethistoryalongclasslines.
•TheyregardedtheVolkasa'nation'asmore
importantthantheAfrikaner'seconomicorsocial
positioninsociety.
M.N.SPIES

26. Volk in relation to class and race
issues in education
•TheNationalPartygovernmentwantedtoimprovethe
educationoftheVolk(allAfrikaners-bothmiddleclass
andworkingclass).
•ThereweremanyworkingclassAfrikanersandthe
NationalPartymadelawsthatstatedthattheyweretobe
educatedinwhites-onlyschools.educatedinwhites-onlyschools.
•TheyweretaughtinAfrikaans,byAfrikaans-speaking
teachers,fromAfrikaanstextbooks.
•EducationwasaimedatcreatingunityoftheVolkasa
'race'.
•HeroicstoriesoftheGreatTrekandsufferingduringthe
SouthAfricanWarweretaughtinHistorylessons.
M.N.SPIES

27. •TheBantuEducationAct(1953)createdaseparate
andunequaleducationsystemingovernment
schools.
•Bantueducationservedtheinterestsofwhite
supremacy.
•Itdeniedblackpeopleaccesstothesame
educationalopportunitiesandresourcesenjoyed
M.N.SPIES
educationalopportunitiesandresourcesenjoyed
bywhiteSouthAfricans..
•Aracisteducationalsystemmeantthatblack
childrenwereschooledtobecomelabourersfor
whites.ThechildrenoftheAfrikanerVolkwere
equippedtotakeupskilledandprofessionaljobs.

28. Volk in relation to labour
•Many Afrikaner farmers were forced off the
land during the economic depression after the
First World War and the Great Depression in
1929. 1929.
•They moved with their families into the towns,
but did not have the skills to find well-paying
work.
M.N.SPIES

29. •ManySouthAfricanswerelivinginpoverty,but
specialattentionwaspaidtowhitepoverty.
•Whitepovertycontradictedtheideologyofracial
superiority.
•"ThePoorWhiteProbleminSouthAfrica:Report
oftheCarnegieCommission"(1932)wasastudy
ofpovertyamongwhites,anditrecommended
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ofpovertyamongwhites,anditrecommended
thatspecialprotectionshouldbegiventowhite
labour.
•After1948,theNationalPartycontinuedto
rescuepoorAfrikanersastheywerepartofthe
'volk'.

30. •NewAfrikanertradeunionswereformed.
•TheAfrikanerBondvanMynwerkers
(Mineworkers)andtheSpoorbondwere
createdtolookafterAfrikanerworkersonthe
railways.
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railways.
•TheNationalPartymadeeffortstobridgethe
gapbetweenrichandpoorAfrikaners.

31. Volk in relation to religion
•AfrikanerreligioncomesfromProtestantpractices
oftheDutchReformedChurchofHolland.
•TheybelievedthattheDutchReformedChurch
shouldinfluencegovernmentpolicyandthatthe
Volkshouldremain'pureandseparate'.Volkshouldremain'pureandseparate'.
•AfrikanernationalistsbelievedthattheVolkwere
chosenbyGodtobringcivilizationandChristianity
to'uncivilized'and'heathen'blackpeople.
•PrimeMinisterD.F.MalanwasaDutchReformed
Minister.
M.N.SPIES

32. Nationalism in power: towards
Apartheid
•TheNationalPartyunderD.F.Malan,ridingonthewaveof
arecoveryofAfrikanerprideinthe1930'sand1940's,took
controlofthepoliticalfutureofAfrikaners.
•AlthoughthereweresomeparallelsbetweenAfrikaner
nationalismandGermanNazism,therewerealso
importantdifferences.importantdifferences.
•Afrikanernationalismwasbasedontheprinciplesof
Christiannationalismanddidnottrytoexterminatethose
itconsideredinferior.
•TheNationalPartypromotedracialsegregationasa
desirableandbeneficialideology.Itintendedeach'racial
group'todevelopseparately.
M.N.SPIES

33. The 1948 election and move towards
Apartheid
•WhitelabourshortagesduringWorldWarTwo
encouragedthegrowthofanurbanblacklabour
force,whichcompetedwithAfrikanersforjobs.
•Forthisandotherreasons,theNationalPartyfought
the1948electionwiththesloganof'swartgevaar'the1948electionwiththesloganof'swartgevaar'
(blackdanger).
•AftertheNationalPartywontheelection,itbrought
initspolicyofApartheid.
•Thepolicywasstrictlyimplementedandaimedat
thecompletegeographic,social,educational,and
workplaceseparationofallraces.
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